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微型自助圖書館使用者之行為與態度
No full textThe purpose of the study was to research how public libraries manage the micro self-service libraries in Taiwan, investigate the state of micro self-service libraries in Taiwan and the user behaviors and attitudes of micro self-service libraries.
The research objects are experienced users of micro self- service libraries at train stations, and the librarians in charge of this service. Questionnaire surveys and in-depth interviews were applied for data collection. One hundred and twenty-seven copies of questionnaires were returned and 3 in-depth interviews of librarian were conducted.
The results are summarized as follows: (1) Public libraries cooperate with the machine manufacturers to manage micro self-service libraries. (2) Public libraries hold positive attitudes toward managing micro self-service library. (3) Only one library among 3 libraries maintains the service of micro self-service library steadily. (4) Most users know the micro self-service libraries through passing by. (5) The main reason for the users to utilize micro self-service libraries is to kill time through reading. (6) Literary fictions and tourism and travel books are the two most frequently borrowed subjects, and also are the two most desired to increase volume categories. (7) The users consider that the traffic arteries are the most appropriate places to build up micro self-service libraries. (8) The user interface of micro self-service library is easy to operate, so the users usually don't need to take too much effort operating the machine. (9) The users look forward to reserve books online and checking out at the micro self-service libraries. (10) During the process of utilizing micro self- service libraries, the users feel pleasant and joyful.
Finally, based on the results, this study makes three suggestions to improve the service quality of micro self-service libraries, including that the public libraries can design diversified ways to promote the micro self-service libraries, update the holdings of micro self-service libraries regularly to meet the users' needs, and collect recreational and pocket books to make the users easy to carry with and read during commute.第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究動機 1
第二節 研究目的 3
第三節 研究問題 3
第四節 研究範圍與限制 4
第五節 研究貢獻 4
第六節 名詞解釋 4
第二章 文獻探討 7
第一節 圖書館自助式服務 7
第二節 臺灣微型自助圖書館 10
第三節 各國微型自助圖書館 18
第四節 使用者行為與態度 29
第三章 研究設計與實施 37
第一節 研究對象 37
第二節 研究方法與工具 39
第三節 資料蒐集與分析 41
第四節 研究實施與步驟 42
第四章 研究結果與分析 45
第一節 微型自助圖書館服務現況 45
第二節 研究樣本基本資料之分析 51
第三節 微圖使用者之行為與態度 57
第五章 結論與建議 79
參考書目 84
附錄一、「微型自助圖書館使用者之態度與行為」調查問卷 95
附錄二、微型自助圖書館負責館員之訪談大綱 9
台灣橡樹癭蜂(膜翅目：癭蜂科)之寄主多樣性與系統分類
No full textOak gallwasps lie in the tribe Cynipini of Cynipidae, with about 1,000 known species and predominantly distribute in temperate zone of north hemisphere. The vast majority species of oak gallwasps induce galls on oaks (Quercus subgenus Quercus) of Fagaceae, and possess cyclical parthenogenesis in life cycles that alternate between sexual generation and asexual generation. A portion of species the generation alternation even involving host alternation. Galls of oak gallwasps are complex and diverse and are species-specific or generation-specific. This character add difficulties in pairing of different generations and taxonomic treatment. Europe and North America are the long-standing centers of oak gallwasp faunal studies, and most species were recorded from the two regions. In contrast, the Asian fauna was little studied and just 34 valid specie on Quercus subgenus Quercus recorded from Japan and Russian Far East. However, recent studies in Taiwan and Japan found that genera Castanopsis, Lithocarpus, and Quercus subgenus Cyclobalanopsis of Fagaceae endemic in Asia are also potential host-plants of oak gallwasps, suggesting that global richness of oak gallwasps is much diverse than previously known. The island Taiwan is situated at southeast Asia and harbors 44 native species in four genera. In addition, there are two cultivated species in the genus Castanea of Fagaceae. Thus, the known diversity of Fagaceae in Taiwan reflects the diversity of Asian Fagaceae. Establishment of oak gallwasp taxonomy and biology in Taiwan will be conducive to clarifying diversity and host-plant ranges of oak gallwasps in Asia, and complement the key information that has been long-scarce in global gallwasp fauna. This study sampled all plant Fagaceous species in Taiwan and extensively surveyed gall flora of oak gallwasps. The following results were achieved by collaborated with European researchers: (i) Castanopsis, Lithocarpus, and Quercus subgenus Cyclobalanopsis are new host-plant records to oak gallwasps; (ii) one hundred and fifteen gall morphotypes were recorded from 28 plant species in four genera, and more than half types were from Quercus subgenus Cyclobalanopsis; (iii) galls show organ specificity on their host-plants; (iv) forty-four oak gallwasp adult morphospecies were obtained from the 115 gall morphotypes. By specimen examination and DNA barcoding (the mitochondrial gene cytochrome b) to identify species, 17 new species (include two new genera) and one new record were described and published. Remaining oak gallwasp morphospecies are under descriptions; (v) analyses of DNA barcoding sequences has paired the sexual generation and asexual generation of the new record Cerroneuroterus vonkuenburgi (Dettmer), while the rest remain only sexual generation (35 spp.) or asexual generation (7 spp.) were recorded. Samples for DNA barcoding have been preserved for future analyses by sequences to pair the different generations of known species; (vi) inclusion of the host-plant records from this study and previous references, range of oak gallwasp host-plants increased from four Fagaceous genera to six genera. During the study period, damages of a new invasive pest Dryocosmus kuriphilus on chestnuts were recorded in Chungpu Township, Chiayi County. In order to propose appropriate strategies for management of this new pest in Taiwan, investigation of biology was conducted at chestnut orchards in Chiayi County. The established information of gall development and phenology of host-plants will serve as a reference for pesticide control. Because of the results in this study, some point of views in the past are challenged and waiting for further investigations. For example: from the point of view of Systematics, extant Western Palaearctic oak gallwasps were extremely conservative to sections Cerris and Quercus s.s. oaks in the history of diversification. These two oak sections support discrete groups of gallwasps and forming two monophyletic groups. Results of morphology-based taxonomy in this study, however, found that congeneric oak gallwasps associate with multiple host-plant groups. Whether congeneric oak gallwasps that associate various host-plant groups is a monophyly need further tests. Reconstruction of a phylogeny by mitochondrial cytochrome b gene included oak gallwasps from the Western Palaearctic, nominated species in this study, and additional unnamed species from Taiwan and China. Result revealed that morphologically congeneric species use multiple host-plant groups were polyphyletic and convergence in morphology rather than forming a monophyly. In addition, most gallwasp lineages induce galls on ancestral Castanopsis, Lithocarpus, and Quercus subgenus Cyclobalanopsis are basal to the phylogeny, with derived lineages on Quercus subgenus Quercus. However, support to these clades about above relationships were low. Multiple gene fragments should be adopted to further test the oak gallwasp phylogeny and evolution of oak gallwasp host associations. Taken together, diversity of oak gallwasps in Asia is rich and waiting for exploration. This is important for understanding of global oak gallwasp richness. The achievement of this study confirmed that endemic Fagaceae in Asia harbors oak gallwasps and provides a piece of key puzzle in understanding of the evolution of global oak gallwasp diversity.