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Studies on the Infestation of 'Jen-Ju Bar' Guava (Psidium guajava L.) Fruits by Oriental Fruit Fly (Bactrocera dorsalis)
No full text中文摘要
'珍珠拔'番石榴果實(Psidium guajava L. 'Jen-Ju Bar')栽培上受東方果實蠅(Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel)為害，現行所採用之防治方式中以套袋防治最為廣泛，套袋影響果實發育與品質。調查夏季果實發育期受東方果實蠅為害時期，以開花後時間而論，於開花後第11週起，易受東方果實蠅為害，於花後第13週，果實發育進入第三階段快速生長期，為害率顯著增加；以果實大小調查受東方果實蠅為害情形，除少數發育不良提早轉色軟化之果實外，果實直徑4 cm以下，受東方果實蠅為害風險極微；果實以人工接種東方果實蠅蟲卵及放置於東方果實蠅成蟲飼育箱內，亦顯示直徑4 cm以下之果實，不利於東方果實蠅生長發育。另一方面，於開花後4週內套袋，會提高套袋內果實落果率。
東方果實蠅產卵偏好主要受寄主果實之顏色、硬度、氣味及成分等因素影響，分析不同發育期'珍珠拔'番石榴果實外部形態、內部營養及酚類化合物等，探討果實受東方果實蠅為害可能因子，顯示，澱粉含量及總酚類化合物與東方果實蠅產卵偏好無顯著差異，而易遭受為害之果實，果實色澤較為淡黃、果實硬度及可溶性單寧含量呈顯著下降、全可溶性糖及葡萄糖、果糖及蔗糖類含量則顯著增加。以固相微量萃取法和氣相質譜儀分析田間不受東方果實蠅為害之幼果、易受為害之成熟果、已受東方果實蠅為害之被害果、以及枝條和葉片之揮發性成分，共鑑定45種化合物，其中β-石竹烯(β-caryophyllene)，檸檬烯(limonene)，乙酸（Z）-3-己烯酯((Z)-3-hexenyl acetate)，乙酸乙酯(ethyl acetate)，乙酸異戊酯(isopentyl acetate)，乙酸異丁酯(isobutyl acetate)和乙酸己酯(hexyl acetate)7種化合物，研究顯示對東方果實蠅具有吸引力；其中β-石竹烯和檸檬烯在枝條、葉片和未成熟果實己具有高的含量，但這些組織是不受東方果實蠅為害，而乙酸乙酯、乙酸異戊酯、乙酸異丁酯和乙酸己酯僅在已被東方果實蠅為害之被害果實中檢測出，惟乙酸（Z）-3-己烯酯在成熟果及受果實蠅為害果實有較高含量，此化合物可能與東方果實蠅選擇寄主果實有關。
'珍珠拔'番石榴果實發育至第三階段快速生長期，其醣類含量顯著增加，此階段亦是，易受東方果實蠅產卵為害時期，探討醣類含量對果實蠅幼蟲存活影響，結果顯示，以4種不同發育期果實之果泥飼育東方果實蠅幼蟲，皆可使幼蟲發育至成蟲，存活率隨著果實發育成熟度而增加，未成熟果實添加不同濃度之蔗糖，幼蟲存活率隨著濃度增加而提高之趨勢。以添加10%濃度之葡萄糖、果糖、蔗糖溶液和3種混合液於未成熟番石榴果泥中，比較對幼蟲存活影響，顯示，4種溶液對幼蟲存活率無顯著差異。果實直徑在4 cm以下，於田間調查及人工接卵試驗上，受東方果實蠅為害風險極微及不利其幼蟲存活，惟於本試驗，將果肉攪碎加水後飼育果實蠅，顯示在果實直徑3 cm以下具有35.5%存活率，推論，果樹上之未成熟果實不受果實蠅為害，可能與果皮硬度相關，因幼果果實質地較硬，果實蠅產卵管無法插入；人工接卵時，於未成熟果實內幼蟲無法存活則可能與果肉硬度及含水量有關。
套袋改變果實發育環境，影響果實生長速率與品質。以果實發育期不受果實蠅為害時期內，分開花後第4、6、8及10週4個時期套袋，分析不同套袋及採收時間之果實硬度、色澤、可溶性固形物及抗壞血酸含量等，探討不同套袋時間對採收後果實發育之影響。結果顯示，於花後第4週套袋之果實，較為早熟但其果皮較為黃化及體積偏小現象；花後第8-10週套袋之果實，果實較為晚熟，果實硬度較高。較早套袋雖可加速果實成熟，但考量較早套袋對於果實發育生理性狀較不明顯，不易於疏果、選果作業，可於花後第6-10週進行套袋，亦能有效防止果實蠅為害。臺灣夏季高溫多濕，此環境氣候使得果實生長速率遠大於冬季果實，亦造成果實品質較差，質地較易軟化等，為維持夏季產番石榴果實品質，有多種栽培操作方式，如修剪枝葉、疏果、施肥、不同套袋材質使用及調節產期等。本研究結果，認為調整套袋時間亦是一個值得推薦的方式，於開花後第6週至第10週期間，再進行選果套袋作業，較為方便擇優選果及套袋、果實有較佳硬度及較長的發育期，對於果實營養物質的累積及貯藏品質應有較好的表現。Abstract
In guava (Psidium guajava L. 'Jen-Ju Bar') cultivation, the fruit damaged by the oriental fruit fly (Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel) which is one of the major pests in fruit during development. In the cultivation to prevent the fruit flies damage, used bagging for fruit was the most widely method. In the field observation, was made to record the time of fruit infected by fruit flies at different growth of stages. The results showed that the summer fruits were to be infected with fruit flies during the 11th week after bloom. At the 13th week after bloom, fruit growth entered the rapid growth stage and the hazard ratio of fruits with fruit flies was significantly increased. Investigated the damage condition of guava fruit infested with fruit flies at different size, the exception of a few fruit disorder of growth, early turn color and softening, the diameter of less 4 cm of guava fruit , the risk of infested with fruit fly is minimal. Artificial infested with fly eggs to fruit and placed in Oriental fruit fly breeding box to investigate the infestation of guava fruits by oriental fruit fly, showed that the fruit diameter of less than 4 cm, is not conducive to fruit flies growth and development.
Fruit flies ovipositional preference is affected by the color, hardness, odor and composition of the host. The investigated the changes in hardness, color, carbohydrates, phenolic compounds, and soluble tannins of fruits during different maturities, and explored their effects on oviposition of Oriental fruit fly. The results showed that there was no significant difference in color change, starch content, and total phenolic compounds between Oriental fruit fly whether oviposition or not. However, the fruit hardness and soluble tannin content were significantly reduced and the content of soluble sugar, glucose, fructose and sucrose increased significantly in fruits with Oriental fruit fly infected stage. Using Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction (HS-SPME) and Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS), the volatile compounds were analyzed from fruit (immature, mature and infested by fruit flies), stem, and leaf to determine which volatile compounds attract the fruit fly. A total of 45 compounds were identified, of which β-caryophyllene, limonene, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, ethyl acetate, isoamyl acetate, isobutyl acetate and hexyl acetate have been reported to have attractive effects. β-caryophyllene and limonene were produced at high levels from the stem, leaf and immature fruit, but these tissues were not infested by fruit fly. Ethyl acetate, isoamyl acetate, isobutyl acetate and hexyl acetate were only found in fruit infested by fruit fly. (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate had a high content in the mature fruit, the stage that is susceptible to fruit fly infection. The results suggest that the volatile (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate of the mature guava fruit was an important factor in attracting fruit flies to the choice host.
