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受外加應力及介面影響下銀薄膜組織結構相改變機制
No full textThin metal films are critical elements in many nano- and micro- fabricated technologies. The microstructure of thin films has great effect on applied device based on coating process. Therefore, there are many scholars research on the deposition process of thin films growth and the influence in microstructure on thin films. However, there is few papers report the annealing process effect on the microstructure of thin films.
For FCC metal thin films, when the thicker reached on the critical thicker, based on the effect of driving force such as surface/interfere energy and strain energy, the orientation of metal thin films transformed from (111) to(100). This paper focused on the orientation transform of thin films microstructure by using two different factors. One is adhesion layer exist in thin films or not, the other is using four point bending to applied extra initial stress. In this experiment, two samples (silicon/ silver, silicon/ titanium/ silver) are using different applied initial stress and different annealing time. After annealing, XRD (X –Ray Diffractomer) had been used to know the preferred orientation of thin films and the percentage of (111) and (100). At least, using EBSD (Electron Back-Scattered Diffraction ) to observed the grain size of thin films.金屬薄膜材料在微米及奈米尺度下廣為製造且應用，然而在沉積的過程中其組織結構更是直接影響薄膜與其連結元件的特性，造成元件破壞，因此已經有許多學者針對薄膜成長時其組織結構形成的過程做研究，但對於退火過程中的組織結構卻鮮少研究。
對於FCC金屬薄膜材料來說，當膜厚到達足夠的臨界厚度時其組織結構會從(111)轉換到(100)，因受到表面能/界面能及應變能這些驅動力的影響，因此本論文以有無黏結層及四點彎矩法施予外加初始應力探討兩種變因對於薄膜組織結構轉換的影響，將兩種試片(矽/銀、矽/鈦/銀)放置在260°C下，以不同外加初始應力及退火時間的條件下進行退火處理，利用x光繞射法(XRD)觀察銀薄膜的優選晶向及(111)(100)的強度比例，最後以EBSD觀察退火前後之晶粒大小。誌謝 i
摘要 iii
Abstract iv
目錄 v
表目錄 viii
圖目錄 ix
第一章 緒論 1
1.1 研究背景 1
1.2 組織結構探討 4
第二章 文獻探討 6
2.1 薄膜沉積結構的演化 6
2.2 退火所導致的組織結構轉換 9
2.3 轉換動能 12
2.4 組織結構轉換研究回顧 13
2.4.1 濺鍍銀薄膜沉積於各種基板 13
2.4.2 銅薄膜沉積於各種基板 15
2.4.3 銀薄膜沉積於各種基板 16
2.4.4 銀和銅薄膜沉積於有無基板 18
2.4.5 銀薄膜沉積於氮化鎵上 20
2.5 研究動機及目的 20
2.6 論文架構 22
第三章 試件製程與實驗方法 24
3.1 前言 24
3.2 試件製程 24
3.3 實驗方法 27
3.3.1 給予外加初始應力 27
3.3.2 試片退火 30
3.3.3 x-ray量測 31
3.3.4 EBSD量測 36
第四章 實驗結果與討論 37
4.1 比較不同沉積方法之結果 37
4.2 沉積後於常溫下之變化 42
4.3 不同沉積率 44
4.4 溫度變化條件下 46
4.5 黏結層對於組織結構轉換的影響 48
4.6 外加初始應力對於組織結構轉換的影響 50
4.7 薄膜組織結構改變所產生的內應力 54
4.8 EBSD量測結果 55
第五章 結論與未來展望 59
5.1結論 59
5.2未來展望 60
參考文獻 6
Incremental Trajectory Data Mining with Dynamic Granularity and Auto-labeling