橡樹癭蜂(oak gallwasps) 屬於癭蜂科橡樹癭蜂族(Cynipidae: Cynipini)，主要分布於北溫帶，約1000 種已知種，絕大部分的物種以殼斗科(Fagaceae)之橡樹(Quercus subgenus Quercus，麻櫟屬麻櫟亞屬)為造癭寄主，以循環孤雌生殖進行有性世代與無性世代之交替完成生活史，部分物種的世代交替更涉及寄主轉換。橡樹癭蜂之蟲癭形態複雜多樣，且不同癭蜂物種或世代之蟲癭皆有其獨有的形態，增添不同世代的連結與分類處理的困難度。往昔的橡樹癭蜂相研究主要在歐洲(西舊北區)與北美洲(新北區)，因此先前所知的物種紀錄大部分來自此兩大地理區，相較之下，亞洲因缺乏相關研究，過去僅有34種來自日本與蘇聯遠東地區於麻櫟屬麻櫟亞屬造癭的物種紀錄，然而近年來在台灣與日本的相關研究發現亞洲固有之苦櫧屬(Castanopsis)、石櫟屬(Lithocarpus)與麻櫟屬青剛櫟亞屬(Quercus subgenus Cyclobalanopsis)的殼斗科植物也是橡樹癭蜂的潛在寄主，顯示全球的橡樹癭蜂物種多樣性應較以往所知更為豐富。臺灣島位處東南亞，島內之殼斗科植物相包含4個屬(Castanopsis, Fagus, Lithocarpus, Quercus)共44種原生種，另有1屬(Castanea) 2種的栽培種，則台灣已知的殼斗科物種在屬級的豐富度可反映出亞洲殼斗科之多樣性，建立台灣本島之橡樹癭蜂分類與生物學資訊，有助於釐清橡樹癭蜂於亞洲的多樣性與寄主範圍，並增補全球橡樹癭蜂相長期缺乏之關鍵資訊。本研究對台灣全島所有殼斗科植物進行廣泛的癭蜂蟲癭相調查與採集，並與歐洲學者合作進行分類研究探討，取得以下之成果：(1)確認苦櫧屬、石櫟屬與麻櫟屬青剛櫟亞屬為橡樹癭蜂的新記錄寄主；(2)在4屬28 種植物共記錄115種癭蜂蟲癭形態種，超過半數的蟲癭記錄自麻櫟屬青剛櫟亞屬；(3)蟲癭對著生之寄主器官具專一性；(4)從前項樣品中取得44 種橡樹癭蜂成蟲形態種，由標本形態檢查與生命條碼(粒線體DNA之cytb基因)鑑定物種，確認17新種(含2新屬)與1新紀錄種之分類狀態並描述發表，其餘癭蜂形態種刻正著手處理描述中；(5)生命條碼之序列分析與生活史研究已連結新紀錄種癭蜂Cerroneuroterus vonkuenburgi (Dettmer)之有性世代與無性世代，其餘僅記錄有性世代(35種)或無性世代(7種)之癭蜂形態種，也已保存可供生命條碼鑑定的樣品，未來可使用DNA 序列就已知種進行不同世代之配對；(6)整合本研究的調查資料與文獻記載，全球橡樹癭蜂的寄主由先前的4個屬增加至6 個屬。研究期間亦發現新發生之入侵種害蟲板栗癭蜂，在嘉義縣中埔鄉板栗園造成危害，為研擬適合台灣防治此新發生害蟲之策略，於嘉義縣之板栗園進行板栗癭蜂生物學研究，建立蟲癭發生與寄主物候之基礎資料，做為藥劑防治試驗之參考依據。研究結果所顯現事證亦挑戰過去已知的多項看法，提供進一步驗證的見解，包括：就系統發生之觀點，現生西舊北區橡樹癭蜂於分化歷史中對sections Cerris與Quercus s.s.之寄主有高度的保守性，兩類寄主植物支持離散且各自成一單源群之癭蜂類群，然而台灣的癭蜂形態分類之研究結果發現同屬癭蜂於多個寄主類群造癭之紀錄，這些在不同寄主類群造癭的同屬癭蜂是否在親緣關係中成一單源群，有待進一步檢測；藉由粒線體DNA之cytb基因重建西舊北區、本研究已命名之物種、以及來自台灣與中國未定名的橡樹癭蜂樣本之物種的親緣關係，結果顯示形態分類屬於同一屬且利用多類寄主之癭蜂並不屬於一個單源群，而是多次起源且在形態上有趨同演化之現象。此外，在古老之石櫟屬、苦櫧屬與青剛櫟亞屬造癭且分布於亞洲之癭蜂大多數屬於親緣關係中的基群，於麻櫟亞屬造癭之類群為衍生之類群。然而，呈現上述演化結果之演化枝在親緣關係樹中的支持度並不高，未來應採用多段基因進一步驗證橡樹癭蜂之親緣關係以及寄主關係之演化。總括來說，亞洲擁有豐富且待發掘的橡樹癭蜂多樣性，對瞭解全球橡樹癭蜂多樣性至關重要，本研究確認亞洲固有之殼斗科為橡樹癭蜂寄主之成果，對探討全球橡樹癭蜂多樣性演化成因的議題，提供一塊關鍵拼圖。Contents
Acknowledgements i
Abstract (Chinese) iii
Abstract (English) v
Contents vii
List of tables xi
List of figures xii
1. Overall introduction 1
1.1. Global species richness and host associations of oak gallwasps 1
1.2. The role of Asia in the diversification of oak gallwasps 3
1.3. The significance of Taiwan in exploring oak gallwasp fauna and the recency of related studies 5
1.4. Purposes of the study 6
2. Host associations and galling biology of oak gallwasps in Taiwan 8
2.1. Introduction 8
2.1.1. Host-plant associations and species richness of oak gallwasps 8
2.1.2. Oak flora and gall biota in Taiwan 9
2.1.3. Aims and hypotheses 9
2.2. Materials and methods 10
2.2.1. Gall surveys 10
2.2.2. Material treatment 11
2.2.3. Species identification 11
2.3. Results 12
2.3.1. Occurrence of cynipid galls on Fagaceae in Taiwan 12
2.3.2. Cynipid gall morphotype richness 12
2.3.3. Organ specificity 12
2.3.4. Diversity of Cynipini and their host associations 14
2.3.5. Generation alternation 14
2.4. Discussion 15
2.4.1. Host-plant associations 15
2.4.2. Generation alternation 17
3. Taxonomy of oak gallwasps in Taiwan, with a case study of a new pest Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu—Part1: Taxonomy of oak gallwasps in Taiwan 19
3.1. Introduction 19
3.1.1. Classification, diversity, and morphology of oak gallwasps 19
3.1.2. Taxonomy of oak gallwasps 26
3.2. Materials and methods 28
3.2.1. Specimen preparation and species identification 28
3.2.2. Morphological descriptions 29
3.2.3. List of depositories 29
3.3. Results 30
3.3.1. Key to oak gallwasp genera in Taiwan 33
3.3.2. Andricus Hartig, 1840 35
3.3.2.1. Andricus formosanus Tang & Melika, 2009 36
3.3.2.2. Andricus pseudocurvator Tang & Melika, 2011 39
3.3.2.3. Andricus songshui Tang & Melika, 2011 42
3.3.2.4. Key to Andricus species of Taiwan 45
3.3.3. Cerroneuroterus Melika & Pujade-Villar, 2010 56
3.3.3.1. Cerroneuroterus vonkuenburgi (Dettmer, 1934) 57
3.3.4. Cyclocynips Melika, Tang, & Sinclair, 2013 60
3.3.4.1. Cyclocynips tumorvirgae Melika &Tang, 2013 61
3.3.4.2. Cyclocynips uberis Melika & Tang, 2013 64
3.3.4.3. Key to Cyclocynips species of Taiwan 67
3.3.5. Cycloneuroterus Melika & Tang, 2011 73
3.3.5.1. Cycloneuroterus formosanus Tang & Melika, 2011 74
3.3.5.2. Cycloneuroterus fortuitusus Tang & Melika, 2011 77
3.3.5.3. Cycloneuroterus lilungi Tang, Melika & Yang, 2011 79
3.3.5.4. Cycloneuroterus lirongchiuea Melika & Tang, 2011 82
3.3.5.5. Cycloneuroterus longinuxus Tang & Melika, 2011 85
3.3.5.6. Key to Cycloneuroterus species of Taiwan 87
3.3.6 Dryocosmus Giraud, 1859 103
3.3.6.1. Dryocosmus carlesiae Tang & Melika, 2011 104
3.3.6.2. Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu, 1951 107
3.3.6.3. Dryocosmus pentagonalis Melika & Tang, 2011 108
3.3.6.4. Dryocosmus testisimilis Tang & Melika, 2011 112
3.3.6.5. Dryocosmus triangularis Melika & Tang, 2011 114
3.3.6.6. Key to Dryocosmus species of Taiwan 118
3.3.7. Latuspina Monzen, 1954 134
3.3.7.1. Latuspina manmiaoyangae Melika and Tang, 2012 135
3.3.7.2. Key to species of Latuspina in Taiwan and Japan 139
3.3.8. Plagiotrochus Mayr, 1881 143
3.3.8.1. Plagiotrochus glaucus Melika & Tang, 2011 144
3.3.9. Trichagalma Mayr, 1907 150
3.3.9.1. Trichagalma formosana Melika & Tang, 2010 152
4. Taxonomy of oak gallwasps in Taiwan, with a case study of a new pest Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu—Part 2: Biology of an invasive pest, the chestnut gallwasp Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu in Taiwan 159
4.1. Introduction 159
4.2. Materials and methods 163
4.2.1. Study sites 163
4.2.2. Gall maker development 163
4.2.3. Adult emergence monitoring 164
4.2.4. Effects of first instar infection on dormant buds 164
4.2.5. Gall community assemblages 164
4.2.6. Distribution 165
4.3. Results 165
4.3.1. Gall maker development and adult emergence period 165
4.3.2. Effects of infection of larvae on dormant buds 167
4.3.3. Gall community assemblages 168
4.3.4. Distribution and host-plants of Dryocosmus kuriphilus 169
4.4. Discussion 170
4.4.1. The aberrant pattern of Dryocosmus kuriphilus life cycle 170
4.4.2. Adult emergence periods 172
4.4.3. Effects of first-instar larvae on dormant buds 172
4.4.4. The significance of recruited parasitoids 172
5. Phylogeny of oak gallwasps from the Western Palaearctic and Oriental Region 174
5.1. Introduction 174
5.1.1. Host associations of oak gallwasps 174
5.1.2. Aims and hypothesis 175
5.2. Materials and methods 175
5.2.1. Species sampling and sequence generation 175
5.2.2. Phylogenetic analyses 177
5.3. Results 177
5.4. Discussion 180
5.4.1. Inconsistency between morphology-based and DNA sequence-based
classification 180
5.4.2. Evolution of host relationships 181
5.4.3. Geographic origins of oak gallwasps 183
6. Conclusion 185
7. References 187
8. Appendix: Table of sampling locations in Taiwan 20
Effects of Bio-Mix supplemented with Bacillus spp. on the growth of oriental lily and some horticultural crops.