When the Jen-Ju Bar guava fruit developed to the third phase of growth, its sugar content increased significantly, it is also a period of susceptible to oriental fruit fly infestation. To further investigate the effect of sugar content on the survival of fruit fly larvae, using guava pulp at 4 different fruit maturities as growth medium for breeding fruit flies, the survey showed that the larvae could survived to adults at all treatment, the survival percentage of larvae increases with fruit developmental maturity. Add different concentrations of sucrose to fruit, the survival ratio of fruit fly larvae also increased with the increase of the concentration. In the glucose, fructose, sucrose and three mixed solutions added to the pulp, the larvae survival percentage has no significantly. When the fruit maturity was below 4 cm in diameter, in the field investigation and artificial eggs oviposition test, fruit flies were not infected and unable to survive. However, in this experiment, in the crushed fruit puree and add water to feed fruit flies, showed that the fruit diameter of less than 3 cm had a survival ratio of 35.5%. It is inferred that unripe fruit not be infected by fruit flies, may be related to the hardness of the peel and fruit texture, the fruit flies can't invade the oviposition. The inability of the artificial larvae to survive in the immature fruit may be related to the hardness and water content of the flesh.
The bagging of fruits was change to fruit development environment, such as increasing relative humidity, reducing gas exchange and reduces the absorption of light source, affect fruit growth rate and quality. In this study, the fruit development period was divided into four time points at the fourth, sixth, eighth and tenth week after bloom, and the fruit hardness, color, ascorbic acid content and sweetness of the different bagging and harvesting time were analyzed to explore the impact of different bagging time on the quality of fruit after harvest. The results showed that, the fruits of bagging at the 4th week after bloom, the fruits were more mature but their peel color yellowing and small fruit size; the fruits of bagging at the 10th week after bloom were more late-maturing, there was no significant difference in the fruit size and quality between the earlier bagging, but the fruit had a higher hardness. Although early bagging can accelerate fruit ripening, but considered that the earlier bagging is less obvious for fruit development and physiological traits, and it is not easy for fruit thinning and fruit selection. In the cultivation and management be carried out in the 6th-10th weeks of after bloom for fruit bagging. It also can effectively prevent fruit fly damage.
The weather of Taiwan was warm and high humidity in summer season. This environmental climate makes the fruit growth rate much greater fast than fruits of winter season. It also causes poor fruit quality and soft texture. In order to maintain the quality of guava fruit during summer season, there are many cultivation operations such as pruning foliage, fruit thinning, Fertilization, use of different bagging materials, and adjustment the day of harvest, the results of this study suggest that the adjustment of bagging time is also a recommended method. From the 6th week to the 10th week after bloom, fruit selection and bagging operations was better for working, and the fruit has performed a better hardness and a longer growth period, and the nutrient accumulation and storage quality of the fruit should be better.目錄
中文摘要 i
Abstract iii
目錄 vi
表目次 ix
圖目次 x
壹、緒言 1
貮、前人研究 6
一、果實發育與生長 6
二、番石榴果實發育期之變化 7
三、番石榴果實採收後之變化 9
四、套袋對果實之影響 10
五、番石榴果實品質的改善 12
六、植物的防禦-酚類化合物與單寧 14
七、果實蠅產卵行為 16
八、果實發育期與東方果實蠅為害之關係 17
九、果實色澤與東方果實蠅行為關係 19
十、揮發性成分對東方果實蠅之誘引 21
十一、果實成分對東方果實蠅誘引之影響 23
參、'珍珠拔'番石榴果實發育期受東方果實蠅為害之探討
摘要 25
前言 25
材料及方法 26
結果與討論 30
一、果實生長曲線及受東方果實蠅危害情形 30
二、不同發育週期果實受東方果實蠅危害情形 33
三、田間調查果實受東方果實蠅為害率 37
四、不同發育期果實以人工接卵及置入蟲箱內受東方果實蠅
為害率 39
五、未成熟果實置入蟲箱內受東方果實蠅危害情形 41
結論 43
英文摘要 44
肆、'珍珠拔'番石榴果實發育與東方果實蠅為害之關係
摘要 45
前言 45
材料及方法 46
結果與討論 51
一、不同發育期'珍珠拔'番石榴果實色澤、硬度變化 51
二、不同發育期'珍珠拔'番石榴果實碳水化合物含量變化 53
三、不同發育期'珍珠拔'番石榴果實總酚類化合物及可溶性
單寧含量變化 57
結論 60
英文摘要 61
伍、'珍珠拔'番石榴揮發性成分分析
摘要 62
前言 62
材料及方法 63
結果與討論 67
一、固相微量萃取纖維型式及萃取時間之選擇 67
二、'珍珠拔'番石榴果實不同發育階段揮發性成分分析 68
三、'珍珠拔'番石榴枝條及葉片揮發性成分分析 74
結論 76
英文摘要 77
陸、'珍珠拔'番石榴果實醣類含量對東方果實蠅幼蟲發育之影響
摘要 78
前言 79
材料及方法 80
結果與討論 83
一、不同發育期'珍珠拔'番石榴果汁及果泥飼養東方果實
蠅幼蟲情形 83
二、未成熟'珍珠拔'番石榴果實添加不同濃度蔗糖溶液對東
方果實蠅幼蟲存活率影響 86
三、不同醣類物質對東方果實蠅幼蟲存活之影響 89
四、蔗糖含量對東方果實蠅幼蟲發育至成蟲之影響 90
結論 93
英文摘要 94
柒、不同套袋時間對夏季'珍珠拔'番石榴果實之影響
摘要 95
前言 95
材料及方法 97
結果與討論 99
一、不同套袋時間於花後第14週採收對果實之影響 99
二、不同套袋時間於花後第16週採收對果實之影響 103
三、不同套袋時間於花後第18週採收對果實之影響 107
結論 111
英文摘要 112
參考文獻 11
Using Different Materials as Cues for Visually Impaired People to Experience Outdoor Environment
No full text視障者由於本身視覺的缺陷，在生活上產生相當多的限制，也因為外在環境設施的不足，讓他們很少想要外出，到戶外環境如公園活動，更因此也減少了接觸大自然的機會。
在有關視障者的研究文獻中，以電子設備或觸覺地圖的引導方式的研究很多，但對於使用戶外環境中的元素來達到辨認引導功能的研究卻是較為少見。基於以上，本研究實驗設計係採用以不同條件的比較測試，探討不同材質的環境線索對視障學生的定向行動能力表現的影響效果；再以訪談方式，瞭解受試者的心理感受與評價。本研究首先進行3 項前導研究，找出觸摸植物的感受形容詞，具代表性的植物與觸覺感受情緒。接著進行正式研究，分為5 項子研究。實驗過程安排植物形成實驗路徑讓15位受測者（視覺障礙學生）沿著預設的路徑行走，並記錄參與者完成路徑的時間，偏離的情形與對於路徑形狀的了解情形，並提供3 種類型的環境線索，包括植物、非生命性材質與兩者的組合。研究的結果發現，隨著完成路徑的次數增加，參與者對於環境線索的辨識情形更佳，而且他們的定向行動表現也更好，顯示環境線索有助於視障者的定向行動。
將檢測結果進行單因子變異數分析與無母數分析，結果發現參與的視障學生，對於環境線索的辨識情形與「不偏離的情形」與「對於路徑形狀的了解」呈現正相關，與「完成路徑的時間」呈現負相關，顯示環境線索的辨識，對於視障學生定向行動中的表現有正向的影響， 3種環境線索間對於定向行動表現的影響，並沒有明顯的差異。Due to the visual defects of the visually impaired, the visually impaired people have considerable restrictions on their lives, and because of the lack of guiding facilities, they rarely want to go out for activities in outdoor environments such as strolling in the parks. Thus the chances to contact with nature for them become lower and lower.
