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Use-wear analysis of Togeshita type microblade cores from Hokkaido
No full text峠下型細石刃核は実用的ね直具としての性格も指摘されている細石刃核のひとつであるが、これまでその使用痕を考察した研究はない。本研究の目的は、石器使用痕分析法（高倍率法）により、峠下型細石刃核が実用的な道具として利用されているか否か、もし利用されている場合はその方法を明らかにすることにある。検討対象は、北海道島東部の13遺跡から出上した峠下型細石刃核104点とそのブランク10点、彫器49点である。分析の結果、ブランクは縁辺が掻き取りもしくは削りの動作で利用されていることが判明したが、被加工物は特定できなかった。細石刃核には、作業面と素材剥片腹面がなす稜線周辺の狭い範囲に、直行・斜行方向の運動で皮と接触した痕跡が認められることがわかった。ただし、ここが作業刃部であったとすると平均刃角が137°と非常に大きくなり、皮革加工にとっては有効ではない。彫器の平均刃角（97°)のように100°程度以下であれば実用的な皮革加工具となりえるが、峠下型細石刃核が一般的な皮なめし具と同じように利用されたわけではないことは確実視できる。本研究では、特異な使用痕の形成要因を説明するために、「革紐柔軟化仮説」と「有段あて具仮説」の2つのアイデアを提起した。This study examines the use of the Togeshita type micro blade core, one of the Paleolithic microcore types, from Hokkaido through the high-power approach of the lithic use-wear analysis. Materials examined are 104 Togeshita type microcores, 10 preforms of Togeshita type microcore, and 49 burins from 13 sites in Eastern Hokkaido. Microcores and preforms are mostly made using obsidian, while various lithic raw materials, such as shale, chert, agate, as well as obsidian, are used for burins. Microscopic observations demonstrate that the edges of the preforms were used for scraping/whittling, although worked materials could not be estimated. On the microcores, perpendicular/diagonal striations and use-wear polish regarding hide-working are distnbuted on a ridge between fluted surfaces and the ventral face, and similar traces could also be detected on the same portion of burins. However, there is a large difference in edge angle between Togeshita type microcores and burins, indicating that their use is not necessarily the same. The edge angle of burins (97°) indicates that they are used for tanning hide; however, Togeshita type microcore does not work effectively for tanning hide due to the large edge angle (135°). To explain striations and use-wear polish observed on Togeshita microcores, this study proposed two hypotheses: 'curved holding fixture hypothesis' and 'softening leather strip hypothesis.' Experimental examination is required to verify these hypotheses in future studies
Factors in the Shipment of Hokkaido Wheat to Distribution without Utilizing Agricultural Cooperatives : A Case Study of Three Minor Grain Wholesalers
No full textThe purpose of this study is to identify the factors that influence producersʼ shipments to distribution without utilizing agricultural cooperatives in Hokkaido. In recent years, the percentage of distribution without utilizing agricultural cooperatives for Hokkaido wheat has increased, and minor grain wholesalers are responsible for a large portion of this increase. There have been three cases of minor grain wholesalers and three cases of contract farmers in Hokkaido. The research method was an interview survey, which enabled us to identify five factors: an increase in product volume, acquisition of information, interaction with actual consumers, trust in minor grain wholesalers, and expectations for future changes. We also uncovered a variety of effects that are expected to be seen in the domestic wheat industry. These effects include an increase in options for producers, competition between minor grain wholesalers and agricultural cooperatives, and a reduction in the gap between the supply and demand of domestically produced wheat by shortening the distance between producers and actual consumers.本研究の目的は，北海道内の生産者の商系流通への出荷要因を明らかにすることである．近年，北海道産小麦の商系流通割合が増加しており，その大部分を雑穀卸が担っている．事例は，北海道内の雑穀卸商3社と各契約農家3軒である．調査方法は聞き取り調査である．結果として，出荷要因としては，製品量の増加，情報の取得，実需者との交流，雑穀卸との信頼関係，今後の変化に対する期待の⚕点にまとめることができた．また，商系流通は小麦業界にさまざまな影響を与えることも考えられる．具体的には，生産者の選択肢が増え，集荷業者と農協との間で競争が起こること，生産者と実需者との距離が縮まることで，国産小麦の需給ギャップの解消などであ