No full textAbstract
The objective of this study was to find the suitable proportion of Bacillus spp. supplemented and selected carrier to habitability of Bio-Mix. First, evaluate the effects of seeding stage to the growth of many horticultural crops including vegetable and flower. Second, tested the performance of oreintal lily growth and bulbs cultivated in Bio-Mix. Third, make assessment of the seeding growth of melon and tomato. Fourth, finally trial for different concentration of BM3 powder to Bio-Mix apply to Brassica oleracea var. alboglabra challenge to Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. conglutinans. Routine analysis of nitrogen contents and nitrate reductase activity were held. Plant mineral elements were analyzed to understand the effect of Bacillus to the nutrition uptake in some horticultural crops.
For the Bio-Mix, carrier experiment founded that for effective BM3 concentration, perlite had the most high value in two months storge trial, and diatom, calcined clay, vermiculite carrier were fallowed in sequence. And the diatom carrier had the most high ability to carried bacteria in 12 days routine watered in the greenhouse, compared to other carrier have more conserved 36% bacteria populations. Besides, diatom have the highly nitrate content about to 0.017 mmol/g but in trial terminal all treatment Bio-Mix whose elements were no different.
Using Bio-Mix to seeding plant of some horticultural crops could promote growth rate about 5~9%, and enhanced the dry and fresh weight higher than control about 12~56%, then triggered the root development of Lactuca sativa and Petunia hybrida Vilm compared to control about 37~47% raised. Besides the expression most excellent in differents concentration of BM3 added Bio-Mix supplemented to seeding Brassica oleracea var. alboglabra were 104 cfu/ml.
For the Bio-Mix tested in oriental lily , no matter field or greenhouse trial, all type of lily planting in Bio-Mix can promote the nitrogen uptaked about 6~33%. Besides in the field Bio-Mix(BM3) and Bio-Mix(BS1) to NRA and sloutable protein content, the former is higher than the latter. In addition, melon have the same trend. But all the trial in mineral element uptaking were not having difference. To bulbs cultivation, Bio-Mix can raise the dry and fresh weight obviously, however just in the field.
For seeding of melon, Bio-Mix can raise leaf numbers, leaf width, plant dry and fresh weight, plant root activity, nitrogen content even shorten the female flower stage about 4 days. On the other hand, the growth of tomato treated with BM3 obviously promoted root length, nitrogen content than control.
In Final trial about pathogen resistence, the concentration to 108 cfu/ml of BM3 have the better inhibition rate to leaf yellows, however 104 is worse. To sum up whole trial result, suggestion concentration of Bio-Mix added with B. mycoides is 106 cfu/ml.摘要
本研究主要探討芽孢桿菌屬，微生物混拌介質(Bio-Mix)調配成份，混拌比例，及使用Bio-Mix對多種蔬菜、花卉作物育苗，及東方型百合生長，鱗莖栽培、番茄與甜瓜苗期生長、與不同混拌菌粉濃度Bio-Mix，對芥藍苗期黃葉病(Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. conglutinans)之影響。定期調查植體含氮化合物及硝酸還原?活性，並分析植物營養元素含量及根部生長狀況，以了解Bio-Mix，對百合及數種園藝作物，氮肥吸收、同化、根系生長及抗病潛力之評估。
Bio-Mix菌體保鮮試驗中，可測得菌量，以真珠石兩個月的儲藏試驗中濃度最高，矽藻土、發泡煉石及蛭石則依序次之，載菌量部份，於連續田間慣行方式澆水12天後，以矽藻土對菌的載菌量最佳，菌量仍有10.22x106 cfu/ml，相較於其他載體，如真珠石，其載菌量高約3.7 x106 cfu/ml，可多保留約36%菌量。硝酸態氮含量，以矽藻土載體混拌含量最高，約可達0.017 mmol/g，然各元素於試驗期間，各處理平均上並無差異。
育苗部份，使用Bio-Mix於多種蔬菜、如芥藍、萵苣、甜瓜;花卉作物如矮牽牛、金蓮花、紫羅蘭，苗期可促進發芽率5~9%;乾鮮重各作物各處理，均有顯著提高約12~56%不等，並可提高萵苣及矮牽牛根長之能力，相較於對照組約顯著增長37~47%。而在不同菌粉濃度Bio-Mix對芥藍苗期，發芽率及株高、鮮乾重及葉長，葉寬及根長，均以104 cfu/ml BM3菌粉濃度，效果較其他處理為佳。
百合的試驗中，不管於田間或溫室試驗，開花株或養球株，Bio-Mix對於植株全氮的吸收，均有促進效果，提高約6~33%，而田間Bio-Mix(BM3)及Bio-Mix(BS1)的使用，對根部硝酸還原?，及葉部可溶性蛋白含量，也以Bio-Mix (BM3)的促進為高，而Bio-Mix(BS1)效果次之，Bio-Mix (BM3)各項測值，依序上升比率分別為18%及54%，Bio-Mix(BS1)為10%及52%，而此情形於甜瓜中也呈現相同情況。然而對大量元素及微量元素的吸收，均無顯著差異。而鱗莖栽培部份，田間使用Bio-Mix (BM3)處理，對鱗莖鮮、乾重，具有提高效果，然而此現象，於溫室養球植株中，則沒有顯著差異。而於甜瓜苗期生長的部份，Bio-Mix(BM3)顯著提高苗期葉片數、葉寬、植株鮮重，並提高葉片全氮量，及縮短雌花始花期，相較對照組可縮短約4天。番茄部份，BM3處理，平均根長，及各時期葉片全氮量，均較對照組為高。芥藍黃葉病，以108 cfu/ml BM3菌粉濃度，兩周後發病率最低，104cfu/ml發病率為最高。然於育苗階段，則以104 cfu/ml於植株鮮乾重、葉長、株高及發芽率為最高，106cfu/ml次之，108cfu/ml最差，因此建議，若使用Bio-Mix育苗，使用濃度以106cfu/ml為佳。目錄(content)
前言(Introduction) 1
前人研究(Literature review) 3
一、無土栽培(Soilless culture)簡介 3
二、椰纖使用歷史、製造過程及產業現況 4
三、根圈微生物有益細菌(PGPR)的功效 5
3-1、根圈微生物有益細菌(PGPR)的抗病潛力 5
3-2、根圈微生物有益菌(PGPR)對植物生長發育的影響 6
四、桿菌屬(Bacillus spp.)細菌特性及促生長及抗病相關研究 6
五、PGPR應用於百合種球生產及其他園藝作物應用上的潛力 7
5-1、百合原生地與分類 7
5-2、百合產業現況 8
5-3、百合產業瓶頸與改善 8
5-4、桿菌屬細菌對百合及其他作物生長促進上的功效 9
六、植物對氮肥的吸收與同化 9
6-1、植物對無機態氮的吸收 10
6-2、植物對有機態氮的吸收 10
6-3、植物對氮素的同化 11
材料與方法(Materias and Methods) 12
試驗一、微生物混拌介質Bio-Mix載體資材調配與儲藏特性調查 12
一、試驗材料 12
二、試驗方法 12
三、統計分析 15
試驗二、芽孢桿菌(Bacillus spp.)微生物混拌介質對育苗生長之影響 16
一、試驗材料 16
二、試驗方法 16
三、統計分析 17
試驗三、芽孢桿菌屬微生物混拌介質對東方型百合'Acapulco'切花產量及種球生長之影響 18
一、試驗材料 18
二、試驗方法 18
三、統計分析 21
試驗四、芽孢桿菌微生物混拌介質對甜瓜及番茄生育之影響 22
一、試驗材料 22
二、試驗方法 22
三、統計分析 23
試驗五、芽孢桿菌屬微生物介質對芥藍黃葉病之影響 24
一、試驗材料 24
二、試驗方法 24
結果(Results) 26
試驗一、微生物混拌介質Bio-Mix載體資材調配與儲藏特性調查 26
一、微生物混拌介質Bio-Mix混拌不同載體儲藏兩個月有效菌量試驗 26
二、微生物混拌介質Bio-Mix混拌不同載體載菌量 26
三、微生物混拌介質Bio-Mix混拌不同載體對硝酸態氮含量之影響 26
四、微生物混拌介質Bio-Mix混拌不同載體儲藏兩個月全氮量及大量、微量元素之含量 27
試驗二、芽孢桿菌(Bacillus spp.)微生物混拌介質對育苗生長的影響 28
一、微生物混拌介質對花卉及蔬菜作物各項生長性狀及發芽率之影響 28
二、微生物混拌介質不同菌粉濃度對芥藍相對生長量的影響 28
試驗三、芽孢桿菌微生物混拌介質對東方型百合'Acapulco'切花產量及種球生長之影響 29
一、施用芽孢桿菌微生物混拌介質對開花球百合田間及溫室生長的影響 29
(1) 台中市霧峰試驗區 29
(2) 台中市中興大學園藝系精密溫室 29
二、施用微生物混拌介質對田間及溫室百合根部硝酸還原?活性及葉部可溶性蛋白含量之影響 30
三、施用微生物混拌介質對田間百合植體各部位(葉片、鱗莖、花蕾)大量與微量元素之影響 30
四、施用微生物混拌介質不同日數33、93、100天對田間百合葉片全氮含量之影響 30
五、施用微生物混拌介質不同日數93、100天對田間百合葉片大量、微量元素之影響 31
六、施用微生物混拌介質對田間養球百合花蕾全氮及溫室養球百合葉片、鱗莖全氮含量之影響 31
七、施用微生物混拌介質對田間及溫室養球百合生長情形之影響 31
(1) 台中市霧峰試驗區 31
(2) 台中市中興大學園藝系精密溫室 31
試驗四、芽孢桿菌微生物混拌介質對甜瓜及番茄生育之影響 32
一、微生物混拌介質於不同天數16、50、56、66天對甜瓜全氮含量之影響 32
二、微生物混拌介質對甜瓜根部硝酸還原?及葉部可溶性蛋白之影響 32
三、微生物混拌介質對甜瓜苗期株高、葉片及根系及不同時期葉片生長量之影響 32
四、微生物混拌介質對番茄根系生長及不同生長時期葉片含氮量之影響 32
試驗五、芽孢桿菌微生物介質對芥藍黃葉病之影響 33
一、病徵描述 33
二、接種試驗 33
討論(Discussion) 34
一、微生物混拌介質Bio-Mix 34
二、芽孢桿菌(Bacillus spp.)微生物混拌介質對作物生長之影響 37