In the research literature on visually impaired people, there are many studies on the guiding methods of electronic devices or tactile maps, but it is rare to use the elements in the outdoor environment to achieve the identification and guiding functions. Based on the above, the experimental design of this study uses comparative tests of different conditions to explore the effect of environmental cues of different materials on the performance of visually impaired students' orientation and movement. We also use interviews to understand the feelings and viewpoints of the subjects. This study begins with three pilot studies to identify sensory adjectives when people touch plants, representative plant and tactile sensations. A formal study was then conducted and divided into five sub-studies. The experimental process arranged the a path along hedge to allow 15 subjects (visually impaired students) to walk along this preset path and record the time the participants completed the path, the deviation from the path and the understanding of the shape of the path. Along the path, there are three kinds of environmental cues provided to guiding the anticipants. The environmental cues include plants, non-life material and both of them. By the results of our research, as the times of completing the path increases and the identification of environment cues becomes more correct as time passing, their performances in orientation and mobility have made noticeable improvement. It indicates that environmental cues are beneficial for improving their performances in orientation and mobility.
The results of the analysis were statistically analyzed by single-factor analysis and nonparametric statistics. It was found that the identification of environmental cues by the visually impaired students was positively correlated with the 'no deviation from the path' and 'the understanding of the path shape'. The 'time' presents a negative correlation, showing the identification of environmental cues, which has a positive impact on the performance of visually impaired students in directed actions. Meanwhile, there is no significant difference in the impact of the three environmental cues on the performance of directional actions.第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究背景與動機 1
第二節 研究目的 5
第三節 名詞定義 7
第四節 研究範圍與限制 7
第五節 研究貢獻 8
第六節 研究內容與流程 8
第二章 文獻回顧 11
第一節 視覺障礙 11
第二節 觸覺辨識與材質觸覺感受 13
第三節 認知地圖與環境線索 16
第四節 定向行動與邊界線的角色 24
第五節 視障者引導設施的設計 27
第六節 公園環境中的生命與非生命材質 29
第七節 視障者尋路實驗 31
第八節 適合引導視障者的戶外環境線索 33
第三章 研究方法 35
第一節 研究方法的設計參考基礎 35
第二節 前導研究 40
第三節 正式研究 51
第四節 資料分析 74
第四章 研究結果與討論 76
第一節 前導研究的結果 76
第二節 子研究一的結果與討論 83
第三節 子研究二、三的結果與討論 104
第四節 子研究四、五的結果與討論 109
第五章 參與者的環境線索辨識與完成研究實驗路徑表現分析 120
第一節 參與者辨識植物環境線索情形與定向行動表現的關係探討 120
第二節 非生命性材質環境線索的辨識情形與定向行動表現的關係探討 126
第三節 混合式環境線索的辨識情形與定向行動表現的關係探討 128
第四節 本研究結果與相關研究的比較討論 133
第六章 結論與建議 134
第一節 結論 134
第二節 本研究結果之應用建議 137
第三節 研究限制與後續研究建議 140
參考文獻 14
A study of pyrroloquinoline quinone on Pei-Chiao (Musa spp.) growth and biocontrol improvement
No full text香蕉是世界上重要的糧食作物之一，但深受香蕉黃葉病害之影響導致產量受限，因此解決此問題為當前首要之任務。前人實驗結果證實有接種Burkholderia sp. 869T2的北蕉平均株高增加32.6公分，發病率降低21.1%。而在本研究中於溫室實驗中同樣驗證了869T2接種於北蕉之促進生長及抗病之效果，有效降低黃葉病的罹病程度。於轉錄基因體分析中發現869T2體內合成Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ)之基因組有高表現量。藉由使用PQQ對北蕉進行生長測試，探討PQQ是否為促進北蕉生長之重要因子及抗香蕉黃葉病之作用。於添加PQQ作為促進生長因子之實驗結果中得知，添加100nM PQQ株高增加了2.2公分、健葉數增加了2.9葉及鮮重增加了1.1克；而在溫室感染實驗中PQQ組平均罹病度低於控制組。且於轉錄基因體中研判添加PQQ後北蕉促進生長及生物防治之反應，發現添加PQQ後可提高碳水化合物代謝、胺基酸代謝、光合作用、氧化作用及吉貝素合成酵素的高表現等可能為促進北蕉生長之因素，以及誘導植物抗病因子PR1之表現。Banana is one of the most important food crops in the world, but it is deeply affected by the fusarial wilt, which leads to limited production. Therefore, solving this problem is the current priority. The results of previous experiments confirmed that the average plant height of Pei-Chiao with Burkholderia sp. 869T2 inoculated increased by 32.6 cm, and the incidence decreased by 21.1%. In this study, the effect of 869T2 inoculation on Pei-Chiao to promote growth and disease resistance was also verified in the greenhouse experiment, which effectively reduced the degree of fusarial wilt. In the transcriptome analysis, it was found that the genome of Pyroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) synthesized by 869T2 in vivo has high expression. The growth test of the Pei-Chiao was to explore whether PQQ is an important factor for promoting the growth of the Pei-Chiao and the role of resistan fusarial wilt. In promoting growth analysis, adding 100nM PQQ was proved that the plant height increased by 2.2 cm, the number of healthy leaves increased by 2.9 leaves, and the fresh weight increased by 1.1 g. In the greenhouse infection experiment, the average fusarial wilt in the PQQ was lower than that in the control. After adding PQQ to the transcript gene, the Pei-Chiao promoted the growth and biological control reaction. It was found that the addition of PQQ can improve carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, photosynthesis, oxidation and high performance of gemcitabine synthetase. It may be a factor that promotes the growth of the northern banana and induces the performance of the plant resistance factor PR1.摘要 i
