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Summary of Japanese clinical practice guidelines for head and neck cancer-2022 update edited by the Japan society for head and neck cancer
No full textThe aim of the “Japanese Clinical Practice Guidelines for Head and Neck Cancer - 2022 Update” is to review the latest evidence regarding head and neck cancer and to present the current standard approaches for diagnosis and treatment. These evidence-based recommendations were created with the consensus of the Guideline Committee, which is composed of otorhinolaryngologists and head and neck surgeons, together with radiologists, radiation oncologists, medical oncologists, plastic surgeons, dentists, palliative care physicians, and rehabilitation physicians. These guidelines were created by the Clinical Practice Guideline Committee of the Japan Society for Head and Neck Cancer based on the “Head and Neck Cancer Treatment Guidelines 2018 Edition,” and the revised draft was compiled after evaluation by the Assessment Committee and public comments. The ‘Clinical questions and recommendations’ section consists of 13 categories, and 59 clinical questions are described in total. Here we describe 6 clinical questions specific to other sets of guidelines with recommendations and comments
FGF14 GAA repeat expansion and ZFHX3 GGC repeat expansion in clinically diagnosed multiple system atrophy patients
No full textNoducyclamides A1-A4, B1, and B2 from the Cyanobacterium Nodularia sp. NIES-3585
No full textA chemical investigation of the hydrophilic fraction of a cultured Nodularia sp. (NIES-3585) afforded six new cyclic lipopeptides, noducyclamides A1-A4 (1-4) containing 10 amino acid residues and dodecapeptides noducyclamides B1 and B2 (5 and 6). The planar structures of these lipopeptides were elucidated based on the combination of HRMS and 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic data analyses. These peptides are structurally analogous to laxaphycins and contain the nonproteinogenic amino acids 3-hydroxyvaline and 3-hydroxyleucine and a beta-amino decanoic acid residue. The absolute configurations of the noducyclamides (1-6) were determined by acid hydrolysis, followed by advanced Marfey's analysis. Noducyclamide B1 (5) showed cytotoxic activities against MCF7 breast cancer cell lines with an IC50 value of 3.0 mu g/mL (2.2 mu M)
Uniformly Distributed Palladium Nanoparticles on NH2-MIL-53 Fabricated by an Equilibrium Adsorption Method for Reduction of Nitrite in Water
No full textMetal particle on a support material should be small and homogeneous in size, which is desirable when using it as a catalyst. In this study, we investigated to introduce Pd nanoparticles (NPs) with narrow size distribution into NH2-MIL-53, which was prepared by the reaction of aluminum(III) nitrate with 2-aminoterephthalic acid. Only by immersing it in an aqueous PdCl2 solution, followed by the reduction with NaBH4, Pd NPs of about 2 nm with unform distribution were formed in NH2-MIL-53 up to 3.5 wt.% Pd loadings. Amino group on the linkers in NH2-MIL-53 played a critical role for the introduction of (PdCl3)(-) as a precursor for Pd NPs, while no Pd was introduced into MIL-53 without amino group. The obtained catalysts (Pd@NH2-MIL-53) showed high catalytic performance for reduction of nitrite in water. The specific activity per Pd site exposed on the surface changed greatly depending on the Pd loadings despite the size of Pd NPs unchanged. Pd@NH2-MIL-53 with low Pd loadings showed higher specific activity (TOF=2.9x10(2) h(-1)), which might be due to the preferential exposure of Pd(111) facet on Pd NPs
インドネシアにおけるイソプロチオラン耐性イネいもち病菌：その影響のフィールド調査および突然変異の分子解析
No full text1 General Overview
Rice productivity in Indonesia is challenged by fluctuating production, harvest deterioration, climate instability, land conversion to urban centers, and disease outbreaks. Rice blast disease is caused by an ascomycete fungus, Pyricularia oryzae, which continues to become a major threat to rice production and global food security. Infection of leaf blast and neck blast both often lead to empty grains plant death resulting in annual 10% - 30% yield loss. Rice blast fungus (P. oryzae) exhibits a disease cycle both in vegetative and generative stages and during the off-season, this fungus survives in seeds and seedling debris and reentry the infection cycle by dissemination to healthy plants primarily by wind and raindrops. Efforts to control this disease are the use of resistant cultivars, biological control,habitat management unfavorable to the fungus development, as well as fungicide application. However, P. oryzae has high genetic variability and can adapt rapidly to various stressor stimuli, including mutation in sub-lethal doses of fungicide by altering the genes encoding fungicide targets, enabling this fungus to perform the continuous infection cycle and change the race dominance within a couple of growing seasons complicates the efforts to safeguard rice production. Fungicide resistance is a global issue and its discovery in Indonesia as an important rice-producing country is critical to assess.