Species identification of zooarchaeological Phalacrocoracidae bones: A case study of bones from the Irie shell mound
No full text日本にはチシマウガラス(Urile urile)、ヒメウ(U.pelagicus) 、ウミウ(Phalacrocorax capillatus)、カワウ(P.carbo) の2属4種のウ科の鳥が生息する。これら4種は渡り習性や主な生息地が異なるため、遺跡から出土したウ科の骨を属あるいは種を単位に同定することで、遺跡を形成した人々の生業をより精緻に復元できると考えられる。そこで本研究では、チシマウガラス、ヒメウ、ウミウ、カワウの骨標本の計測値を比較して、これらの属・種の骨の識別が可能かを検討した。また、入江貝塚（北海道洞爺湖町）から出土したウ科の資料を対象にこの方法を適用した。その結果、烏口骨、上腕骨、尺骨、撓骨、手根中手骨、足根中足骨ではヒメウ属に比べてウ属が大きく、両属が排他的に存在する領域が広く認められた。またウミウでは大腿骨と脛足根骨、ヒメウでは上腕骨と手根中手骨に比較的広い他種の計測値が重複しない領域が認められた。これらの骨は属や種を単位とした同定に有効な部位と考えられた。この基準で入江貝塚から出上したウ科資料の同定を試みた結果、チシマウガラスとヒメウを含むヒメウ属とウミウを含むウ属が含まれることが明らかになった。チシマウガラスとヒメウはともに遺跡の所在する道南地域の海上や海岸に冬季に訪れることから、冬季の海上や海岸でヒメウ属の鳥が獲得されたと推定された。また貝塚を形成した人々が冬季に遺跡を利用したことが示唆された。日本の遺跡から出土した鳥類の骨は、多くの場合、科を単位に同定・報告されている。しかし、科を単位とした同定では遺跡形成者の生業の季節性や活動域などを復元するための情報が十分に抽出できない分類群も多い。今後、遺跡から出土した様々な鳥類の骨をより低次の分類群で同定する基準が整備されることで、遺跡を形成した人々の生業をより詳細に復元できると期待される。There are four cormorant (Phalacrocoracidae) species in the Japanese Archipelago: the red-faced cormorant (Urile urile), pelagic cormorant (U.pelagicus), Japanese cormorant (Phalacrocorax capillatus), and great cormorant (P.carbo ). Since these four species have different migratory habits and primary habitats, identifying zooarchaeological cormorant bones at the genus and species levels is crucial for accurately reconstructing the lives of the people who created the archaeological sites. In this study, the mensural data of osteological specimens from the four cormorant species were compared to examine the possibility of distinguishing between these genera and species. This approach was also applied to cormorant bones excavated from the Irie shell mound (Toyako Town, Hokkaido). As a result, coracoid, humerus, ulna, radius, carpometacarpus and tarsometatarsus of Phalacrocorax cormorants were larger than those of Urile cormorants, and measurements of two genera were present exclusively. In addition, femur and tibiotarsus of Japanese cormorant, and humerus and carpometacarpus of pelagic cormorant were found to have relatively wide areas where the measurements of other species did not overlap. These bones were considered to be useful for identification at the genus-and specieslevel. The results revealed that the Phalacrocoracidae bones found in the Irie shell mound consisted of Urile cormorants (including red-faced and pelagic cormorants) and Phalacrocorax cormorants (including Japanese cormorants). Red-faced and pelagic cormorants are known to visit the ocean and coastal areas of southern Hokkaido, where the Irie shell mound is located, during the winter months. This suggests that Urile cormorants were likely acquired at sea and along the coast during winter. Furthermore, this finding implies that people created shell mounds during the winter season. Bird bones recovered from Japanese archaeological sites are typically identified and reported at the family level. However, family-level identification often provides insufficient detail for reconstructing the seasonality and activity range of the site's inhabitants. Establishing standards for identifying bird bones at lower taxonomic levels would greatly enhance our ability to reconstruct the lives of the people who created these archaeological sites in a more nuanced manner
