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Education and Discipline in Sixteenth- and Seventeenth-Century England : A Lexical History Based on Hits on EEBO-TCP
No full textThis study investigates the historical and lexical transformation of the concepts of "education" and "discipline" in 16th and 17th century England through vocabulary analysis based on hits on EEBO-TCP. The primary aim is to clarify the historical origins and semantic transition associated with the semantic expansion and transition of the Latin term "educatio" and "educare". This paper describes a landslide of long-term fluctuations in the lexical matrix composed of several discourses.
Using EEBO-TCP, this study quantitatively analyzes the frequency and context of "education" and "discipline" from 1473 to 1700. Results reveal a significant predominance of "discipline," especially within religious and moral contexts during the Reformation era. In contrast, the loanword "education" was used for the first time in 1525 (Richard Whitford, The Rule of Saynt Augustyne), it appeared infrequently until the mid-17th century, gradually gaining broader conceptual meanings associated with the formation of morality which had been embedded in the Christian tradition of discipline from the late ancient period.
The analysis highlights the critical role of pseudo-Seneca’s widely circulated maxim, "educatio et disciplina facit mores" (education and discipline formeth good manners), in propagating and reinforcing the conceptual amalgam of "education" with "discipline."
When this amalgam came to be called «education», significantly the diffusion of the term "education" and such «education» (id est educacio disciplinata) overwhelmed "discipline" around the mid-18th century.
In conclusion, this research historically demonstrates how "education and discipline" acted as a conceptual booster in expanding the meaning and the frequency of use of "education," underscoring its integration with the correction and moral reformation of children. It also dispels prevailing misconceptions that education derives from "educere" (to draw out, draw forth, educing). Etymologically, education derives from "educare" (to nourish). That has been demonstrated by Nonius Marcellus, Euthychis, James Donaldson, and John Mackail
Conflicts and Difficulties Surrounding Reproductive Health : Focusing on the Teenage Pregnancy Experience
No full text本研究は，10代での妊娠経験者5名を対象にインタビュー調査を実施した結果を用い，リプロダクティブヘルスをめぐる葛藤と困難を，経済的制約との関連に焦点を当て捉えることを試みた。その結果，10代での妊娠では，妊娠をきっかけに女性の側が生活基盤を弱める可能性のある判断や選択をしていたこと，さらに妊娠した未成年者と保護者である親との間で判断や希望に齟齬があった場合，リプロダクティブヘルス上の権利行使をすることの難しさ等を確認した。さらにこれらの困難は，生まれ育った家族が持つ資源の不足や，社会生活上の脆弱性，貧困状態での生活の中で発生していた。したがって，社会的不利とリプロダクティブヘルス上の困難はどのような関係性にあるのかをさらに掘り下げて検討する必要があると考えられる。そのため，当事者がどのような子ども期を過ごしてきたのかといった原家族の状況との関わりを明らかにしていくことが，今後の研究上の課題として見出された。This study attempted to capture the conflicts and difficulties surrounding reproductive health using the results of an interview survey of five women who had experienced pregnancy in their teens. As a result, it was confirmed that teenage pregnancies were a time of decisions and choices on the part of women that could weaken the foundation of their lives, as well as the difficulty of exercising reproductive health rights when there are discrepancies in decisions and wishes between the pregnant minor and her parents, who are the guardians of the child. These difficulties were suggested to be related to the lack of resources in the family of origin and vulnerability in social life. The study also found that the mothers' families could not provide the same resources and social vulnerability as the mothers' families
Analysis of alloimmune responses to iPS cells and the discovery of their immunotolerance-inducing potential [an abstract of dissertation and a summary of dissertation review]
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北半球夏季におけるユーラシア季節内気温振動の伝播と熱波との関連性
No full textThe intraseasonal propagating oscillation in air temperature over Eurasia during boreal summer can cause extreme meteorological events such as heatwaves (HWs), which pose widespread and substantial risks on human livelihoods. Previous studies mainly focused on the quasi-tationary nature of the Eurasian intraseasonal oscillations and their effects on the HWs. However, the understanding of their propagating properties and connection with summer HWs over Eurasia still remains elusive. Therefore, in this study, we aim to investigate the characteristics and mechanisms of the propagating oscillations in air temperature in the lower troposphere over Eurasia during boreal summer and establish its linkage with HWs. First, we examine eastward propagation signals using complex empirical orthogonal function (CEOF) method. The summer air temperature anomalies over Eurasia propagates eastward. The upper-tropospheric geopotential height and meridional wind anomalies are closely associated with the lower-level air temperature anomaly and both anomalies propagate eastward. This indicates that the low-level temperature eastward propagation may be attributed to the upper-tropospheric forcing. According to the temperature budget analysis, it is found that the horizontal temperature advection plays a critical role in driving this eastward propagation, while the diabatic heating rate provides partial compensation. Further decomposition results show that the meridional temperature advection playing a key role in the eastward propagation. The vertical components in the adiabatic process also play a significant role contributing to temperature eastward propagating oscillation. Subsequently, by employing a metric designed to quantify the intensity of propagation signals, a total of nine years which exhibits the strongest propagating signals are identified. A close association between the eastward propagating HWs and reconstructed air temperature anomalies of CEOF mode 1 can be observed in the years with strong values of the amplitude metric, which 3 indicates a robust linkage. Our results can reinforce the understanding of summer intraseasonal oscillations over Eurasia, and it may also contribute to future monitoring and forecasting capabilities
Cell cycle- and dose-dependent effects on mitochondrial DNA copy number variation following irradiation
No full textCell survival after irradiation depends on the cell cycle at the time of exposure. This has been thought to be due to cell cycle-dependent nuclear DNA damage repair mechanisms. Here we show the relationships between the exposed dose, the cell cycle phase at the time of exposure, and changes in mitochondrial DNA copy numbers (mtDNAcn) after irradiation. We used a fluorescent ubiquitination-based cell cycle indicator (FUCCI), which allows visualization of the cell cycle, and confirmed cell cycle synchronization in human cervical HeLa cells. In synchronous HeLa-FUCCI cells, the mtDNAcn changed with the progression of the cell cycle. Also, G1 phase-synchronized cells showed a dose-dependent increase of mtDNAcn at 48 h after X-ray exposure, while G2 cells showed a dose-dependent increase at 24 h. In addition, S phase-synchronized cells showed a dose-dependent increase at 24 and 48 h after irradiation. These results showed the cell cycle- and dose-dependent effects on mtDNAcn after irradiation, which may shed light on the emerging role of mitochondrial genome and in cell survival