三、芽孢桿菌(Bacillus spp.)微生物混拌介質對作物抗病潛力之評估 42
結論(Conclusion) 44
參考文獻(References) 87
附錄(Appendix) 10
Screening and application of antagonistic bacteria and plant extracts to control anthracnose disease on mango
No full text芒果為台灣重要的外銷出口作物，位居果品出口總產值第一，而炭疽病菌Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz.為芒果栽培之最重要病原菌，可以感染芒果樹的葉、花穗、枝條及採收前與採收後果實，並造成產量及品質嚴重受損。目前以套袋及化學藥劑噴灑為主要防治方式，然而後者所衍生的病原菌抗藥性及藥劑殘留過量等問題亦相應而生，本研究透過微生物源與植物源資材的篩選與運用，提供防治芒果炭疽病的參考。由於芒果果實一年一穫，因此以芒果切離葉片作為分析之材料。為建立切離葉接種平台的穩定性，進行不同葉齡葉片接種，結果顯示8天內之葉齡發病穩定。葉表與葉背在接種後24小時，孢子發芽率與附著器生成率並無顯著差異。利用乙醇萃取17種植物材料，發現其中4種萃取液對C. gloeosporioides TYC-2菌絲生長抑制率將近50%。植物A乙醇萃取液於濃度0.08 mg/ml下可完全抑制孢子發芽。將植物A乙醇萃取液與TYC-2孢子同時接種至果實上，分別於0.08 mg/ml下可完全抑制病害發生。自土壤、芒果葉片及芒果花中分離出45株酵母菌及83株細菌具有抑制TYC-2菌絲生長能力。酵母菌分離株中，3H-4菌株於PDA培養基上與TYC-2菌株共培養後，具有優異之競爭能力；於細菌分離株中，菌株A與菌株B對於15株不同寄主來源之炭疽病菌亦具有抑制效果，經由16S rDNA以及Biolog鑑定後，皆為Bacillus amyloliquefaciens。經由切離葉與果實接種試驗發現菌株A與菌株B於培養液 (SSM) 4天之發酵液經稀釋100倍後，可抑制病斑之產生，並且於切離葉接種試驗中發現菌株B於稀釋600倍後仍具有80%之病斑面積抑制效果。將菌株B之SSM發酵液靜置於室溫下20週，其菌量可由1.48 × 109cfu/ml上升至2.6 × 109cfu/ml；經由100℃處理菌株B之SSM發酵濾液20分鐘，其抑菌能力並無降低的現象。為了促進菌株B發酵液之抑病能力，因而添加不同植物油於SSM培養液中，在SSM中添加0.5%植物油A稀釋200倍後，可提升菌株B發酵液之病斑面積抑制率由43%至100%。經由切離葉接種分析，發現菌株B SSM發酵液之有效成分為發酵濾液，將發酵濾液與TYC-2孢子於玻片上共培養後，發現其具有抑制發芽並造成發芽管不正常膨脹的能力。經由掃描式電子顯微鏡觀察，芒果葉片上菌株B SSM發酵液可使TYC-2發芽管形態異常。在果實上則顯示菌株B SSM發酵液處理32小時後，菌絲產生許多空泡結構，並於接種後72小時仍無法觀察到果表壞疽病斑的產生，而對照組於接種48小時後即產生顯微壞疽病斑。利用薄層色層分析法分析菌株B於SSM與SSM添加0.5%植物油A之酸沉降萃取液，皆可發現Rf值0.045與Rf值0.38具有抗生活性，將此兩區間之TLC活性回收液與酸沉降萃取液進一步使用高效液相層析法分析，皆可發現於Rf值0.38之TLC活性回收液具有與iturin A標準品相同滯留時間的波峰，此外，兩發酵液之酸沉降萃取液皆可發現與iturin A標準品及surfactin標準品相似滯留時間的波峰。綜合上述結果，植物A乙醇萃取液與B. amyloliquefaciens 菌株B具有進一步發展為田間應用的生物防治藥劑潛力。Mango is one of the most important fruit crops and is the highest value of exported fresh fruits in Taiwan. Colletotrichum gloeosporioides causes mango anthracnose and is one of the major pathogens in mango. It can infect mango leaves, flowers, branches and fruit, and causes considerable fruit disqualified during postharvest period. Currently, the disease management strategies majorly rely on fruit bagging and chemical fungicides application. However, fungicide application can result in fungicide resistance and excessive chemical residues. The purpose of this study is to screen and apply microbe- and plant-derived materials to control mango anthracnose. Since mango fruit is seasonally available, a stable inoculation platform for using mango leaf as inoculation material was established in the beginning in my thesis study. Mango (cv. Irwin) leaf with age within 8-days is highly susceptible to the infection of C. gloeosporioides TYC-2 and the infection is stable and repeatable. In addition, anthracnose lesions appeared earlier on the abaxial than the adaxial surface of a leaf, which is not related to the ability of germination and appressorial formation of the pathogen on both surfaces. Among 17 tested plants, ethanol extracts from 4 different plants showed nearly 50% of inhibition on mycelial growth of TYC-2. Plant A ethanol-extracts showed complete inhibition on TYC-2 spore germination at 0.08 mg/ml in vitro. The anthracnose lesion was not appeared when mango leaf and fruit were co-inoculated with TYC-2 and plant A ethanol-extracts (0.08 mg/ml). Total 45 yeast isolates and 83 bacterial isolates were isolated from the soil, leaves or flowers of mango and showed inhibitory ability to the mycelial growth of TYC-2. Among all yeast isolates, isolate 3H-4 showed strong competition against the growth of C. gloeosporioides in PDA medium. Among all bacterial isolates, strain A and B has significant inhibitory effect to 15 Colletotrichum isolates which cause the anthracnose of mango, Chinese cabbage and chili pepper. Strain A and B were identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens based on the comparison of 16S rDNA sequence and Biolog analysis. The 100-fold dilution of 4-day-old culture liquid of strain A or B cultured in culture medium (strain A-SSM or strain B-SSM) could completely inhibit anthracnose lesion production on detached leaves and fruit. Moreover, it showed 80% lesion area reduction when treated with 600-fold dilution of strain B-SSM on detached leaf. The bacteria population of strain B -SSM could increase slightly from 1.48 × 109cfu/ml to 2.6 × 109cfu/ml after stored for 20 weeks under room temperature. In addition, the antagonistic activity of strain B -SSM was resistant to heat treatment, 100℃ for 20 minutes. It indicates that strain B -SSM had great stability during short-time storage assay. To improve the antagonistic activity of strain B, various plant oils were added into SSM to culture this bacterial strain. The results showed that 0.5% (v/v) plant oil A amended SSM could increase the antagonistic activity of strain B by increasing the lesion area reduction from 43% to 100% when 200-fold diluted bacterial culture was applied. The active ingredient of strain B -SSM remained in the culture filtrate but not the culture pellets after the bioactivity assay on the detached leaf. Culture filtrate of strain B -SSM could inhibit spore germination and cause abnormal swelling of germ tubes of TYC-2 in vitro and in planta under the examination of light microscopy as well as scanning electron microscopy. There were many vacuole-like structures formed in hyphal 32 h after treated with strain B -SSM, and no necrosis lesion was observed on fruit 72 h after treatment. Thin layer chromatographic (TLC) analysis revealed that two regions (Rf 0.045 and 0.38) with antifungal activity were identified in strain B -SSM and strain B -SSM with 0.5% plant oil A. The bioactive components were recovered from the TLC plate and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The data revealed that the bioactive components contain iturin A. Based on the results presented in this study, the ethanol-extracts of plant A and bacterial strain B has great potential for further development of biological control agents in field applications to control mango anthracnose.摘要 i