Support Mechanisms for Newcomers Supported by Previous Newcomers : A Case Study of The Town of Abira, Hokkaido
No full textThe purpose of this paper is to analyze the support system for newcomers to melon production in the town of Abira, Hokkaido, and in particular to clarify the role of previous newcomers in supporting newcomers. In Abira, the town, agricultural cooperative, production cooperative, and council work together to recruit and train newcomers, and to help them settle into farming. A unique feature of this system is the individuals who serve as host farmers, master farmers, production cooperative officers, and council chairpersons, and are solely responsible for providing guidance and support to newcomers. The results of the survey revealed that many newcomers decided to become farmers due to the influence of those individuals, and that, through training and management guidance, they have achieved stable management. However, this support system is dependent on the individuals, and sustainability is an issue. In the future, it will be necessary for the people who were once newcomers themselves to take the lead in providing support to newcomers and helping with training for them, thereby preventing dependence on specific individuals and ensuring long-term stability.本論文の目的は，北海道安平町のメロン生産を事例に，新規参入者支援の仕組みを分析し，特に先輩新規参入者の果たす役割を明らかにすることである．安平町では，町・農協・生産組合・協議会が連携し，新規参入者の募集・研修・就農後の定着を支援している．その中で，特定の個人が受け入れ農家・親方農家・協議会会長・生産組合役員を兼任し，新規参入者の指導や支援を一手に担っている点が特徴的である．調査の結果，多くの新規参入者がその個人の影響で就農を決め，研修や経営指導を通じて安定経営を実現していることが分かった．しかし，この支援体制はその個人に依存しており，持続可能性が課題である．今後は，新規参入者自身が支援の担い手となり，研修やサポートを分担することで，特定の個人への依存を防ぎ，長期的な安定を図る必要がある
Analysis of TV broadcasts on Climate Change Issue in Japan
No full text重要な社会問題の一つである気候変動問題の解決に取り組むにあたり，テレビ放送がどのような立場で機能を発揮することができるかを明らかにするために，気候変動に関する日本のテレビ放送の傾向とその背景の分析を行った．分析に使用したデータは，東京発信のNHK，民放キー5局で放送された全ての番組のメタ・データで，期間は2006年～2021年の15年間，「気候変動」「温暖化」「COP（13～26）」「異常気象」「気象災害」の5つのキーワードより18,710件を抽出した．量的・質的分析に加え，メディア関係者にインタビューを行った．分析結果より，放送件数の増減は国際会議やイベントの有無と相関性があることが示された．放送がどのような観点から言及されていたかについては，「対策」「政治」が多いのに対して「科学」が少なかった．異常気象と気候変動を結び付ける放送は，近年にかけて増えてはいるものの，割合としては少なかった．メディア関係者へのインタビューでは，気候変動問題を持続的に取り上げる課題として，放送の枠を確保することや視聴者のニーズを高めること等が挙げられた．そのためにはメディア内での気候変動に対する関心を高め，制作に参加する人を増やすことが必要であることや，組織を超えたチームの形成が重要であることが示された．Trends and background of Japanese TV broadcasts on climate change were analyzed to clarify the position and function of television broadcasting in addressing the climate change issue, one of the most important social issues.The data used for the analysis was meta-data of all programs broadcast by NHK and five commercial broadcasters from Tokyo, Japan. 18,710 programs were extracted from five keywords: “climate change,” “global warming,” “COP (13-26),”“extreme weather,” and “weather disasters” for a period of 15 years, from 2006 to 2021. In addition to quantitative and qualitative analysis, media representatives were interviewed.The results of the analysis showed that the increase or decrease in the number of broadcasts correlated with the presence or absence of international conferences and events. The viewpoints of the broadcasts were mostly “countermeasures” and “politics,” while science” was less frequently mentioned. The number of broadcasts linking extreme weather events to climate change has been increasing in recent years, but the percentage was small. Interviews with media representatives revealed that the challenges to sustainable coverage of climate change issues include securing broadcast slots and increasing viewer needs. The interviews also indicated the need to raise awareness of climate change within the media, to increase the number of people participating in production, and to form cross-institutional team
