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The Limits of Explainability in Health AI - Why Current Concepts of AI Explainability Cannot Accommodate Patient Interests
No full textIn this paper we explicate the general concept of ‘an explanation’ and show that because there are many kinds of explanation there must be many kinds of ‘explainability’. Subsequently we analyse the types of explanations we can give of Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems and their output using current explainability methods, and then discuss what types of explanation patients are likely to seek as part of the diagnostic process or as part of choice of therapy. We argue that the types of explanation that is provided by current AI explainability methods do not adequately answer many reasonable requests for explanation that patients can make when their diagnosis or treatment choice has involved the use of AI advice
Yasaak to Ainu society in Southern Kuril Islands and Eastern Ezo Island: 1778-1779 : Russian advance into the Kuril Islands and their recognition of the Kuril Ainu
No full text18～19世紀におけるアイヌ民族史の特質としては、その主な生活域である北海道（蝦夷島）・サハリン島（樺太）南部・千島列島（クリル諸島）を囲繞する諸国家との関係が、政治・経済・社会の面で、より直接さを増すことが挙げられる。すなわち、南の日本、北西の中国清朝、北東のロマノフ朝ロシアとの関係がそれである。
本稿はそのうち、千島列島を対象とした史料の紹介と検討を行なった。当該期当該地域のアイヌ史については従来、1789年のクナシリ・メナシの戦いに関する研究が和文史料を素材として重ねられてきたが、ロシアとの関係史については、一次史料に基づいた個別実証分析の蓄積は乏しい。筆者らは1778・79年のロシア航海記録に着目し、翻刻によるその研究素材化を進めるなかで、記録に含まれるヤサーク（毛皮税）徴収台帳の分析から、その実態は賦課への反対給付を伴う交易であり、また後にペテルブルク宮廷から賦課を強いることは禁じられたものの、ヱトロフ島以南蝦夷島東端部に至るアイヌ民族のうちに、ヤサーク賦課を受容した者のあったことを明らかにした。本稿では、その史料的価値を紹介する。
台帳には、当該地域にアタマン（首長）を戴く複数の集団からなる1404人についての記載がある。注目すべきはアタマンのうちに、クナシリ・メナシの戦いに関する和文の記録に見えるアイヌ首長名がみられることで、日露のはざまで主体的行動をとり得た当該期当該地域のアイヌ首長層のすがたを個別具体的に分析紹介する。また、ロシアによる賦課の意図についても紹介する。
以上のように本稿は、複数言語史料を用いた実証的アイヌ民族史・日露関係史への貢献を目指した研究素材開発（史料紹介）の試みである
Structure for Determining the Sales Channel for Small-Scale Wineries in Yoichi, Hokkaido
No full textThe aim of this paper is to clarify the structure for determining the sales channel for small-scale wineries in Yoichi, Hokkaido. The analysis revealed the following. Wineries that were started for the purpose of business diversification use the wholesaling channels of existing businesses. Older wineries that were founded earlier were able to rather easily connect to the retailers that moved first during the seventh wine boom in Japan. In contrast, comparatively newer wineries established after the market expansion had stabilized needed to work harder to find retailers independently or through introductions from their training institutions, eventually connecting mainly to latecomer retailers who searched for these wineries. In addition, the retailers who had moved first accepted sales proposals from the newer wineries and began to trade with them, while the latecomer retailers approached older wineries and began to trade with them. These findings suggest that the distribution structure of small-scale wineries has been shaped by the timing of their market entry; specifically, whether they entered the market during a period of growth or a period of maturity.本研究の課題は，余市町における小規模ワイナリーの販路規定構造を明らかにすることである．分析の結果，以下のことが明らかとなった．創業動機が事業多角化であったワイナリーは既存事業による卸売流通網を活用している．創業が早かった旧ワイナリーは第⚗次ワインブームの中，比較的容易に先発型の酒販店と結合した．これに対して，創業が比較的新しいワイナリーは市場拡大が一段落する中でより多くの努力を払い，単独もしくは修業先の紹介を得て，同じく提携ワイナリーを探していた後発型の酒販店と結合するに至っている．さらに，先発型の酒販店は新ワイナリーの営業も受容し，後発型の酒販店も旧ワイナリーに営業をかけて取引に至っている．このように，小規模ワイナリーの販路構造を規定したのは，創業時のワイン市場の状況，すなわち拡大期か成熟期か，に対応したワイナリーの販路開拓行動であったといえる
The age of introduction and spread of wheat and barley to the Japanese archipelago