Abstract ii
表目錄 vi
圖目錄 vii
附圖 viii
附表 ix
第一章 前言 1
1.1 香蕉 1
1.1.1 香蕉分類命名 1
1.1.2 北蕉 2
1.2 香蕉黃葉病 2
1.2.1 分布 2
1.2.2 香蕉黃葉病病原菌 3
1.2.3 感染途徑 4
1.2.4 病徵 4
1.2.5 病害生態 5
1.2.6 抗病現況 5
1.3 植物內共生菌 5
1.3.1 型態 6
1.3.2 Burkholderia sp. 869T2 7
1.4 Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) 8
1.4.1 PQQ生合成途徑 9
1.5 氨基酸在植物中的重要性 11
1.6 研究動機 13
第二章 材料方法 14
2.1 培養基配置 14
2.2 組織培養香蕉種植 15
2.3 病土製作 15
2.4 病土感染 16
2.5 螢光顯微鏡觀察 16
2.6 Burkholderia sp. 869T2接種測試 16
2.6.1 內共生菌接種液製備 16
2.6.2 內共生菌接種於香蕉組培苗 16
2.6.3 接種內共生菌之香蕉組培苗之菌相觀察 17
2.6.4 接種內共生菌抗北蕉黃葉病測試 17
2.7 Pyrroloquinoline quinone(PQQ)促進北蕉生長及香蕉黃葉病生物防治測試 18
2.7.1 培養基添加PQQ促進北蕉苗生長測試 18
2.7.2 培養基添加PQQ北蕉苗抗黃葉病測試 19
2.7.2.1 組織培養感染種植測試 19
2.7.2.2 溫室感染種植測試 19
2.8 Pyrroloquinoline quinone(PQQ)改善北蕉生長次世代定序(Next Generation Sequencing) 19
2.9 統計分析 20
第三章 結果 21
3.1 利用含綠螢光蛋白香蕉黃葉病病原菌株Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense tropical race 4觀察入侵植株情形 21
3.2 Burkholderia sp. 869T2接種測試 23
3.3 Pyrroloquinoline quinone(PQQ)添加促進北蕉生長測試 24
3.3.1培養基添加0nM、5nM、50nM、100nM及1000nM PQQ促進北蕉生長測試 25
3.3.2 提高培養基添加 PQQ濃度促進北蕉生長測試 27
3.4 組織培養添加PQQ抗北蕉黃葉病測試 29
3.4.1 組織培養測試 29
3.4.2溫室測試 30
3.5 利用NGS探討培養基添加Pyrroloquinoline quinone(PQQ) 後北蕉組培苗之轉錄基因體表達差異 34
3.5.1基因本體論(Gene Ontology ) 35
3.5.2 調控路徑(KEGG pathway) 36
第四章 討論 39
4.1 PQQ改善北蕉生長之表現 39
4.2 PQQ參與北蕉苗生長之基因轉錄體分析 40
第五章 結論 43
第六章 參考文獻 4
Alkoxysilane Modified Hydroxyethyl Cellulose Based Polymer Gel Electrolytes for Dye Sensitized Solar Cells
No full text本研究將（3-氨基丙基）三甲氧基矽烷 ((3-Aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane, APTMS) 與氫碘酸 (Hydriodic acid, HI) 進行水解反應，氫碘酸讓氨基成為帶有碘離子的四級銨鹽，另一方面酸也有助於水解反應，使矽烷上的烷氧更容易水解成羥基，水解完後再與羥乙基纖維素 (2-Hydroxyethyl cellulose, HEC) 上的羥基進行縮合反應，製備出具有凝膠性質的網狀結構聚合物Cellulose-Silane，依不同莫耳比例 (HEC:APTMS = 1:3、1:6、1:9、1:12) 合成出CS13、CS16、CS19、CS112等一系列高分子，作為染料敏化太陽能電池 (DSSC) 之高分子膠態電解質。
將所合成出的CS13、CS16、CS19、CS112以10wt%分別添加於以碳酸丙烯酯 (Propylene carbonate, PC) 為溶劑之電解質內，形成高分子膠態電解質。將上述之電解質注入於N719為染料所製成染料敏化太陽能電池，進行光伏特性的探討。在極限擴散電流分析中得知Cellulose與Silane比例超過1:9時，除了碘離子濃度增加，也把纖維素長鏈撐開，導致電解質黏度大幅下降，而增加I3-擴散係數。電化學交流阻抗量測發現，隨著silane的增加導致電解質與對電極及TiO2間的阻抗向下，在低頻區(Zw)，擴散阻抗隨著Silane比例增加而減少，其歸因於CS19與CS112纖維素長鏈被矽氧烷鏈段撐開導致黏度下降。光電轉換效率分析中，以CS112為電解質之DSSC有較高的效率，但電解質性質接近液態，較無法解決漏液問題，因此，以CS16為電解質更符合我們的需求，更接近準固態。In this study, a series of polymer gel electrolytes based on the alkoxysilane interlinked celluloses (C-S) were prepared and application for the dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The C-S samples have been synthesized by the sol-gel reaction of cellulose (HEC) and (3-aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane (APTMS). Using different molar ratios of HEC and APTMS (1:3, 1:6, 1:9, and 1:12) to synthesize a series of polymers (CS13, CS16, CS19, and CS112). 10wt% of CS13, CS16, CS19, and CS112 were dissolved in the I2, LiI, TBP, PMII, and GuSCN containing propylene carbonate solution and used as the gel electrolytes of DSSCs. The viscosity of the polymer electrolytes was decreased with the content of APTMS. The formation of silicate based inorganic network was confirmed by the 29Si-NMR spectroscopy. Better photovoltaic parameters were observed for the DSSC based on the C-S sample with higher APTMS content. In contrast, better stability of photovoltaic performance was obtained for the DSSC based on the C-S sample with lower APTMS content目錄
誌謝 i
摘要 ii
Abstract iv
目錄 v
表目錄 vii
圖目錄 viii
第1章 緒論 1
1-1 前言 1
1-2 染料敏化太陽能電池簡介 1
1-3 染料敏化太陽能電池工作原理 2
1-3-1染料敏化太陽能電池光電極 4
1-3-2染料敏化太陽能電池電解質 5
1-3-3染料敏化太陽能電池的對電極 7
1-3-4染料敏化太陽能電池的染料 7
1-3-5決定染料敏化太陽能電池光電轉化效率的因素 8
第2章 文獻回顧與研究動機 10
2-1 材料結構及介紹 10
2-1-1 纖維素 10
2-1-2 3-氨基丙基三乙氧基矽烷 12
2-2 纖維素高分子電解質 12
2-3 利用縮合反應製作電解質 16
2-4 研究動機 20
第3章 實驗 22
3-1 化學藥品 22
3-2 溶劑、藥品前處理 23
3-3 實驗儀器 23
3-4 合成實驗 25
3-5 DSSC元件製作 26
3-5-1白金對電極之製備 26
3-5-2膠態高分子電解質之製備 26
3-5-3 TiO2光電極之製備 26
3-5-4 DSSC元件之組裝 26
第4章 結果與討論 28
4-1 化合物之基本特性 28
4-1-1 纖維素之結構分析 28
4-1-2 熱性質分析 33
4-2 電解質離子導電度分析 34
4-3 極限擴散電流分析 35
4-4 元件光電效率分析 37
4-5 太陽光照射下之交流阻抗分析 40
4-6 纖維素電解質之DSSC元件穩定性量測 42
第5章 結論 44
第6章 參考文獻 45
第7章 附錄 4
Effect of methomyl poisoning dose on the variation of its concentration in rats over time
No full text本論文為瞭解農藥中毒在大鼠體內的變化乃結合法醫毒理學與藥物代謝動力學的概念設計一實驗，透過胃管將農藥納乃得以不同劑量灌入SD (Sprague Dawley) 品系大鼠胃中，研究納乃得於大鼠屍體中隨著時間的殘留情形，此結果或可提供法醫界於農藥中毒檢驗判斷的參考依據。試驗上使用24 %溶液之納乃得成品農藥，納乃得在胃內容物隨著時間增加其濃度慢慢減少；其他除了肺之外的臟器則隨著時間增加濃度先升高再下降，大約於7~14天為濃度最高的時候。本研究推論順梯度濃度擴散、死後循環、毒物降解和破壞及微生物作用為可能原因。在中毒1~14天時，順梯度濃度擴散、死後循環、微生物作用的影響力大於毒物降解和破壞的影響力，此時臟器濃度上升；14天之後，則毒物降解和破壞的影響力大於順梯度濃度擴散、死後循環、微生物作用的影響力，因此臟器濃度慢慢下降。另外，由於胃內容物的順梯度濃度擴散是擴散出去，所以胃內容物的濃度呈現下降趨勢。綜合結果顯示：動物經投予中毒致死劑量之納乃得後，導致胃內容物濃度持續下降，而其他臟器濃度則呈現分布不一致的狀況。