2 Assessment of Blast Diseases in Three Regencies in West Java and Monitoring in An Endemic Area
P. oryzae will continuously perform the pathogenesis while compatibility presence of favorable environmental conditions, rice susceptibility, and virulence determined the degree of yield loss. A field survey in Bogor, Cianjur, Sukabumi Regencies in West Java, the second-largest rice-producing province in Indonesia was undertaken to investigate the pathological and socioeconomic aspects of blast disease endemic, dynamics of rice-fungus-fungicide, strategies, and challenges employed by farmers in controlling rice blast disease. The average temperature of 27 oC, humidity >90%, and rainfall days reaching 25 days per month were recorded during the survey and were favorable for disease development. Cikembar District in Sukabumi Regency is an endemic area where farmers rely on isoprothiolane fungicide but reported that the efficacy has declined. In Cikembar, 67% of disease severity was developed while 35% of severity was maintained during dry season. P. oryzae isolates were collected and tested by a series of laboratory works to validate this anecdotal evidence. Acidic soil, seedlings, and fungicide cost, the diverse controlling strategy applied by farmers are among the current challenges making the integrated disease management effort of the farmers' group more complicated.
3 Sensitivity Assays of Pyricularia oryzae Isolates Collected From Three Regencies In West Java
A total of 14 Indonesian P. oryzae field isolates have white to gray colonies, slow-growing on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium, and have the closest genetic relationship with isolates from India and Thailand. These isolates were tested for a sensitivity test in isoprothiolane (IPT)-amended PDA both commercial and reagent-grade IPT. Isoprothiolane is a systemic fungicide that targets Kennedy’s pathway in P. oryzae choline biosynthesis. Ina-86 137, Japanese isolate was used as Control. Six isolates were indicated as mutants with the ability to grow at 20 mg L-1 IPT while maintaining radial growth and EC50 at 4-6 mg L-1, 10-fold higher than the recommended concentration. At 0 mg L-1, mutant colonies grow slower than the sensitive isolates. Colonies from the IPT-exposed PDA were subcultured to a fresh PDA medium and most of the isolates can regrow as their original colonies, while a few are not reversed expressed by irradiated growth and sector development, indicating a fitness cost. Mutants (isolates 1-6) were continued to mutation analysis on Magnaporthe-oryzae isoprothiolane resistance-related (MoIRR) gene.
4 Mutation Analysis of Isoprothiolane Resistance From Indonesian Pyricularia oryzae Field Isolates Resistant P. oryzae mutants are reported to possess varying responses to an active ingredient and cross-resistance to different active ingredients compared to that of lab-generated mutants. Identification of the MoIRR gene revealed that bases shift (GàA changed Alaine and Threonine at codon 396 and TàA changed Asparagine to Lysine at codon 555) occurred in isolate 1 and 6, respectively, while isolate indicated an insertion of G base at codon 288 changed the subsequent Isoleucine to Asparagine followed by a stop codon. Isolates 2, 3, 5, and a sector that emerged from Ina-86 137 did not have a mutation in MoIRR. Identification of the MoVelB gene demonstrated in isolate 2, insertion of A at codon 437 changed Aspartic Acid to Arginine and repeated 2 times before a stop codon appeared, while still no mutation was identified in isolate 3, 5, and SectorIna. Mutation may occur in other unknown genes. P. oryzae easily mutates as confirmed by SectorIna with lesser sensitivity to IPT with EC50 2 times lower than Ina-86 137. Sector Ina also has a fitness penalty while its growth is inhibited in the absence of IPT but higher growth, conidial formation, and viability in challenged growing resources.