No full text軌跡型樣探勘(Trajectory Pattern Mining) 主要目的就是從軌跡序列資料中挖掘出隱藏其中的特殊、重要且具代表性的移動行為和特徵(feature)，是資料探勘非常熱門的領域之一。探勘所得的移動型樣(Movement Pattern)應用性很廣，可以用於移動軌跡的預測或相似度的比對，或進一步發展許多有趣的應用。
許多軌跡資料探勘的方法會將監控區域切割成網格，藉以將物件移動軌跡的經緯度座標點序列，轉成一連串的網格序列，以利軌跡型樣的探勘。但這樣的方法可能面臨的問題包括下列五方面: 一、不容易找出一個最佳的網格大小與切割位置。二、網格數量可能很大，致使探勘耗費大量的CPU或記憶體。三、採用client-server架構，將軌跡資料上傳到server端做探勘再回傳結果的策略有隱私洩漏的疑慮，不利相關應用的發展。四、大量的軌跡資料導致傳統演算法的計算時間增加，甚至無法執行。五、傳統的型樣定義和演算法無法快速反應移動行為的變化。基於上述五大問題和挑戰，本論文提出Incremental PST with Dynamic Granularity and Auto-labeling (incPSTDGAL )演算法，其根據個人的移動習慣，動態決定每個區域的網格大小，找出具代表性的網格，並分配重要網格label，以減少總label的總數，再採取incremental mining的策略，來因應不斷累積增加的軌跡資料；也就是將累積的資料分批探勘，再將每次探勘的結果合併，如此可以避免一次探勘很大量的資料，此外，我們設計Aging的調整機制，在合併探勘結果時，給予新的探勘結果較大的weighting，以利快速反應使用者行為的劇烈變動。這一系列的改進使單次軌跡資料探勘的計算時間大幅下降，有助於直接在客戶端直接進行個人軌跡資料的探勘，無形中也加強了使用者隱私保護。
為驗證incPSTDGAL演算法的效能，我們於Android手機平台實作演算法，並設計多個實驗來比較演算法的效率和探勘結果的有效性。經實驗證實，incPSTDGAL演算法克服傳統PST的限制，可以有效控制每次探勘的計算成本，因此，我們可以在client端做軌跡資料探勘而不需將資料上傳到server端，且因為動態調整有效網格的顆粒粗細，使探勘所得的移動型樣更多更有效。目錄
誌謝辭 i
中文摘要 ii
第1章 緒論 1
第2章 相關研究 4
2.1 序列型樣探勘( Sequence Pattern Mining ) 4
2.2 Variables Length Markov Models(VMMs) 5
2.3 PST ( Probabilistic Suffix Tree ) 6
2.3.1 軌跡序列資料(Trajectory Sequence Data) 6
2.3.2 PST樹的介紹與型樣定義 9
2.3.3 PST建置 12
第3章 具動態顆粒與自動標籤的漸進式軌跡資料探勘 14
3.1 傳統PST所面臨的限制和挑戰與我們提出的解決策略 14
3.1.1 影響PST tree建置效能的幾個主要因素 14
3.1.2 傳統PST所面臨的限制和挑戰與我們提出的解決策略 15
3.2 具動態顆粒與自動標籤的漸進式軌跡資料探勘之架構 20
3.3 DGAL Algorithm 26
3.3.1 DGAL : newGT algorithm and gtMerge algorithm 31
3.3.2 DGAL : merge2GTs algorithm 40
3.4 Incremental mining and periodic merge 42
3.4.1 Basic Operation of PST Tree Merge 44
3.4.2 近似公式估計 50
第4章 實驗 68
4.1 實驗環境 68
4.2 實驗結果 69
4.2.1 測試做Auto-labeling之後的效率提升幅度 69
4.2.2 Inc'PSTDGAL' 計算時間比較 70
4.2.3 Information Loss 76
第5章 結論 88
參考文獻 89
圖目次
圖 2 1 (左) Raw Trajectories (右) Grid-based Method 7
圖 2 2物件的移動軌跡 8
圖 2 3 (上) PST的資料結構 (左下) 監控區域以及物件移動軌跡 9
圖 2 4 (上) 單一物件的移動軌跡記錄 (下) 經探勘圖2.5 (上)所得之PST 11
圖 2 5 PST的建置演算法 13
圖 3 1 監控範圍內不同|Σ|對PST建置影響 15
圖 3 2學校台中一中分屬不同網格(圖中綠色區塊)，導致軌跡序列S1和 S2被判定為兩種不同移動方式 18
圖 3 3台中市市區面積為54km*55km 18
圖 3 4 此實驗圖旨說明當輸入軌跡資料每次增加1MByte，其資料量多寡對運算時間的影響。其資料來源是實驗室同學所記錄的真時移動軌跡，PST基本參數設定為 Pmin=0.001, Lmax=5,|Σ| = 100 19
圖 3 5具動態顆粒與自動標籤的漸進式軌跡資料探勘之架構 20
圖 3 6 (上) 傳統PST，將監控區域內所有網格都拿來建tree (下) 使用DGAL演算法所建置的PSTDGAL 22
圖 3 7 使用者在Period i 所累積的經緯度序列資料集以及軌跡點所對應地理位置 23
圖 3 8 Example of newGT和其輸入與輸出 24
圖 3 9 Example of Build PSTDGAL 25
圖 3 10 Example of Phase 2 26
圖 3 11 DGAL演算法中，我們以階層式的網格切割方式 28
圖 3 12 各種level 的網格大小(grid size)示意圖 29