No full text本研究では、日本列島へのムギ類の伝播・拡散時期を、14C年代測定値に基づいて議論した。主に関東地方の遺跡を中心に分析した結果、弥生時代に遡るコムギ・オオムギは確認できなかった。弥生時代の遺構から検出されたムギ類は、全て後世からの混入であることが判明した。現状で最も古いコムギの年代値は、茨城県武田石高遺跡や、大阪府讃良郡条里遺跡から出上した資料で、古墳時代中期になる。オオムギの年代値も、弥生時代まで遡る資料はなく、年代的な証拠としては平安時代前半が最も古い。先行研究では、ムギ類は弥生時代早期にイネ・アワ・キビと同時に伝播し、すぐに拡散したと考えられてきた。今回の分析結果では、少なくとも東日本では、コムギは古墳時代中期に、オオムギはそれよりも若干遅れて普及した可能性が高い。もちろん、今後西日本のデータの蓄積を待つ必要はあるが、少なくともムギ類をイネと同様の拡散過程で議論することは慎重になるべきである。また、同一および類似したコンテキストの土壌を水洗選別した資料であっても、炭化種実の種類によって年代が異なる状況にあった。混入したムギ類は中・近世以降の年代が多かった。関東地方における弥生時代の遺跡では、多量のイネに伴い出土する少量のムギ類が、後世の混入という傾向がある。炭化植物という微細な遺物は、14C年代測定を行うのが望ましいことをあらためて認識した。In this study, we discussed the timing of the introduction and spread of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and barley (Hordeum vulgare) to the Japanese archipelago based on 14C dating. As a result of analyzing archaeological sites, mainly in the Kanto region, we were unable to confirm any evidence of wheat or barley dating back to the Yayoi period. It was discovered that all of the wheat and barley found in the Yayoi periods remains were the result of contamination from later periods. The oldest date for wheat comes from materials excavated from the Takeda Ishidaka site in Ibaraki Prefecture and the Saragun Jori site in Osaka Prefecture, dating to the middle of the Kofun period. There is no date of barley going back to the Yayoi period, and the oldest dating evidence is from the first half of the Heian period. Previous studies have suggested that wheat and barley were introduced at the same time as rice (Oryza sativa subsp. japonica), foxtail millet (Setaria italica), and broomcom millet (Panicum miliaceum) during the initial Yayoi period and quickly spread. The results of this analysis suggest that, at least in eastern Japan, wheat is likely to have become widespread during the middle of the Kofun period, while barley became widespread slightly later. Although it will be necessary to wait for more data to be accumulated from western Japan, we should at least be cautious when discussing wheat and barley as spreading in the same way as rice. In addition, even in cases where soil samples were washed and sorted from the same or similar contexts, the ages varied depending on the type of charred grains. Most of the contaminated wheat and barley dated to the Medieval and Early Modern periods. Analysis of the Yayoi period in the Kanto region has shown that small amounts of wheat and barley excavated along with large amounts of rice tend to be contaminated from later periods. Our study is also significant insofar as it demonstrates the pitfall of discussing the ages of minuscule relics such as charred grains without first conducting 14C dating
[Dataset] Acidity-driven gas-particle partitioning of nitrate regulates its transport to Arctic through the industrial era
No full textStudy on International Students and Tuition Fees at National University in Japan : From the Perspective of National University Management
No full textWith the severe financial situation of National universities in Japan highlighted, the system for flexible tuition fees at National universities, including those for International students, has been set. This paper proposes that tuition fees for International students, which continue to increase the number, be set differently from those for domestic students, rather than being set uniformly, to diversify sources of income to strengthen the financial base of universities in Japan. As long as universities continue to rely on funding allocations from the government, it is difficult to cope with the global market for International students, as the financial position for the universities can change depending on the financial situation of the government. In addition, the financial independence of universities is extremely important to aim to achieve the "freedom of research and education" while ensuring high-quality research and education opportunities. Considering the current economic growth of other countries and the relative decline in Japan's economic position, it might be a useful option to increase university revenues by setting different tuition fees, rather than uniform fees between domestic students and International students, and still improve the quality of research and education