Abstract iii
目次 vi
前言 1
材料與方法 6
一、 儀器設備及藥品 6
二、 供試菌株來源、培養、接種源製備及保存 6
(一) 菌株來源 6
(二) 培養、接種源製備及保存 6
三、 芒果切離葉接種平台建立 7
(一) 不同葉齡之芒果葉對芒果炭疽病菌菌株TYC-2之感受性 7
(二) TYC-2於葉片上之發芽、附著器形成及侵染試驗 8
(三) 角質層染色觀察 8
(四) 不同品種芒果成熟葉片葉背接種 8
四、 具拮抗效力之植物萃取液篩選 9
(一) 植物萃取液製備 9
(二) 對菌絲生長之抑制效果篩選 9
(三) 迷迭香品系A萃取液對TYC-2孢子發芽之抑制效果 9
(四) 迷迭香品系A乙醇萃取液於植物體上之防治效果 10
五、 拮抗微生物之篩選 10
(一) 拮抗微生物之分離與保存 10
(二) 對峙培養試驗 11
(三) 拮抗細菌分離株4A-1、4A-24與4nC-7菌株與其他炭疽病菌分離株之對峙效果 11
(四) 酵母菌分離株3H-4、3H-8及3L-16菌株之競爭性對峙測試 12
(五) 拮抗細菌之鑑定 12
六、 拮抗細菌4A-1與4A-24之發酵基質配製 14
(一) 培養液之製備 14
(二) 拮抗菌發酵液之製備 15
七、 拮抗細菌4A-1與4A-24菌株發酵基質篩選試驗 15
(一) 於固態發酵用培養液上之對峙效果 15
(二) 切離葉生物分析法 15
(三) 不同培養基之拮抗菌發酵液對於防病效果評估 16
(四) 病害調查 16
八、 拮抗細菌4A-24菌株SSM發酵液特性分析 16
(一) 發酵液之逐日取樣分析 16
(二) 儲架壽命試驗 17
(三) 溫度耐受性試驗 17
九、 各類油劑對拮抗細菌4A-24菌株SSM發酵液之抑菌及抑病評估 17
(一) 添加不同植物油之發酵液的抑病效果評估 17
(二) 添加不同濃度葵花油之發酵液的抑病效果評估 18
十、 果實採收後之防病測試 18
(一) 採收後果實生物分析法 18
(二) 拮抗細菌4A-1與4A-24菌株芒果果實病害防治試驗 18
十一、 拮抗細菌拮抗機制探討 18
(一) 拮抗細菌4A-1與4A-24菌株發酵液有效性成分分析 18
(二) 拮抗細菌4A-24菌株發酵濾液對TYC-2孢子發芽之影響 19
(三) 以掃描式電子顯微鏡觀察4A-24菌株發酵液於芒果葉片上對TYC-2菌株之影響 19
(四) 拮抗細菌4A-24菌株發酵液於芒果果實對TYC-2菌株之影響 20
(五) 拮抗細菌4A-24菌株發酵濾液之拮抗物質分離及生物活性檢測 20
(六) 高效液相層析 (High-performance liquid chromatography, HPLC) 分析 22
十二、 統計分析 22
結果 23
一、 芒果切離葉接種平台之建立 23
(一) 不同葉齡之芒果葉對芒果炭疽病菌菌株TYC-2之感受性 23
(二) TYC-2於葉片上之發芽、附著器形成及侵染試驗 23
(三) 角質層染色觀察 24
(四) 不同品種芒果成熟葉片葉背接種 24
二、 具拮抗效力之植物萃取液篩選 24
(一) 對菌絲生長之抑制效果篩選 24
(二) 迷迭香品系A萃取液對TYC-2孢子發芽之抑制效果 25
(三) 迷迭香品系A乙醇萃取液於植物體上之防治效果 25
三、 拮抗微生物之篩選 26
(一) 拮抗微生物之分離 26
(二) 對峙培養試驗 26
(三) 酵母菌分離株3H-4、3H-8及3L-16菌株之競爭性對峙測試 27
(四) 拮抗細菌分離株4A-1、4A-24及4nC-7菌株與其他炭疽病菌分離株之對峙效果 27
(五) 拮抗細菌之鑑定 27
四、 拮抗細菌4A-1與4A-24菌株發酵基質篩選試驗 28
(一) 於固態發酵用培養液上之對峙效果 28
(二) 不同液態培養基之拮抗菌發酵液對於防病效果評估 28
五、 拮抗細菌4A-24菌株SSM發酵液特性分析 29
(一) 發酵液之逐日取樣分析 29
(二) 儲架壽命試驗 29
(三) 溫度耐受性試驗 30
六、 各類油劑對4A-24菌株SSM發酵液之抑菌及抑病評估 30
(一) 添加不同植物油之發酵液的抑病效果評估 30
(二) 添加不同濃度葵花油之發酵液的抑病效果評估 30
七、 果實採收後之防病測試 31
(一) 拮抗細菌4A-1與4A-24菌株芒果果實病害防治試驗 31
八、 拮抗菌拮抗機制探討 31
(一) 拮抗細菌4A-1與4A-24菌株發酵液有效性成分分析 31
(二) 拮抗細菌4A-24菌株發酵濾液對TYC-2孢子之發芽影響現象 31
(三) 以掃描式電子顯微鏡觀察4A-24菌株發酵液於芒果葉片上對TYC-2菌株之影響 32
(四) 拮抗細菌4A-24菌株發酵液於芒果果實對TYC-2菌株之影響 32
(五) 拮抗細菌4A-24菌株發酵濾液之拮抗物質分離及生物活性檢測 33
(六) 高效液相層析 (HPLC) 分析發酵濾液之拮抗物質 34
討論 35
參考文獻 43
附錄一、供試植物病原真菌菌株來源 83
附錄二、17種供試植物來源列表 84
附錄三、具有抑制Colletotrichum spp.生長能力植物列表 85
附錄四、芒果防治田間試驗 86
附錄五、拮抗細菌4A-24菌株發酵液於白菜炭疽病害之防治 9
Potential of using Streptomyces sp. strain S1 as a bioagent for the control of papaya root rot disease caused by Phytophthora palmivora
No full text供試鏈黴菌Streptomyces sp. strain S1菌株為賴氏 (2003) 由市售栽培用泥碳土材料分離所得，已證實其對部分土壤傳播性真菌及類真菌等病原具優異的防治潛力，其病害防治應用效果亦證實與其幾丁質分解酵素及β-1,3-葡萄聚醣分解酵素相關，使其具有超寄生及產生二次代謝物之特性。本研究目的係嘗試將具有多種抑制病原機制之鏈黴菌與殺菌劑混合應用對卵菌病害之防治潛力，以降低卵菌綱病原抗藥性的產生及減低化學藥劑使用量。本研究中以對峙培養生物活性測試，證實S1對番椒疫病菌 (Phytophthora capsici)、木瓜疫病菌(Phytophthora palmivora)，甘藍幼苗猝倒病菌 (Pythium aphanidermatum) 及草莓炭疽病菌 (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) 顯現優異的抑制效果，且其抑制性與S1的接種時機有關。於馬鈴薯蔗糖瓊脂培養基 (potato sucrose agar, PSA) 測試供試鏈黴菌S1對27種供試藥劑的耐受程度，顯示除了賽普護汰寧、依普同、蓋普丹、四氯異苯腈及腈硫醌外，對其餘的22種供試藥劑皆具有一定程度的耐受性，耐受濃度甚至高達1000 ppm。進一步在生體外測試S1與七種供試藥劑混合處理對P. palmivora的孢囊及游走子發芽之抑制效果，就孢囊發芽之抑制性而言，滅達樂、座賽胺、安美速與依得利四種供試殺菌劑單獨處理效果均不佳；另外氟比來、亞托敏及達滅芬三種供試殺菌劑，對孢囊發芽均表現不等程度相當優異隨劑量而提昇的抑制效果。七種供試藥劑與S1混合處理對孢囊發芽的抑制效果均看不出有加成效果，然而提前10小時先單獨處理上述七種供試藥劑之孢囊發芽抑制效果均顯著提升，且在S1添加混合處理對七種供試殺菌劑藥效加成效果均極為顯著；在對游走子發芽的抑制效果方面，S1添加處理下，七種供試藥劑的藥效則均見明顯提高。接著檢視四種供試藥劑滅達樂、座賽胺、氟比來及達滅芬不同濃度對P. palmivora孢囊及游走子發芽管菌絲生長之影響，四種供試藥劑單用均可表現相當程度之抑制效果，抑制效果也均有隨著處理濃度增加而有不等程度提高的現象，當S1與供試藥劑混合應用時，10 ppm之滅達樂、氟比來及10、30、100 ppm之達滅芬的發芽管菌絲生長抑制率可見有明顯提昇之效果。供試日陞品種木瓜植株經以稀釋100、200、500倍之S1培養液每週兩次澆灌處理，連續澆灌5次後植株地上部平均高度與水澆灌處理之對照組明顯提高2.6至5.5 cm，此外一併檢視供試植株的根部生長鮮重，量測結果顯示處理S1培養液的根部鮮重顯著提高8.6至14.1 g，各處理間以S1培養液稀釋100倍澆灌生長促進效果最為顯著。後續測試S1培養液澆灌處理對木瓜幼苗疫病菌感染之防治效果，在接種病原菌前48小時先以稀釋100倍S1培養液行澆灌處理之木瓜幼苗，其存活率為所有處理中最高，與對照組相較顯著提高了約61.3%。再者，100 ppm濃度之滅達樂、氟比來、安美速及達滅芬四種供試殺菌劑，分別混合添加或不添加S1培養液行澆灌處理，試驗結果顯示，以S1培養液單用行澆灌處理，其存活率約為46.7%，相較之下以水澆灌的對照組只有26.7%存活。S1培養液與滅達樂或氟比來處理組其木瓜存活率為100%；而安美速與達滅芬處理組，其木瓜存活率則分別提高至96.7及86.7%，防治效果提高仍相當顯著。將四種供試藥劑濃度下調至10 ppm，以滅達樂防治效果最佳，幼苗存活率為97.3%，其他三種藥劑防治效果以幼苗存活率為指標則依次為氟比來80.7%、安美速61.3%、及達滅芬41.7%，與S1培養液混合添加處理下，四種供試藥劑之應用效果，其木瓜幼苗存活率皆為90%以上。同樣以溫室種植日陞種木瓜幼苗為測試材料，S1培養液與殺菌劑澆灌處理時機對防治效果之影響，試驗結果顯示S1培養液的添加施用，不論在接種前處理，或是接種後處理，滅達樂與達滅芬兩藥劑的防治效果皆獲得大幅提升。繼而以電導度測定儀檢測S1培養液之添加處理對P. palmivora菌絲體細胞膜通透性之影響，試驗結果證實於接種後2-5天之間維持相當恆定快速上升之趨勢。接種S1培養液處理24小時後生長出之菌絲並已經完成其在P. palmivora菌絲體及孢囊上之纏據入侵作用。另參考Cox試驗流程，以AlamarBlue®染劑做為分子探針，檢測S1培養濾液添加處理對P. palmivora能量代謝之影響，螢光反應結果證實，其對還原力之降低效果與市售呼吸作用抑制性殺菌劑亞托敏及賽座滅之效果相近。綜合上述，本研究中顯示鏈黴菌S1對木瓜幼苗疫病P. palmivora極具防治潛力，其作用機制可能包括超寄生作用及抗生活性等，除此之外，證實S1與低濃度卵菌用殺菌劑混合處理具有優異的防治效果，配合病害綜合防治管理體系，藉此降低農業栽培中的用藥成本、減少藥劑對環境的污染及破壞。The antagonistic Streptomyces sp. strain S1 isolated from commercial peat moss (Lai, 2003) was shown of great potential as a microbial bioagent for the control of plant diseases – especially those caused by soil borne fungal/ fungal-like pathogens. The effectiveness of disease control was known to due greatly in part to the mycoparasitic effect – an unique characteristic of the bacteria associated with its excellence in chitinase and glucanase activites. The development of a bioagent for the disease control is badly needed because the great concern on the pesticide reduces, which appeared to be of particular importance because of the widespread existence of resistance of oomycete pathogens against various fungicides recommended for disease control. The main objective of this study was to explore the feasibility of integration of biological and/or chemical control measurement for the practical application for the disease control. The primed goal of using such an integrated strategy is to assure the effectiveness of disease control use. Additional benefit includes reduction of chemical residues, environmental impact and risk of resistance. A synergistic effect of the disease control by the integration of tested biofungicide is anticipated. By dual culture bioassay, the S1 broth culture were shown to be inhibitory on the mycelial growth of Phytophthora capsici, Phytophthora