圖 3 13 (a)以level 0的網格大小對監控區域做分割，以gid 0~8將網格編碼；圖 3 2 (b)改以level 1的網格大小對同一監控區域做分割，並以gid 0~35將網格編碼 29
圖 3 14 (左) 監控區域以不同level的網格大小做分割 (右)Grid Tree 資料結構示意圖 30
圖 3 15 DGAL Phase 1: newGT algorithm 31
圖 3 16 DGAL Phase 1: gtMerge algorithm 33
圖 3 17 (右上) 為該監控區域在不同level下gid的對應關係 34
圖 3 18 Period 0的Grid Tree及mapping table和location sequences 36
圖 3 19(上) Period i-1的Grid Tree (下) Period i, i>0的Grid Tree參考前一週期的網格切割方式往下延伸j層計算所有leaf node的no.of spots 38
圖 3 20 Period 0的Grid Tree及mapping table和location sequences 39
圖 3 21 DGAL Phase 2 : merge2GTs algorithm 40
圖 3 22 前兩個週期所建的Grid Tree 1和 Grid Tree2經由merge2GTs algorithm合併成新Grid Tree : Grid Tree1 + Grid Tree2 41
圖 3 23 Problem of PST Tree Merge 43
圖 3 24將'PSTDGAL ' 1 和'PSTDGAL' 2合併得Inc'PSTDGAL' 44
圖 3 25 Inc'PSTDGAL' 的條件機率值為'PSTDGAL 1 ' & 'PSTDGAL 2' 取其地理位置相同的數個節點乘轉換參數Wi而得，其中W1=wσ1wσ1wσ2 ，W2=wσ1wσ1wσ2_1 ,W3=wσ1wσ1wσ2-2 46
圖 3 26 'PSTDGAL' 的節點 c對應到Inc'PSTDGAL' 的c&d&f是屬於split(One-to-Many mapping) 47
圖 3 27 'PSTDGAL' 的節點 g&f對應到 Inc'PSTDGAL' 是屬於merge(Many-to-One mapping) 48
圖 3 28 'PSTDGAL' 的node bcf &bcg對應到Inc'PSTDGAL' 的bdh & bch是屬於merge(Many-to-One mapping)和split(One-to-Many mapping)都有 49
圖 3 29 σ split to σ1、σ2、σ3 、 σ4 51
圖 3 30 σ1、σ2、σ3 、 σ4 merge to σ 51
圖 3 31 'One-to-One mapping' 52
圖 3 32 估計權重W的計算 53
圖 3 33推導目標找出作incremental merge時的weighting factor W 54
圖 3 34 incremental merge的運算概念 54
圖 3 35移動型樣S3內含所有網格全屬split – 而σ 屬split 56
圖 3 36移動型樣S3內含所有網格全屬split – 而σ 屬merge 59
圖 3 37 移動型樣S3內含網格split和merge都有 – 而σ 屬split 61
圖 3 38移動型樣S3內含網格有split和merge–而σ屬merge 64
圖 3 39 PSTDGAL algorithm 66
圖 3 40 IncPSTDGAL algorithm 67
圖 4 1在不同網格數量下執行時間比較 69
圖 4 2比較每次在處理不斷增加的資料時，有沒有使用incremental在計算時間上的差異 71
圖 4 3累計計算時間比較 72
圖 4 4比較每次在處理不斷增加的資料時，有沒有使用incremental在計算時間上的差異 73
圖 4 5累計計算時間比較 74
圖 4 6比較每次在處理不斷增加的資料時，有沒有使用incremental在計算時間上的差異 75
圖 4 7累計計算時間比較 75
圖 4 8 incremental建出來的Inc'PSTDGAL' 和重掃資料庫建出來的'PSTDGAL' ，平均每個節點內含條件機率距離的總和 77
圖 4 9 incremental建出來的Inc'PSTDGAL' 和重掃資料庫建出來的'PSTDGAL' 的整體條件機率距離 78
圖 4 10 incremental建出來的Inc'PSTDGAL' 和重掃資料庫建出來的'PSTDGAL' ，平均每個節點內含條件機率距離的總和 79
圖 4 11 incremental建出來的Inc'PSTDGAL' 和重掃資料庫建出來的'PSTDGAL' 的整體條件機率距離 80
圖 4 12 incremental建出來的Inc'PSTDGAL' 和重掃資料庫建出來的'PSTDGAL' ，平均每個節點內含條件機率距離的總和 81
圖 4 13 incremental建出來的Inc'PSTDGAL' 和重掃資料庫建出來的'PSTDGAL' 的整體條件機率距離 81
圖 4 14 incremental建出來的Inc'PSTDGAL' 和重掃資料庫建出來的'PSTDGAL' ，平均每個節點內含條件機率距離的總和 82
圖 4 15 incremental建出來的Inc'PSTDGAL' 和重掃資料庫建出來的'PSTDGAL' 的整體條件機率距離 83
圖 4 16 incremental建出來的Inc'PSTDGAL' 的總節點數變化 83