The Formation Process of the Historical Image of Modern Karafuto and the Historical Book Compilation Project : From the Early Period of Japanese Possession to the 1920s
No full text本論は、領有から1920 年代にかけての樺太における歴史研究に注目し、樺太庁による修史事業と執筆者個人の活動から、その歴史像を考察したものである。樺太の歴史研究には、近世の日本人探検家の活動を顕彰することで、ロシア帝国領時代に途絶された日本領樺太の歴史を再構築するものと、先住民の歴史から大陸へと視野を広げた構想があり、それらを合わせ、日本による樺太統治の歴史を古代に求める研究も生まれた。これらの歴史研究には、樺太領有の正当性を確立させるだけでなく、開発政策を模索した樺太庁が、大陸と日本列島の中継地であったことに樺太の歴史的意義を求めたことも背景にある。その一方で、領有後の樺太では、移民社会が産業の育成とともに拡大し、拓殖の歴史が形成されており、住民のための郷土史へと転換する時期を迎えることになる。This article focuses on historical research in Karafuto from the time of its possession to the 1920s, and examines the historical picture from the Karafuto Agency's History of Karafuto Project and the author's personal activities. Karafuto, south of 50°N, was incorporated into Japanese territory in 1905 as recovered territory. Historical research on Karafuto during this period was to reconstruct the history that was interrupted during the period of Russian imperial territory (1875-1905) by honoring the activities of explorers in modern times. Investigations by the Karafuto Agency (an administrative agency) immediately after the possession of the territory confirmed the existence of an ancient document, the Yaenkoroainu Document (ヤエンコロアイヌ文書, カラフトナヨロ惣乙名文書), which had been handed down to the Karafuto Ainu. The ancient document was given to the Karafuto Ainu by a Qing Dynasty official in 1775, indicating their submission to the Qing Dynasty. After deciphering this document, Ogawa Unpei (小川運平) envisioned a history of Karafuto as a relay between the Japanese archipelago and the continent. Ogawa's research was supported by the Karafuto Agency of the time, as it would set a precedent for the planned trade with the continent. In order to organize the early history of the territory, the Karafuto Agency appoints Nakanoin Tomiari (中院富有) to compile the history of the early years of the territory. He compiles the modern sources and then adds research on ancient history. He acknowledged the Chinese dynasty's domination of Karafuto in the Middle Ages and attempted to clarify the history of Japanese rule over Karafuto in ancient times. Kato Fusazo (加藤房蔵) also planned to compile a history book covering the history of Japan, the Russian Empire, and the indigenous peoples of the continent and Karafuto. To this end, Kato's friend Torii Ryuzo (鳥居龍蔵) was assigned to survey the indigenous peoples in Karafuto. Although the plan for this history book was cancelled, this experience influenced Kato's subsequent writing activities. The importance of Karafuto in Japanese history as “recovered territory” and in the history of East Asia, where many peoples interacted and nations were in conflict, led researchers to develop various historical images. And the occupation of northern Karafuto by Japanese forces during the Siberian Invasion spurred this concept. On the other hand, the history of Japanese Karafuto had been accumulated since its possession due to the expansion of society by Japanese immigrants. For the inhabitants, the history of Karafuto was the history of their homeland, where they practiced pioneering and where their families lived. The formation of a history of post-modern Karafuto by emigrants has eliminated the need to look back to ancient times for the origins of the possession of the territory