In order to understand the change which pesticide poisoning in rats in this paper, combining forensic toxicology and pharmacokinetics is the idea to design this experiment. Use gastric tube to deliver pesticide methomyl into SD rat’s stomach by different doses. The purpose is to study the residual concentration with time of methomyl in the rat’s body. And the result may be used as pesticide poisoning autopsy judging reference for forensic community. Use a commercial pesticide 24 % methomyl solution to implement the experiment. Methomyl concentration in the gastric contents gradually decrease with time increasing. The concentration in organs besides lung increase first and then decrease over time. The highest concentration approximately reach in 7 to 14 days. The reason is to deduce from diffusion along the concentration gradient, death cycle, degradation and destruction of poison and the action of microorganisms.The influence of diffusion along the concentration gradient, death cycle and the action of microorganisms is more powerful than degradation and destruction of poison in 1 to 14 days in poisoning. After 14 days, the influence of the degradation and destruction of poison is more powerful than the inference of diffusion along the concentration gradient, death cycle and the action of microorganisms. Therefore, the concentration of organs slowly decrease.Besides because the diffusion along the concentration gradient of stomach contents spread out, so the concentration of the stomach contents is downward trend. The result show that feed animals methomyl of poisoning fatal dose will bring about the concentration of the stomach contents decrease and the concentration distribution in other organs are not the same.摘要 ii
Abstract iii
圖目錄 vi
表目錄 viii
第一章 緒論 1
1-1研究緣起 1
1-2研究目標 2
第二章 文獻回顧 4
2-1農藥及納乃得中毒之文獻回顧 4
2-1-1農藥的定義 4
2-1-2農藥的分類 4
2-1-3農藥的發展 5
2-1-4納乃得中毒之文獻回顧 7
2-1-4-1納乃得之介紹 8
2-1-4-2納乃得中毒之案例 16
2-2前處理方法 19
2-2-1農藥物殘留檢測之基質 25
2-2-2藥物殘留前處理技術探討 26
2-3 HPLC分析方法 32
2-3-1 HPLC起源 32
2-3-2 HPLC原理 33
2-3-3 HPLC的分析手法及特點 39
第三章 實驗材料及方法 45
3-1實驗藥品 45
3-2實驗動物 46
3-3實驗方法 47
3-4 QuEChERS前處理流程 49
3-5實驗分析方法 50
第四章 結果與討論 51
4-1高劑量成品農藥組-不同時間的臟器濃度變化 51
4-2高劑量成品農藥組-臟器隨著時間之濃度變化 56
4-3高劑量農藥標準品組-臟器隨著時間濃度之變化 58
4-4高劑量成品農藥及農藥標準品組-臟器隨著時間濃度之變化 59
4-5高劑量成品農藥及農藥標準品組-胃內容物隨著時間濃度之變化 64
4-6低劑量納乃得成品農藥組實驗結果 65
第五章 結論 66
參考文獻 6
Application of Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
No full text本論文探討1,8-naphthalimide derivative有機螢光團引發之螢光共振能量轉移(fluorescence resonance energy transfer, FRET)效應於染料敏化太陽能電池(dye-sensitized solar cell, DSSC)之應用，研究內容主要依有機螢光團有無羧基概分為二。研究主題一採用無羧基之有機螢光團(簡稱N-Bu)摻雜於網印之中孔二氧化鈦光電極中，摻雜方法為將二氧化鈦光電極進行兩步驟依序浸泡於螢光染料N-Bu及敏化染料N719溶液中。在照光的情況下，N-Bu螢光團會吸收紫外光成為激發態，由於N-Bu螢光團之放射光譜與敏化染料N719之吸收光譜緊密重疊，當N-Bu與N719分子相距於Förster radius內，激發態之N-Bu會經由FRET方式將能量傳遞予N719，驅使N719產生更多電子，提升DSSC於紫外光區間之光捕獲強度，同時提升紫外光區間之光電轉化效率(incident photon to current conversion efficiencies, IPCE)。當使用10-4 M之N-Bu溶液摻雜螢光團，DSSC之能量轉換效率(power conversion efficiencies, PCE)可由7.63 %提升至8.13 %，改善幅度約為6.6 %。
主題二使用含有羧基之有機螢光團(1,8-naphthalimide derivative with carboxylic group, 簡稱N-COOH)，透過羧基與二氧化鈦的附著力，使摻雜之N-COOH能與N719共同吸附在二氧化鈦表面，藉此增強FRET效應，摻雜方法可簡化為光電極浸泡於敏化染料N719與螢光團N-COOH混合液中之一步驟共吸附方式。N-COOH光學性質相似於研究主題一之N-Bu，因此N-COOH亦會吸收紫外光並經由FRET方式將能量傳遞予N719。研究結果發現在N-COOH與N719共吸附過程中，N-COOH不會影響N719於二氧化鈦薄膜中之吸附量，且吸附N-COOH可減少二氧化鈦直接與電解液之接觸面積，減少電子逆反應發生。採用最佳混合比例之溶液(N719:N-COOH = 5:1)進行共吸附，DSSC於1 sun (AM1.5G)下其能量轉換效率改善幅度達10.8 % (從9.16 %提升至10.15 %)，優於主題一的改善幅度。而在600 lux之T5燈具(600 lux之三波長)下其能量轉換效率改善幅度達21 % (PCE從16.46 %提升至19.92 %)，Pmax可由31.77 μW/cm2提升至38.44 μW/cm2。This dissertation investigates the application of the fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) effect induced by an organic fluorophores (1,8-naphthalimide derivative) in dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC). There are two parts of research in this dissertation based on two organic fluorophores with and without a carboxylic group. In Part I, an organic fluorophore without a carboxylic group, named as N-Bu, is doped into a mesoporous TiO2 photoanode by a two-step dipping procedure sequentially in the N-Bu and N719 solutions. The N-Bu fluorophore can be excited via absorbing ultraviolet light and then transfers the absorbed energy to the N719 sensitizing dye by means of the FRET effect when the N-Bu and N719 molecules are within the Förster radius. The high spectral overlap between the emission spectrum of fluorophore and the absorption spectrum of sensitizing dye is also advantageous for the FRET effect. Therefore, the FRET effect promotes the light harvesting of DSSC in the ultraviolet spectrum range and the incident photon to current conversion efficiencies (IPCE). An improved power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 8.13% is obtained for the fluorophore-doped (10-4 M) DSSC as compared with that without the doping of fluorophore (7.63%).
In Part II, a 1,8-naphthalimide derivative with a carboxylic group, N-COOH, is doped into a mesoporous TiO2 film together with N719 by a co-adsorption method which is performed by dipping the mesoporous TiO2 photoanodes into the mixed solutions of N719 and N-Bu. The photobehavior of N-COOH is similar to the N-Bu fluorophore which is used in the Part I. Hence, the N-COOH fluorophore can also absorb the ultraviolet light and transit the absorbed energy to N719 by means of FRET. Because the N-COOH fluorophore can adsorb on the TiO2 surface with its carboxylic group as N719 does, an in-situ FRET system can be built up to induce more efficient energy transfer from the FRET donor (N-COOH) to the FRET acceptor (N719). The co-adsorption of N-COOH with N719 does not influence the dye-loading amount of N719 in the mesoporous TiO2 film, and it can further inhibit charge recombination owing to reduced contact area between TiO2 and electrolyte. The results show that the DSSCs with doping of the N-COOH fluorophore are efficient for 1 sun (AM1.5G) and indoor lighting conditions. Upon using optimal mixed solution (N719:N-COOH = 5:1), the PCE of DSSC under 1 sun illumination increases by 10.8 % (from 9.16 to 10.15 %), and that for T5 fluorescent lamps of 600 lux increases by 21 % (PCE from 16.46 to 19.92 % and Pmax from 31.77 to 38.44 μW/cm2), as compared with that adsorbing N719 only.摘要 i