圖 4 17 user 於2008.10一整個月的軌跡移動資料 84
圖 4 18 user 於2008.11一整個月的軌跡移動資料 84
圖 4 19 user 於2008.12一整個月的軌跡移動資料 85
圖 4 20 user 於2009.01一整個月的軌跡移動資料 85
圖 4 21 user 於2009.02一整個月的軌跡移動資料 86
圖 4 22 incremental建出來的Inc'PSTDGAL' 和重掃資料庫建出來的'PSTDGAL' ，平均每個節點內含條件機率距離的總和 87
圖 4 23 incremental建出來的Inc'PSTDGAL' 和重掃資料庫建出來的'PSTDGAL' 的整體條件機率距離差 87
表目次
表格 2 1 PST建置演算法的參數和說明 12
表格 3 1 incremental merge的近似公式之基本符號定義 50
表格 4 1實驗環境 6
改良式獅子演算法於支援向量機之特徵選取應用
No full textFeature selection is an effective method on the solving of classification problem. Through reduce unnecessary features, feature selection can improve accuracy of classification and reduce the training time of classifiers. Besides, the bio-inspired algorithms are usually used to search the optimal feature subset for a classifier. Lion's algorithm is the newly developed bio-inspired algorithm with social behavior of lions. This study illustrates a modified version of lion's algorithm to improve the search efficiency. By using the dataset of UCI machine learning database, the proposed method was compared with the basic lion's algorithms. Experimental results demonstrated that the performance of the proposed method was superior to that of the basic lion's algorithms.在進行分類問題演算的過程中，為了最佳化分類正確率，特徵選取是一個相當基本且重要的課題。透過特徵選取的方式，能有效減少不相關、雜訊、或重複性的資料，藉此改善分類效能。近年來常透過仿生演算法來進行求解，獅子演算法是基於獅子社會行為提出的仿生演算法，主要以領土防禦和領土爭奪來模擬獅子族群的兩大行為來達到解決最佳化問題的目的。
在本研究中，我們提出了改良的獅子演算法，於原本獅子演算法領土防禦的過程中增加了全鄰域搜索，進而提升獅子演算法的搜尋效率。並將改良的獅子演算法整合支援向量機應用於特徵選取上，針對改良的獅子演算法提出最佳參數組合。實驗中使用 UCI 的資料集來進行演算法的效能測試，實驗的結果顯示改良後的獅子演算法於大多數的資料集的分類正確率優於原本的獅子演算法。摘要 ...........i
Abstract ...........ii
目次 ...........iii
圖片目次 ...........iv
表格目次 ...........v
第一章緒論 ...........1
1.1. 研究動機與背景...........1
1.2. 研究方向...........2
1.3. 論文架構...........2
第二章文獻探討...........3
2.1. 特徵選取...........3
2.2. 支援向量機...........4
2.3. 基因演算法...........6
2.4. 免疫克隆選擇演算法...........8
第三章研究方法 ...........11
3.1. 獅子演算法...........11
3.1.1. 獅子演算法的流程...........11
3.1.2. 獅子演算法步驟分解...........13
3.3. 改良的獅子演算法...........24
第四章實驗結果...........25
4.1. 實驗環境與架構...........25
4.2. 獅子演算法驗證...........28
4.3. 演算法正確率比較...........32
4.4. 參數比較...........38
4.4.1. 獅子數比較...........38
4.4.2. 子代數比較...........39
4.4.3. 變異率比較...........40
4.4.4. 參數最佳化實驗結果...........40
第五章結論與未來研究方向...........42
參考文獻 ...........4
視網膜病徵檢測與視網膜剝離診斷系統