palmivora, Pythium aphanidermatum and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. The observed inhibitory effect appeared to be dose dependent. A preliminary trial of tolerance of Streptomyces sp. strain S1 against fungicides was performed. Among 27 fungicides representative to different mode of action classified by Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) tested, the tested Streptomyces strain S1 was able to grow on Potato sucrose agar (PSA) amended with tested fungicides except that for cyprodinil+fludioxonil, iprodione, captan, chlorothalonil and dithianon. In vitro, augmentation of S1 broth culture supplementation on the inhibitory effectiveness of selected oomycete fungicides on sporangial and zoospore germination of P. palmivora, inhibitory effectiveness of the tested fungicides metalaxyl, zoxamide, amisulbrom and etridiazole were poor. Inhibitory effectiveness of the tested fungicides fluopicolide, azoxystrobin and dimethomorph were good when concentration increased. The mixed application of fungicides together with S1 showed no additive effect on the germination of sporangia of P. palmivora. Also co-application of Streptomyces sp. strain S1 and fungicides 10 hours prior to inoculation of P. palmivora shows effective inhibition on germination of sporangia. For the inhibitory effect of germination of zoospores, 7 fungicides were significantly increased when treatment with S1. For P. palmivora, the inhibitory effect on sporangia and zoospore germ tube development, the inhibitory effect metalaxyl, zoxamide, fluopicolide and dimethomorph were improved when concentration increased. The mixed application 10 ppm of metalaxyl, fluopicolide or 10, 30 and 100 ppm of dimethomorph together with S1 showed additive effect on the development of germ tube inhibitory effect on mycelial growth was observed. Tested papaya (Carica papaya cv. Sunrise) seedlings were drenching treated twice per week each with S1 broth culture at 100, 200 and 500 of dilution for 3 consecutive weeks, the height of seedlings were significantly increased about 2.6 to 5.5 cm, in addition, the fresh weight of seedlings root were significantly increased about 8.6 to 14.1. Promoting effect of 100-dilution of S1 broth culture was the best in all of the treatment. The control of P. palmivora infection on papaya seedlings by Streptomyces sp. strain S1. The S1 broth culture at the 100-dilution was applied by drenching 48 hours before pathogen inoculation, the survival of seedlings was significantly increased about 61.3% compared with water treated control. The control of P. palmivora infection on papaya seedlings by tested 100 ppm of fungicides with or without the supplementation of S1. The survival of seedlings of S1 treatment about 46.7%, whereas that of the compared water treated control was only 26.7%. The survival of seedlings of metalaxyl or fluopicolide treated with S1 were 100%, the compared amisulbrom and dimethomorph treated with S1 were 96.7% and 86.7% respectively. The tested concentration of fungicides decreased to 10 ppm, survival of seedlings was about 97.3% by metalaxyl treatment without S1, the compared fluopicolide, amisulbrom and dimethmorph were 80.7%, 61.3% and 41.7% respectively. The survival of seedlings significantly increased to 90% were treated fungicides with S1. Then, the effect treatment timing on the effectiveness of P. palmivora infection control on papaya seedlings by fungicide/S1 biofungicide combined application. Whether before or after inoculation of P. palmivora, the survival of seedlings of treatment with S1 was better than water treated control. Upon S1 broth culture, an increased electrolyte leakage was detected from the test samples 2 to 5 days after treatment. Inoculation of S1 for 24 hours, that the applied bacterial spores grew on, coiled up and penetrated the mycelia of P. palmivora. Furthermore, with the addition of AlamarBlue® as indicative molecular probe, effect of the culture filtrate from S1 on the energy metabolism of P. palmivora comparable to that by azoxystrobin and cyazofamid treatment was demonstrated. Such combined use of biocontrol agent with fungicides can reduce the dosage of fungicides, thereby reducing environmental risks. The potential of using strain S1 as an aid for disease control, appears to be possible mechanisms, involved worth further attention.目錄
中文摘要 i
Abstract iv
目錄 viii
表次索引 x
圖次索引 xi
前言 1
材料與方法 9
一、供試藥品與供試殺菌劑 9
二、供試培養基製備 10
三、供試菌株 11
四、鏈黴菌Streptomyces sp. strain S1孢子懸浮液接種源製備 12
五、鏈黴菌Streptomyces sp. strain S1 對不同病原真菌生長之抑制作用 12
六、鏈黴菌Streptomyces spp. 對殺菌劑之耐受性測試 13
七、S1與卵菌病原推薦用藥混合處理對P. palmivora孢囊及游走子發芽之影響 13
八、S1與卵菌病原推薦用藥混合前處理對P. palmivora孢囊發芽之影響 14
九、S1與藥劑混合處理對P. palmivora孢囊及游走子發芽管菌絲生長之影響 15
十、S1培養液澆灌處理對木瓜幼苗生長之影響 16
十一、S1培養液澆灌處理對木瓜幼苗疫病菌感染之防治效果 16
十二、S1培養液與殺菌劑混合澆灌處理對木瓜幼苗疫病之防治效果 17
十三、S1培養液與殺菌劑澆灌處理時機對防治效果之影響 17
十四、S1培養液之添加處理對P. palmivora菌絲體細胞膜通透性之影響 17
十五、S1對P. palmivora菌絲體超寄生作用之顯微鏡檢視 18
十六、S1對P. palmivora超寄生作用之顯微鏡檢視 18
十七、S1培養濾液添加處理對P. palmivora能量代謝之影響 19
結果 20
一、鏈黴菌Streptomyces sp. strain S1 對不同病原真菌生長之抑制作用 20
二、鏈黴菌Streptomyces spp. 對殺菌劑之耐受性測試 20
三、S1與卵菌病原推薦用藥混合處理對P. palmivora孢囊及游走子發芽之影響 21
四、S1與卵菌病原推薦用藥混合前處理對P. palmivora孢囊發芽之影響 23
五、S1與藥劑混合處理對P. palmivora孢囊及游走子發芽管菌絲生長之影響 24
六、S1培養液澆灌處理對木瓜幼苗生長之影響 25
七、S1培養液澆灌處理對木瓜幼苗疫病菌感染之防治效果 25
八、S1培養液與殺菌劑混合澆灌處理對木瓜幼苗疫病之防治效果 26
九、S1培養液與殺菌劑澆灌處理時機對防治效果之影響 27
十、S1培養液之添加處理對P. palmivora菌絲體細胞膜通透性之影響 28
十一、S1對P. palmivora菌絲體超寄生作用之顯微鏡檢視 28
十二、S1對P. palmivora超寄生作用之顯微鏡檢視 29
十三、S1培養濾液添加處理對P. palmivora能量代謝之影響 29
討論 31
參考文獻 38
圖表說明 4
火燒風險分析應用於大肚台地野火管理之研究
No full text每年秋末及清明時節，大肚台地常傳出野火案件，加以大肚台地水源取得不易及壓力不足，火勢撲滅時間較長，致消防人員疲於奔命。根據2011年至2013年臺中市政府消防局火災出勤數據統計，大肚山周邊之火災類別，以雜草比例為火災出勤案件類別之首。是此，找出高風險火燒區位並做有效預防管理為大肚台地之重要議題，此可降低消防人員出勤次數及勤務負荷。
本研究蒐集大肚台地火燒案件地點，以行政區及月份為單元，計算火燒頻度及空間離散度分別作為危害度及暴露度，另套疊溫度、雨量及相對溼度等氣象資料及萃取衛星影像之常態化差異水體指標，評估大肚台地之脆弱度，據以篩選出易受乾旱影響之區位及建置大肚台地火燒風險評估模式。