Abstract ii
Table of Contents iv
List of Tables vii
List of Figures viii
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Preface 1
1.2 Motivation for Research 3
1.3 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC) 4
1.3.1 Introduction of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell 4
1.3.2 Components of the DSSC 5
1.3.2.1 Metal Oxide Semiconductor 6
1.3.2.2 Conductive Substrate 7
1.3.2.3 Sensitizer 8
1.3.2.4 Electrolyte 10
1.3.2.5 Counter Electrode 13
1.3.3 Operating Principles of the DSSC 14
Chapter 2 Literature Review 17
2.1 Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) 17
2.2 Energy Relay Dyes 20
Chapter 3 Application of 1,8-Naphthalimide Derivative in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 28
3.1 Introduction 28
3.2 Experimental Section 31
3.2.1 Synthesis and Characterization of Organic Fluorophore 31
3.2.2 Preparation of Photo-Anode 33
3.2.3 Preparation of Counter Electrode 34
3.2.4 Fabrication of DSSC Device 34
3.2.5 Characterization and Photovoltaic Performance Measurements 34
3.3 Results and Discussion 36
3.3.1 Photobehavior of Fluorophore 36
3.3.2 Spectral Characteristics of Sensitizing Dye and Fluorophore 38
3.3.3 Incident Photo to Electron Conversion Efficiency 40
3.3.4 Photovoltaic Performance 42
3.4 Conclusions 46
Chapter 4 Application of 1,8-Naphthalimide Derivative with Carboxylic Group in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 47
4.1 Introduction 47
4.2 Experimental Section 49
4.2.1 Synthesis and Characterization of Organic Fluorophore 49
4.2.2 Preparation of Photo-Anode 51
4.2.3 Preparation of Counter Electrode 52
4.2.4 Fabrication of DSSC Device 52
4.2.5 Characterization and Photovoltaic Performance Measurements 53
4.3 Results and Discussion 54
4.3.1 Spectral Characteristics of Sensitizing Dye and Fluorophore 54
4.3.2 Fluorescence Image of Photo-Anode 55
4.3.3 Incident Photo to Electron Conversion Efficiency 56
4.3.4 Dye-Loading of Photo-Anode 58
4.3.5 Photovoltaic Performance 60
4.3.6 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopic Analysis 64
4.3.7 Photocurrent Density Distribution 66
4.4 Conclusions 67
Chapter 5 Overall Conclusions 68
Chapter 6 References 6
Preparation of Tannin/1,6-Diisocyanatohexane PU Membranes for Antibacterial and Gas Separation Applications
No full text單寧(tannin, C76H52O46, molecular weight = 1701.19 g/mol, solubility in water = 2850 g/L, pKa≈10)為多酚類天然物質，廣泛存在於多種植物中，相關研究證實其具抗氧化作用與抑菌效果。而文獻資料已成功以縮合單寧為基材，利用聚氨酯發泡操作製備出抗菌功能之聚氨酯材料，且在土壤微生物作用下可生物降解，顯見縮和單寧為合適的環保抑菌材之天然原料。本研究亦採用其衍生物，單寧為基材，希能製備以天然物質為主體的薄膜，並應用於水中抗大腸桿菌與青黴菌程序，或應用於氣體滲透分離上。本研究以單寧與1,6-己二異氰酸酯(1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate, HDI)反應，調整單寧與HDI的莫耳比、溫度、反應時間等條件，找出最適合刮成薄膜且易於分析的高分子溶液，並以FTIR、TGA和DSC分析產物之官能基與熱性質，判斷反應之成功與否，與隨溫度改變而產生的變化，隨後再添加不同種類之軟鏈段高分子並與PU高分子溶液混合，製備出具可撓性的薄膜利於應用。實驗結果發現：溫度較高、反應時間較長、HDI較多，均可增加反應的成功率，但同時也形成較多固體產物。獲得較佳之反應條件，且也得到CA與PMMA兩種高分子的最佳添加條件後，利用不同的相轉換程序製備薄膜，最後再進行薄膜的抗大腸桿菌與青黴菌活性測試和氣體分離應用。批次抗菌的抗菌方法為將適當重量的薄膜放入37oC、20 mL大腸桿菌溶液(2-5×105 CFU/mL)中，分析24小時後大腸桿菌的生長情況，並以單寧和HDI原料做為控制組，以比較抗菌效果。而青黴菌抗菌則使用抑菌圈抗菌方法，配置好青黴菌抗菌懸浮液(3×105 CFU/mL)，均勻塗在培養皿上，放入樣品薄膜等待約3天後觀察抑菌圈大小。抗菌實驗結果顯示：以單寧和HDI反應所製備得的聚氨酯薄膜亦具抗菌效果，且蒸氣誘導式的抗菌效果又比乾式稍微來的好，而抗黴菌效果方面純聚氨酯薄膜效果大於摻混高分子薄膜大於純高分子薄膜。氣體分離上CO2對N2與CO2對CH4選擇率降低，但滲透率隨之上升，分離效果差，只有N2對CH4分離效果較佳。Tannin is a kind of natural polyphenols substance widely found in many kinds of plants. Related research has verified that it has anti-oxidation and antibacterial effect. Previous literatures had successfully used condensed tannin as the substrate in polyurethane foam operation to create antibacterial function for polyurethane material. Furthermore, this material is ecologically friendly due to the fact it can be biodegraded by microorganisms in the soil. Therefore condensed tannin is the appropriate raw material for antibacterial effect enhancement. In this study, condensed tannin derivatives was used as the substrate to prepare natural materials as the membrane and further used in three applications: Antibacterial-E. coli water treatment, Penicillium inhibition, and gas permeation separation. During the synthesis the mole ratio was adjusted by adding 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) while temperature and reaction time was also adjusted to find the optimum parameters for membrane preparation. The resulting polymer solution was characterized by FTIR, TGA and DSC instruments to identify the product’s functional groups and thermal properties to determine the success of the synthesis. Then the PU polymer was blended with different types of soft chain polymers to prepare flexible membranes that are favorable for the applications. The results show that not only higher temperatures, longer reaction time, and higher mole ratio can increase the success rate of reaction, but they also encourage the formation of more solid products. After the optimum conditions for the reaction of Cellulose acetate and Polymethylmrthacrylate were obtained, the membranes were prepared by different phase conversion method.