5 General Discussion
Since its first appearance in dryland rice in 1985, rice blast (P. oryzae) has been the most important disease in irrigated rice in Indonesia with a hundred races where the dominance of its main races alternates over the decades. Its novel state of virulence has also emerged while tackling rice resistance, dramatic climate changes, and fungicides, like what has been observed during the field survey in West Java. Fungicide resistance has occurred in Indonesia with multiple mutation mechanisms in the MoIRR and MoVelB gene. A combination of IPT and IR64 or a mixture of rice cultivars is detected as promising for short-term disease control implying the variant sources of pressure to minimize a higher possibility of P. oryzae mutations. It is highly recommended to temporarily stop the use of IPT or substitute it with other active ingredients to delay the development of emerging P. oryzae mutants in the field
Representation of Sakhalin in Eduard Verkin《Sakhalin Island》
No full text本稿はロシア文学におけるサハリン表象に対して，通時的かつ共時的な視点でアプローチするものである。19 世紀末にサハリンに赴いたアントン・チェーホフは，『サハリン島』（Остров Сахалин, 1895）というルポルタージュにて，サハリンにおける監獄や流刑，住民の生活の実態を記述した。チェーホフの著作の影響は大きく，後にサハリンを訪れた作家などの旅行者たちにも，チェーホフの描いたサハリンが想起されたという。このような背景もあって，チェーホフの『サハリン島』によるサハリンのイメージについての研究は数多くなされてきた。同時に，チェーホフ『サハリン島』以降のサハリン関連作品は，何らかのかたちでチェーホフの『サハリン島』と関連づけられたり，それとの比較によって読解されたりしてきた。しかしながら，その影響力のあまり，チェーホフのあとに形成されたり変化したりしたサハリンの描写やイメージ，必ずしもチェーホフやその著作に関連づけられない点については，これまでほとんど注視されてこなかった。チェーホフの『サハリン島』が発表された約130年後，奇しくもロシアで同名の小説が発表された。エドゥアルド・ヴェルキン『サハリン島』（Остров Сахалин, 2018）である。この作品にもチェーホフの『サハリン島』の影響が見られるが，ヴェルキンの『サハリン島』はジャンルとしては小説であり，さらに近未来のサハリンを描いた作品であるため，その内容については作者の想像による部分も大きい。ヴェルキンの『サハリン島』では，チェーホフ以降の時代状況もふまえられているのはもとより，チェーホフの『サハリン島』以降の作品で形成されてきたサハリン表象や，現代ロシア文学の潮流からの影響も見られる。そのため，この作品を読み解くにあたっては，通時的かつ共時的なアプローチが必要となってくる。本稿では，サハリンを舞台にした作品に特徴的な監獄・流刑，開発・産業，自然，多様な民族状況などの描写やイメージが，ヴェルキンの『サハリン島』においてどのように利用されているのか，それによって近未来のサハリンがどのように創造れたり表現されたりしているのかを探っている。また，そのようなサハリン表象がどのように形成され継承されていくのかについて，バフチンの時空間の概念も応用しながら検討している。加えて，従来のサハリン表象のみでは読解しにくい部分をも考察するため，ヴェルキンの『サハリン島』が現代ロシア文学のどのような潮流を受けているかにも目を向けて論じている。このように作品を通時的かつ共時的な視点で読み解くことで，サハリン表象の豊かさとさらなる可能性が明らかになるだろう