Human and Non-human Relationships through Sound : Songs and calls to livestock in Kholat Village, Dundgobi Province, Mongolia
No full text本稿は、モンゴルの遊牧社会において、人間と動物が音や歌を通じてどのように信頼関係を築くのかを解明し、家畜とともに生きる文化を新たな視点から捉えることを目的としている。モンゴルの春、特にゴビ地域では、強風や砂嵐などの激しい気候変化が起こる。また、この時期（3月～5月）は家畜の出産期でもあり、牧畜民にとっても家畜にとっても困難の多い季節である。この時期には病気や難産によって母親や子畜が死亡し、生まれたばかりの家畜が孤児になることや、雌の家畜が自分の子を拒絶することがよくあるからだ。このような場合、牧畜民は、母親と子の絆を深め、授乳を促すために、種特有のかけ声や歌を用いて母子関係を修復することがある。本稿では、モンゴルドンドゴビ県ホラト村におけるラクダやヒツジに対する歌を歌う事例を取り上げ、実際に歌によって母子関係や養子縁組が成立する様子を描いた。また、こうした家畜に対する歌が、モンゴル遊牧社会における文化的・精神的な伝統やシャーマニズムとどのように関連しているのかについても考察した。さらに、近年の人類学的視点、特にマルチスピーシーズ人類学の視点を取り入れ、音や歌が人間と動物の感情的なつながりを生み出す上で重要な役割を果たしていることを示唆した。The purpose of this paper is to elucidate how humans and animals build emotional and trusting relationships through sound and song in Mongoliaʼs nomadic society, and to gain a new perspective on the culture of living with livestock. Spring in Mongolia, especially in the Gobi region, brings severe climatic changes such as strong winds and sandstorms. This time of year (March-May) is also the birthing season for livestock, and is a season of many difficulties for both pastoralists and their livestock. This is because it is during this period that mothers and their offspring often die due to disease or dystocia, newborn livestock often become orphans, and female livestock often reject their own offspring. In such cases, pastoralists sometimes use species-specific calls and songs to restore the mother-infant relationship in order to strengthen the bond between mother and calf and to encourage lactation. This paper discusses the case of singing songs to camels and sheep in Kholat Village, Dondgobi Province, Mongolia, and depicts how the mother-child relationship and adoption is actually established through singing. It also discussed how these songs for livestock are related to cultural and spiritual traditions and shamanism in Mongolian pastoral societies. In addition, we have incorporated recent anthropological perspectives, particularly those of multispecies anthropology, to suggest that sound and song play an important role in creating an emotional connection between humans and animals
Czech travellers and the Ainu people : the translation of Jiri Viktor Danesʼs “Three Years Around the Pacific”
No full text
Policies and Issues of Career Development for Women Researchers in Universities
No full textThis study aims to organize efforts to promote the activities of women researchers at universities and examine the challenges of fostering women researchers by analyzing the difficulties currently faced by them. The government and universities are implementing various efforts to this end. However, in comparison to men researchers, women researchers spend a smaller percentage of their time on research activities and a larger percentage on educational activities, therefore, presumably, it is difficult to them to accumulate research achievements. Universities do not respond to life events of researchers, and in particular, the early stages of careers, which often involve not tenure track, tend to coincide with life events such as childbirth, which interrupt or pause their research. The root cause of these problems is a gender bias that includes lack of awareness in work assignments and evaluation criteria. Universities need to have a department for promoting diversity, equity, and inclusion, which upholds gender equality and respect for diversity and takes the lead in disseminating the philosophy beyond departmental boundaries and looking after personnel and other issues