Finally, the membranes were used in the following applications: the anti-E. coli water treatment, Penicillium inhibition zone test, and gas separation were applied to the membranes. Antibacterial method of batch is weighted the appropriate weight of the membrane and put into 37oC, 20 mL E. coli solution (2-5×105 CFU/mL),analysis of 24 hours after the growth of E. coli, tannin and HDI as a control group to compare the antibacterial effect. Finally, the membranes were used in the following applications: the anti-E. coli water treatment, Penicillium inhibition zone test, and gas separation. For antibacterial method, measured membrane amount was added into 20 mL E. coli solution (2-5×105 CFU/mL) and incubate at 37oC for 24 hours before data collection with tannin and HDI as control group to compare the antibacterial effect. The other application of Penicillium inhibition, suspension of Penicillium spores (3×105 CFU/mL) was coated on the agar supplemented culture dish, then the sample membrane was placed on the coated agar. After 3 days, inhibition zones were observed and their sizes were measured. The results of antibacterial experiments showed that the polyurethane membranes prepared by the reaction of tannin and HDI had the expected antibacterial
effect, and the vapor-induced antibacterial effect was slightly better than that of dry type. For both E. coli and Penicillium, pure polyurethane membrane was more effective in antibacterial property than that of blended polymer membranes. As for gas permeation, the selectivity of CO2 /N2 and CO2/CH4 was lower than that of N2/CH4 on the gas separation; only N2 had better effect on CH4 separation.目錄
中文摘要 i
英文摘要 ii
目錄 iv
圖目錄 vii
表目錄 ix
第一章 緒論 1
第二章 文獻回顧 3
2.1 抗菌薄膜技術 3
2.1.1 抗菌技術與機制 3
2.1.2 單寧抗菌效果 10
2.1.3 單寧及其衍生物合成反應 12
2.1.4 單寧及其衍生物的萃取法 17
2.1.5 高分子薄膜於抗菌之應用 20
2.2 氣體分離抑菌機制薄膜技術 20
2.2.1 高分子薄膜於氣體分離上之應用 20
2.2.2 混合型高分子薄膜 21
第三章 實驗方法 24
3.1儀器、實驗藥品 24
3.1.1 儀器 24
3.1.2 實驗藥品、氣體 25
3.2 PU薄膜之製備 27
3.2.1 PU鑄膜液製備 27
3.2.2 PU薄膜製備 27
3.3 PU高分子固體性質分析 27
3.3.1重量平衡 27
3.3.2 FT-IR 27
3.3.3 TGA 28
3.3.4 DSC 28
3.4 PU高分子液體性質分析 28
3.4.1重量平衡 28
3.4.2 FT-IR 28
3.4.3 GPC 28
3.5 清洗後THF性質分析 29
3.5.1 FT-IR 29
3.5.2 UV-vis 29
3.6 PU薄膜與SEM分析 29
3.6.1 薄膜SEM之影像圖 29
3.6.2 厚度分析 29
3.6.3 穿透度分析 29
3.6.4 陽離子交換分析 30
3.7 PU摻混高分子薄膜製備 30
3.7.1 PU摻混高分子可撓性測試 30
3.7.2 薄膜SEM之影像圖 30
3.8抗菌實驗 30
3.8.1 菌液培養 30
3.8.2 批次殺菌實驗 31
3.8.3 抑菌圈殺菌實驗 31
3.9 氣體滲透實驗 32
第四章 結果與討論 35
4.1 PU反應性質分析 35
4.1.1 Tannin-HDI反應性質 35
4.1.2 尋找單寧與1,6-己二異氰酸酯反應之最佳時間 35
(1) FT-IR官能基分析 39
(2) 找出最佳反應時間 39
4.1.3 尋找單寧與1,6-己二異氰酸酯反應之最佳溫度 42
(1) 找出最佳反應溫度 45
(2) 最佳條件FT-IR官能基分析 45
4.2 PU反應後定量結果分析 48
4.2.1 GPC對PU高分子分子量分析 48
(1) PS標準品檢量線 48
(2) PU高分子 48
4.2.2 TGA對PU高分子分析 51
(1) TGA之熱重分析 51
4.2.3 DSC對PU高分子分析 51
(1) DSC之熱重分析 51
4.3 清洗後THF性質結果分析 53
4.3.1 FT-IR 53
4.3.2 UV-vis 53
4.4 PU抗菌薄膜性質探討 53
4.4.1 薄膜厚度結果 53
4.4.2 薄膜中孔洞大小與結構 53
4.4.3 薄膜上之OH官能基分析 54
4.5 摻混高分子於PU薄膜後性質分析 58
4.5.1 不同高分子摻混PU後之外觀與穿透度 58
4.5.2 不同高分子摻混PU後之可撓性 58
4.5.3 不同高分子摻混PU後之SEM結構分析 58
4.6抗菌實驗 63
4.6.1 單寧抗菌實驗對批次抗菌的影響結果 63
4.6.2 HDI抗菌實驗對批次抗菌的影響結果 63
4.6.3 PU高分子薄膜之抗菌測試對批次殺菌的影響結果 63
4.6.4 不同種類抗菌薄膜對大腸桿菌抑制率影響 63
4.6.5 抗菌圈抗菌實驗結果 64
4.7氣體分離實驗 74
第五章 結論 78
參考文獻 7
Persuading and Enlightenment：A Study of Ghosts and Gods to Instruct The World on Yuan Mei''s Xingqixie
No full textIn Qianlong, Jiaqing period, Yuan Mei is a literary master because he had served as the magistrate and could have more profound feelings to have insight into social calmly, care for people and express God Persuading ideological indoctrination by the 'new Qi harmonic' ghost stories. Therefore, in this paper of Yuan Mei, 'New Qi harmony' shed lights on the spiritual story as the research object and utilized the ghost, affair and behavior from God to alert people, representing an particular phenomenon of Qing society and further explored the deeper meaning and value behind the spiritual figurative world outlook of Yuan Mei ghosts and God Story.
In this paper, analysis and text from Ghosts and God Yu Shi angle cut 'new harmonic Qi' and depth YuanMei ghost writing, the meaning of the story of God is divided into six chapters to analyze. The first chapter introduces the research motivation, purpose, and outlines the results of previous studies; the second chapter focuses on the type of story, 'new harmonic Qi' Ghost and God and discusses the story containing the contents of the oracle; the next two chapters exploiting 'new Qi harmonic' spirits Yu the content and meaning of the world, and performance practices as the main discussion, by the ghost of the novel, God''s character in the novel in which the projected shape, the use of narrative, language, presentation techniques, but also the creative intent projected to the world of mutual novel analogy, and to summarize and analyze the way they want to clarify the implication of the expression, to further explore the world of the gods depicted in Yuan Mei sustenance criticism and reflection on social and reality; fifth chapter discusses about Persuading YuanMei preaching enlightenment ideas, meaning and literary value that first inductive analysis texted moral enlightenment, analyzed the 'new Qi harmonic' heritage of the Six mystery novels and summarized their treatise 'New Qi harmonic' comments.