結果顯示10月份因雨量及相對溼度驟降、溫度尚高，因此火燒脆弱度最高，此外火燒事件多而離散，故火燒風險度最高；而沙鹿區因位於大肚台地西側較乾旱處，且有較多墓地分布，火燒案件多且廣佈，因此火燒風險值為各行政區中最高。透過本模式萃取火燒風險值之時間及空間變化，找出火燒風險較高之區位，在防火重於救災觀念下，山區巡守組織及防火宣導等積極性措施，可供重點區位火燒預防性措施之規劃，俾達減少大肚台地火燒案件並有效管理。Wildfire occurred frequently at Dadu Terrace during the end of autumn and/or Qingming worship, and it is hard to be extinguished due to water shortage. These usually wear out the firefighters. According to 2011-2013 firefighting records provided by Fire Bureau of Taichung City Government, grass fire occupied the first rank among the classified fire types at the Terrace. Since it is a crucial issue to find out the high risk burning sites and making effective prevention management for decreasing the firefighter's working burden.
This study collected the locations of fire event to calculate the fire frequency and spatial dispersion index as the fire hazard and exposure respectively. Besides, vulnerability to wildfire at the Terrace is also assessed by overlapping the map of temperature, precipitation, relative humidity and normalized difference water index for screening the site which is vulnerable to draught and establishing the wildfire risk assessment model.
Results show that October is the month of highest wildfire vulnerability due to the significant drop in precipitation and relative humidity while still having high temperature. Shalu District is mostly vulnerable to wildfire risk because of locating at the western dryer area and graveyard distribution. According to the model developed by this study, the high wildfire risk sites can be quickly estimated. In order to put the wildfire prevention into practice and reduce the wildfire occurrence at Dadu Terrace, the active countermeasures such as organizing wildfire patrol and promoting wildfire prevention should be implemented.摘要 I
ABSTRACT II
目錄 III
圖目錄 V
表目錄 VI
第一章 前言 1
1.1 研究動機 1
1.2 研究目的 1
1.3 內容架構與研究流程 2
第二章 文獻回顧 4
2.1 大肚台地之土地利用變遷 4
2.2 火燒之影響因子 5
2.2.1 火災之意義 9
2.2.2 火災災害情形 10
2.3 氣象因子 12
2.4 災害防救 15
2.5 氣象與火災 18
2.5.1 燃燒之要素 18
2.5.2 氣象對火災之影響 19
第三章 材料與方法 21
3.1 樣區概述 21
3.1.1 地形概況 21
3.1.2 土壤特性 22
3.1.3 氣候概述 22
3.1.4 植栽狀況 23
3.2 研究材料 23
3.3 研究方法 25
3.3.1 野火風險分析 25
3.3.2 危害度 26
3.3.3 暴露度 28
3.3.4 核密度分析 31
3.3.5 脆弱度 32
第四章 結果與討論 35
4.1 時間性火燒風險分析 35
4.1.1 火燒案件之時間分布 35
4.1.2 脆弱度分析 35
4.1.3 風險度分析 36
4.2 空間性火燒風險分析 39
4.2.1 火燒案件之空間分布 39
4.2.2 脆弱度分析 41
4.2.3 風險度分析 44
4.3 大肚山野火管理 45
4.3.1 搶救管理 46
4.3.2 預防管理 47
第五章 結論 50
參考文獻 5
國產稻米收穫前後農藥殘留衰減變化
No full text摘要
稻米為亞洲人民傳統主食。隨著時代的進步，食品安全已全然成為社會上關注的重大議題之一。本試驗利用四個水稻品種台農71號(TNG71)、台南11號(TN11)、台稉9號(TK9)、台稉14號(TK14)進行試驗。除調查各品種穀粒外觀大小特徵外，分別在糊熟期施用不同農藥後，於不同天數收取稻穀，調查施藥後穀粒及糙米所殘留的農藥種類及含量。結果顯示四個水稻品種穀粒的外觀大小特徵與農藥的殘留量沒有顯著相關性。農藥施用後不同天數取樣之結果顯示，農藥的殘留量會隨著施用後的天數明顯降低，測試農藥殘留量的衰減模式大致符合指數衰減函數，可以推估施藥後不同天數的農藥殘留量，作為田間濕穀農藥殘留管制及管理作業的參考。另外，調查繳交農民濕穀時不同批次稻穀殘留農藥的種類與分布，其結果反映一般農民的用藥情況，可作為管理公糧稻穀的參考依據。Abstract
Rice (Oryza sative L.) is the most important crop in the world. With the progress of time, the food safety has become one of the major problems of concern. The experiment used four rice Taiwanese varieties TNG71, TN11, TK9, TK14. Rice plants were sprayed once a mixture pesticide at the ripening stage. After application, grain rice and brown rice were harvested at a different day respectively. The investigation revealed not only pesticide residue but also the appearance of all varieties of grain size characteristics relation with pesticide residue. At the results showed that the appearance of the four rice grains size characteristics and pesticide residues no significant correlation. However, according to the days passed, pesticide residue decline from application day by degree. Then most of decline curve model corresponded to the exponential decay. In addition, from general farmers get grain rice were invested a used pesticide and pesticide residue. On the base of two experiments, these results suggest that the use of appropriate pesticides will be a decrease in pesticide residue in rice.目錄
章節 頁次
中文摘要．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．
英文摘要．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．
目錄．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．
表目錄．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．
圖目錄．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．
前言．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 1
前人研究．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 3
材料與方法．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．10
一、試驗材料與地點．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．10
二、施用藥劑與田間取樣．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．11
三、成熟時期穀粒特徵．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．11
四、繳交濕穀時不同批次稻穀取樣．．．．．．．．．．．．．12
五、農藥殘留量檢測．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．12
六、資料分析方法．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．13
結果．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．14
一、第一期作噴藥後不同天數的農藥殘留量．．．．．．．．．14
二、第二期作噴藥後不同天數的農藥殘留量．．．．．．．．．24
三、穀粒外觀大小特徵與農藥的殘留量調查情形．．．．．．．34
四、第一、二期糙米農藥量佔穀粒百分比情形．．．．．．．．37
五、第一、二期作農戶濕穀繳交農藥殘留情形．．．．．．．．40
討論．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．47
參考文獻．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．5
The factors for the adoption of e-invoicing:Empirical evidence for Taiwan Listed and OTC companies
No full text統一發票是我國營業人銷售貨物或勞務時開立與買受人保存與收執之會計憑證。並因該憑證開立時需記載開立營業人之統一編號，故稱為「統一發票」。因應20世紀電子商務蓬勃發展此一趨勢，政府於西元（下同）2000年將電子發票列為發展方向之一，揭開電子發票推動序幕。企業經由使用電子發票系統，透過電子發票整合服務平台的網路傳輸，讓買賣雙方都可以自行下載、儲存。
本文以我國上市櫃公司在2012年已使用電子發票計373家資料為研究範圍，瞭解現階段台灣廠商採用電子發票的情況，以及影響採用電子發票之廠商在各企業與產業特性的相關因素。而這些因素又如何影響該企業在採用數量之多寡。研究結果提供政府推動電子發票時的參考，讓電子發票之推動更加順利。
本研究實證發現公司年齡、資本額、公司所屬業別採用電子發票之平均比例及公司所在地都市化程度等變數的變動對公司使用電子發票數量之多寡有顯著的影響。廠商特性中之員工人數、屬於高科技業別、公司營收、研發費用對使用電子發票數量多寡並無顯著影響。In response to the trend of e-commerce, the government in Taiwan regarded electronic invoicing as one of important development track. Using internet, the buyers and sellers can download or saved their e-invoice from the integrated service platform of invoicing, Businesses through the use of electronic invoicing system.