The post is, therefore, to study the world of spirits of the paper by Yu 'New Qi harmonic' Qianjia exploring the social and cultural background, and Yuan Mei showed his hopes for the pursuit of justice and social climate of the world through metaphor spirits in various spiritual powers to remedy the social atmosphere. It is imperative to pay attention to three aspects of morality gentleman, which included exhorting the world evil, pursuing the fairness officialdom and spirits Yuan Mei 'ssignificant place to go for good in the world the story of enlightenment intentions in hope to restore the social atmosphere of goodness.袁枚是乾隆、嘉慶時期的文壇大儒，因曾任縣令故在政治上有著深刻的感受，能以冷靜的態度洞察社會、關懷百姓，並藉著《新齊諧》鬼、神故事來表達勸懲教化思想。是故，本文主要以袁枚《新齊諧》中的鬼神故事作為研究對象，藉鬼、神之情狀及行為寓人世警戒，呈現清代社會的特別現象，並以鬼神喻世觀探討袁枚鬼、神故事背後寓寄警示的深層意義與價值。
本論文以文本分析法為主，從鬼、神喻世的角度切入《新齊諧》，並深入探討袁枚書寫鬼、神故事的意義，共分為六章進行分析:首章介紹研究動機、目的，並概述前人研究成果；第二章主要針對《新齊諧》鬼、神故事情節與類型，探討故事中所蘊含之諭示內容；第三、四章藉以《新齊諧》鬼神喻世內容與意義及表現手法作為主要的探討，透過作者將小說中鬼、神的特質塑造投射於小說當中，運用了敘事、語言、表述手法，同時也把創作意圖投射到小說的世界相互類比，並以歸納及分析的方式，釐清其所要表達的意蘊，進一步探討袁枚在鬼神世界的描繪寄託對社會和現實的批判和思考；第五章探討袁枚宣揚勸懲與教化觀念的意義與文學價值，先歸納分析文本中的教化寓意，再分析《新齊諧》對六朝志怪小說的傳承，並歸納各家對其《新齊諧》評論的論述。
職是之故，本論文藉由《新齊諧》鬼神喻世之研究，探討乾嘉時期的社會文化背景，以及袁枚透過鬼神喻世表現出他對公平正義的追求與社會風氣的期望，以各種鬼神之力來匡正社會風氣，並勸誡世人諸惡莫作、追求公平吏治、重視君子道德修養三方面，豁顯袁枚《新齊諧》鬼神喻世故事寄予去惡揚善的教化意圖，期許恢復良善社會風氣。摘 要 IV
Abstract V
目次 VIII
表目次 XII
圖目次 XIII
第一章 緒論 2
第一節 研究動機與目的 2
第二節 前人研究成果述評 5
一、 專書部分 5
二、 單篇論文 7
三、 學位論文 9
第三節 研究範圍、方法與章節架構 14
一、 研究範圍 14
二、 時代背景 20
三、 喻世觀之流衍 20
四、 研究方法 21
五、 章節安排與架構 22
第二章《新齊諧》鬼神故事喻世之類型 24
第一節 神界故事：監察人間，辨別善惡 24
一、 懲惡執罰型 24
二、 驅除妖怪型 27
第二節 人界故事：喻示引戒，懲惡揚善 29
一、 夢喻兆示型 29
二、 求人訴冤型 32
第三節 冥界故事：因果循環，果報不爽 35
一、 因果循環誡示型 35
二、 物怪作祟型 37
第四節 出入冥界故事：人鬼往返，彌補缺憾 40
一、 恩仇果報型 40
二、 借屍還魂型 42
第三章 《新齊諧》鬼神喻世之意義 46
第一節 揭露腐敗吏治，冀望廉能良吏 47
一、 揭露官場弊病 47
二、揭發封建官吏醜惡 53
三、抨擊科舉制度腐朽 57
四、冀望秉公為民的好官出現 61
第二節 揭穿盲目信仰，宣揚因果循環 64
一、 諷刺盲目崇拜之信仰 64
二、 宣揚因果循環 65
第三節 針砭貪婪社會，推崇克邪正氣 68
一、心存貪執，自私自利 69
二、好求權名，蒙蔽良知 70
三、心秉正氣，邪氣不生 72
第四章 《新齊諧》鬼神故事之表現手法 78
第一節 寫實之敘事態度 78
一、 奇聞軼事，據於實事 78
二、 具體人稱，強調寫實 79
第二節 簡潔質樸之語言運用 81
一、 敘述語言，簡潔質樸 81
二、 人物對話，推動情節 83
第三節 《新齊諧》因應不同故事模式之敘事手法 84
一、 夢喻模式及預敘手法 84
二、 鬼魂申冤模式及順敘手法 88
第五章 《新齊諧》鬼神喻世之創作意圖與文學價值 92
第一節 作者意圖：袁枚鬼神喻世意義 92
一、 勸誡世人諸惡莫作 92
二、 追求公平吏治 100
三、 重視君子道德修養 103
第二節《新齊諧》鬼神喻世之文學價值 106
一、《新齊諧》鬼神喻世形式：對魏晉六朝志怪小說結構繼承 107
二、《新齊諧》鬼神喻世意義：以勸懲教化為目的 116
第六章 結論 120
參考文獻暨徵引資料 12
Stigmata of Mother—To Discuss Parent-Child Relationship of Big Breasts and Wide Hips
No full text第一位中國國籍，諾貝爾文學獎得獎者－莫言，在其諸多作品裡，《豐乳肥臀》是莫言相當重視的作品，也是頗受爭議的一部。筆者以為，在《豐乳肥臀》中，莫言描繪出一幅斑駁的民間生存景象，構成一幅人性景觀圖，而透視這幅人性景觀圖，可以幫助我們更好地認識自我、理解文化，這便是本篇論文所要深入探究的範疇。
故本篇論文便藉由榮格的原型心理學、佛洛伊德的精神分析理論，輔以前人研究資料，探究莫言在《豐乳肥臀》中呈現的親子紐帶，以期透視莫言對於中華文化的省思。
《豐乳肥臀》中，莫言以「小敘事」的微觀，再現一世紀的中國，雖其橫跨年代足以構成史詩，但呈現的是血性飽滿小人物的愛欲情仇，不見高大全的英雄人物。莫言從庶民的視角還原了生存本相，直接呈現不加修飾的真實人性，既不推崇也不批判。並藉由《豐乳肥臀》中情感的密集滲入，形構出一部血肉飽滿的庶民生活史。
在《豐乳肥臀》中，莫言更表達了對「人」深切的關懷。其進一步地描繪了大母神全面的生命歷程，把這種生命歷程與風雲變幻的中國歷史相結合，試圖以前者為基點來重新解讀歷史與破譯生命。在父親與長老角色缺席的《豐乳肥臀》中，凸顯母親不顧一切生兒傳香火的內在驅動能量－母親的大慟傷，並通過母與子形象的塑造，探詢宗族概念下的親子紐帶，形構出頗具中華文化特色，一對可悲可憫的母子。第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究動機與方法 1
第二節 前人研究回顧 3
第三節 研究範圍與架構 5
第二章 大歷史與小敘事 7
第一節 歷史背景的淡化 7
第二節 《豐乳肥臀》的敘事結構 18
第三節 嗔男怨女的浮世繪 22
第三章 《豐乳肥臀》裡的母親群像 31
第一節 生育意象 32
第二節 容納意象 41
第三節 犧牲意象 44
第四節 死亡意象 51
第四章 戀乳癖的少年 56
第一節 金童—上官家的阿斗 58
第二節 金童的心理症狀 62
第三節 「獨角獸乳罩」的戲謔 68
第五章 宗族觀念下的性、權力與母子關係 71
第一節 性愛的神聖與隱晦 73
第二節 宗族文化的閹割情結 75
第三節 上官呂氏與男權文化 78
第六章 結論 84
參考書目 87
一、莫言作品 87
二、專書 88
三、論文 89
四、網路資源 92
附錄一 作家創作年表 93
附錄二 小說主要人物介紹表 9
A Study on Ma Yi-Fu's Yi-ology
No full text本文是以《復性書院講錄》第六卷〈觀象?言〉為主，間以《講錄》其他各卷，及《泰和宜山會語》、《爾雅臺答問》等為輔，研究馬一浮《易》學思想體系。
本論文共有五章，〈第一章〉是「緒論」，〈第二章〉探討「馬一浮論學《易》觀象之方法」，首言「觀象即是觀心」，馬一浮指出「太極」象徵「一心」，而諸卦爻象之變化，即象徵此心之變化；次言「觀象之要莫先於吉凶」，馬氏根據〈繫辭〉首末兩章，說明「易簡為吉，險阻為凶」，並認為吾人若能得「易簡之理」，便能自定吉凶。
〈第三章〉是闡述「馬一浮解《易》之義理架構」─「三易」，馬氏重新楷定「三易之義」，並藉此楷定，正面闡述「理、氣」關係，反面破斥「斷、常」二見。在「理、氣」關係上，主要說明兩者「非一非二」之關係；在「斷、常」二見上，則是強調證得本體「非常非斷」之性，即是「簡易」，馬氏並特別提醒學者「常見」與「真常」兩者大不相同，切莫混為一談。又「三易」架構中，精要處在於「簡易」，馬一浮並以此闡發「知能（行）合一」、「性修不二」之旨。由此筆者歸納馬氏所論「易簡」約有五義：（1）證體義（2）循理義（3）功能效驗義（4）體性義（5）工夫義。
所歸納「易簡」五義，皆是以第一義「證悟本體」為基本條件，因此，〈第四章〉接著探討「馬一浮論體《易》之工夫及用《易》之道」。馬氏指出，體《易》、用《易》須從〈乾卦〉九二與〈坤卦〉六二之〈文言〉入手，〈坤卦〉六二的「直內、方外」是「體《易》」工夫，〈乾卦〉九二的「庸言、庸行」則為「用《易》」之道。在「體《易》」工夫上，「直內」是「主敬涵養」，「方外」則是「克己復禮」；「主敬」為「知止」工夫，「克己」為「去蔽」工夫。「主敬知止」目的在對治昏沈、散亂之病，並藉此工夫以證得自家本體；「克己去蔽」主要在克除自己的「私吝心」，使心念無私、無我而能循理。在「用《易》」之道上，必須「謹言慎行」，慎於心念，將一切卦爻象義「引歸自己」，反於自心之德，故所言之「用」是指「自心之大用」，也就是將自心之德具體落實，於日用中顯現出來的意思。
〈第五章〉「結論」則是本論文之重點回顧，說明馬氏論《易》以「易簡」為核心，並歸納馬一浮《易》學「以理為宗」、「以佛解《易》」之特色，最後指出本論文研究之展望。第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究動機 1
第二節 研究概況 6
第三節 研究方法 8
第二章 馬一浮論學《易》觀象之方法 11
第一節 觀象即是觀心 14
一、太極以象一心 15
二、爻象之變即心之變 23
第二節 觀象之要莫先於吉凶 28
一、卜筮以立人為重 29
二、易簡為「吉」，險阻為「凶」 37
第三節 小結 48
第三章 馬一浮解《易》之義理架構 51
第一節 「三易」新詮 54
一、以「三易」論「理、氣」關係 56
二、以「三易」破「斷、常」二見 63
第二節 「三易」精要 74
一、乾知與坤能 75
二、乾是性德，坤是修德 84
第三節 小結 89
第四章 馬一浮論體《易》之工夫及用《易》之道 93
第一節 體《易》之工夫 95
一、主敬涵養 96
二、克己復禮 103
第二節 用《易》之道 116
一、謹言慎行 117
二、引歸自己 122
第三節 小結 127
第五章 結論 129
第一節 本文重點之回顧 129
第二節 馬一浮《易》學之特色 132
一、以理為宗，不主一家 132
二、以佛解《易》，儒佛會通 133
第三節 本研究未來之展望 134
參考資料 13