In order to understand the current situation of Taiwanese companies' use of electronic invoices, this paper conducted an analysis to determine the factors that can influence firm's decision on using electronic invoice by using 373 listed firms who have used electronic invoice in 2012 as samples .The results can be used to provide a suggestion to government for promotion of electronic invoices.
Our results show that the company age, the amount of capital company owned ,the average ratio of using electronic invoices for the whole industry, and the degree of urbanized are significant determinants of companies using electronic invoices. The number of employees in the firm , the company's revenue, R & D expenses do not play an significant role in the adoption of electronic invoicing by Taiwanese Listed companies.第一章 緒論------------------------------------1
第一節 研究背景、動機與目的--------------------1
第二節 研究流程--------------------------------6
第二章 文獻回顧--------------------------------8
第一節 國外關於企業採用創新科技因素之文獻------9
第二節 國內關於企業採用創新科技因素之文獻-----17
第三節 本章小結-------------------------------20
第三章 研究方法-------------------------------21
第一節 資料來源-------------------------------21
第二節 變數建構-------------------------------22
第三節 分析方式與實證模型---------------------29
第四章 實證結果-------------------------------30
第一節 基本統計分析---------------------------31
第二節 迴歸分析-------------------------------41
第五章 結論與建議-----------------------------43
第一節 研究結論-------------------------------43
第二節 研究建議-------------------------------49
參考文獻--------------------------------------5
Demand Analysis of Music Festivals in Taiwan
No full text本研究以音樂節屬性、音樂節附加價值、受訪者過去參與音樂節之經驗與未來意願、受訪者人口統計資料四部分設計問卷，並以網路發放方式回收問卷，共計回收330份有效問卷。其中，將複選題項作一整理及歸納，得出受訪者過去參與過的音樂節及未來有意願參與的音樂節，以瞭解受訪者對不同音樂節的喜好程度及期待。
接著再依據受訪者過去參與音樂節的次數將受訪者區分為低經驗者、中經驗者、高經驗者，未來有意願參與的音樂節個數將受訪者區分為低意願者、中意願者、高意願者，對音樂節門票的願付價格高低將受訪者區分為低願付者、中願付者、高願付者，以此三大類作為被解釋變數。
最後從問卷題項作一歸納及彙整，將題項區分為「節目內容與安排」、「規模與知名度」、「音樂興趣與背景」、「產品與通路」及「價格與促銷」五類作為解釋變數，與三個被解釋變數分別作迴歸分析，探討影響我國民眾對音樂節需求的影響因素。
本研究迴歸結果不如預期，五個控制變數無法顯著解釋三個依變數，檢討整個分析過程，可能是問卷設計不夠良好、網路問卷參考價值有待商榷、分析方法不夠恰當等原因，本研究將持續作改善及修正，以期能達到預期之結果。目次
摘要 I
表目次 IV
圖目次 V
第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究動機 1
第二節 研究背景 3
第三節 研究目的 6
第二章 文獻回顧 7
第一節 音樂節重要歷程 7
第二節 國外音樂節相關文獻 13
第三節 影響音樂節需求之因素 16
第三章 研究方法與設計 17
第一節 理論基礎 17
第二節 研究分析架構 19
第三節 變數定義與研究假設 21
第四節 資料分析方法 25
第四章 實證結果與分析 27
第一節 問卷回收及樣本結構 27
第二節 信度分析 30
第三節 皮爾森相關係數分析 32
第四節 敘述性統計結果 33
第五節 迴歸結果 40
第五章 結論與建議 42
第一節 結論 42
第二節、建議 43
參考文獻 44
附錄一 音樂節之消費行為調查問卷 46
表目次
表1-1 2014台灣音樂節活動一覽表 2
表2-1其他重要大型音樂節比較表 9
表3-1消費者行為的意義與內涵 18
表3-2 4P定義及內容 18
表4-1問卷回收狀況 28
表4-2樣本分配表 28
表4-3 信度分析 31
表4-4 Pearson 相關係數 32
表4-5受訪者過去參與音樂節之次數 33
表4-6受訪者過去參與音樂節之經驗程度 33
表4-7受訪者參與過之音樂節名稱 35
表4-8受訪者使用過的售票通路 36
表4-9受訪者未來有意願參與之音樂節名稱 37
表4-10受訪者未來參與音樂節之意願程度 38
表4-11受訪者對音樂節門票的願付價格 38
表4-12受訪者對音樂節門票的願付價格程度 39
表5-1受訪者過去參與音樂節之經驗與五變數迴歸結果 40
表5-2受訪者未來參與音樂節之意願與五變數迴歸結果 41
表5-3受訪者對音樂節門票的願付價格與五變數迴歸結果 41
圖目次
圖1-1台灣音樂展演產業營業額 1
圖1-2藝文展演文化活動次數 4
圖1-3公部門文化經費 4
圖1-4 歷屆台中爵士音樂節參與人次 12
圖3-1受訪者過去參與音樂節之經驗 19
圖3-2受訪者未來參與音樂節之意願 20
圖3-3受訪者對音樂節門票之購買意願 20
圖3-4本論文五大變數之研究架構 21
圖4-1受訪者過去參與音樂節之經驗程度 34
圖4-2受訪者未來參與音樂節之意願程度 38
圖4-3受訪者對音樂節門票的願付價格程度 3
Estimating the damage of Typhoons induced by climate change on rice sector in Taiwan and Japan
No full text人類為了工業化追求進步，使得氣候變遷所造成農業生產相當程度的損失。然而研究氣候變遷對於農業生產的潛在影響是相當重要的，故本研究應用縱橫資料模型(Panel Data Model)估計颱風氣象因子與臺灣稻米損失價值之間的關聯性。結果發現，臺灣及日本稻米損失價值與颱風累積雨量及最大瞬間風速為均正向顯著關係，且最大瞬間風速對於稻米災害損失程度之影響明顯大於累積降雨量。利用實證結果可知，當累積降雨量增加1%時，全臺灣的稻米損失價值即增加0.356%；而瞬間最大風速增加1%時，損失價值則會增加1.644%。就日本地區而言，當颱風最大瞬間風速增加1%時，對於日本稻米損失價值會增加10.267%；當累積降雨量增加1%時，則損失價值會增加0.006%。根據本研究推測之因素可能為日本森林覆蓋率高達2/3，日本農業對於颱風累積降雨量有較完備的措施。
此外，針對全球暖化與熱帶氣旋之關聯性，首先以計數資料模型(Count Data Model) 及最小平方法(OLS)分別估計全球暖化現象與熱帶氣旋生成頻率與強度之相關，迴歸結果顯示，二氧化碳排放量與颱風頻率強度均呈現顯著正相關，實證結果更指出，當全球二氧化碳排放量增加一單位，則西北太平洋熱帶氣旋則會增加0.007399次生成。再依據IPCC(2007)推估出至2030年在二氧化碳排放量變異程度為40%-110%下，本研究推估每年平均西北太平洋熱帶氣旋生成頻率將會自平均的29.3次增加至31.527次到35.499次；而最大瞬間風速則會平均每年65.81節增加至77.472節到93.155節。Agricultural sector has been significantly affected by climate change since global industrialization with huge fossil fuel consumption. This study estimated the effects of typhoon induced by climate change on the value of Taiwan and Japan's rice sector using econometric Panel Data Model and Ordinary Lest Square (OLS) approaches. The empirical results show that the typhoon accumulated rainfall and the maximum wind speed have significant negative impacts on rice product both in Taiwan and Japan. From empirical results, we come to the conclusion that when the cumulative rainfall increased by 1%, the value of Taiwan's rice losses that increase 0.356%; while the maximum wind speed increases by 1%, the loss will increase the value of 1.644%. We also found that when the typhoon maximum wind speed increases by 1%, the loss of value of the Japanese rice will increase 10.267%; and when the cumulative rainfall increased by 1%, the loss of value will increase 0.006% in Japan.
On the other hand, the study also estimated the relationship between global warming and tropical cyclones based on Count Data Model and OLS. We found that the tropical cyclone frequency and intensity both are influenced by global warming phenomenon. The empirical results indicate that the increase of carbon dioxide emissions will increase the tropical cyclones frequency 0.007399 times. Therefore, how to mitigate the greenhouse gas emission to reduce such rice damage of typhoon induced by climate change is an important job.第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究動機與目的 1
第二節 研究步驟與流程 4
第二章 文獻回顧 7
第一節 熱帶氣旋介紹 8
第二節 氣候變遷介紹 11
第三節 農作物災害損失相關文獻 14
第四節 氣候變遷與熱帶氣旋相關文獻 22
第三章 研究方法 27
第一節 資料來源與蒐集 27
第二節 實證模型建立 29
第四章 實證結果與分析 33
第一節 敘述統計分析 33
第二節 實證結果分析 44
第五章 結論與未來研究方向 52
第一節 結論與建議 52
第二節 研究限制與未來研究方向 56
參考文獻 5