No full textSince the symptoms of the diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration and other diseases are often associated with the light regions, dark regions and vascular abnormalities, this study proposes the Retinopathy Image Segmentation Method (RIS method) to extract the regions like the light spots, dark spots and blood vessels in the retinal image. Moreover, since a high proportion of diabetic patients suffer from the diabetic retinopathy with the most severe one to be the retinal detachment, the Retinal Image Based Retinal Detachment Diagnosis System (RIRDD system) is proposed as well to conduct the diagnosis specific to the retinal detachment symptoms. In this study, the Cross Filter method is adopted in the RIS method to determine the appropriate thresholds; and the bi-layer feature matching is adopted in the RIRDD system to improve the correct retinal detachment recognition rate. Finally, the Genetic-Based Parameter Detector (GBPD) is provided to provide the most appropriate parameter values for the RIS method and RIRDD system. The RIS method and RIRDD system shows good performance in terms of the extraction and recognition degree respectively in the results. The systems are developed to help the medical staffs to recognize the retinopathy images in order to achieve the early detection and early treatment of patients and reduce the occurrence rate of blindness.視網膜病變（retinopathy）是造成人們視力障礙的重要原因之一，與視網膜病變有關的疾病種類相當多，如：糖尿病視網膜病變（diabetic retinopathy）、黃斑部病變（macular degeneration）等，其病徵常與較亮區域、較暗區域與血管異常有關，所以本研究（study）提出一視網膜病變的影像切割法（Retinopathy Image Segmentation Method, RIS method），切割出視網膜影像中的亮點、暗點以及血管等區域。此外，糖尿病患者罹患視網膜病變的比例相當高，其病變中又以視網膜剝離（ retinal detachment）最為嚴重，甚至可能導致病患失明，故本研究提出一以視網膜影像為基礎之視網膜剝離診斷系統（Retinal Image Based Retinal Detachment Diagnosis System, RIRDD system），針對視網膜剝離病徵來進行診斷。
於視網膜病變的影像切割法（RIS method）中，本研究提出十字過濾器的方法，此方法能快速、動態的決定出適當的門檻值（threshod），在以視網膜影像為基礎之視網膜剝離診斷系統（RIRDD system）中也提出雙層特徵比對（bi-layer feature matching）的方式，來提高視網膜剝離的正確辨識率。最後提供基於遺傳參數檢測器（Genetic-Based Parameter Detector, GBPD）來為視網膜病變的影像切割法（RIS method）和以視網膜影像為基礎之視網膜剝離診斷系統（RIRDD system）提供最適當參數值。
實驗結果顯示，視網膜病變的影像切割法（RIS method）在切割上與以視網膜影像為基礎之視網膜剝離診斷系統（RIRDD system）的辨識度，皆有相當不錯的效能，故藉由系統的發展，可協助醫療人員診斷且辨識視網膜病變的影像，患者也因及早發現與治療，進而降低患者失明的比率。中文摘要………………………………………………………………………………....i
Abstract……………………………………………………………………………….....ii
目次……………………………………………………………………………………..iii
表目次……………………………………………………………………………….......v
圖目次…………………………………………………………………………………..vi
第一章 緒論…………………………………………………………………………….1
第一節 研究背景.…………………………………………………………………1
第二節 研究動機與目的.…………………………………………………………2
第三節 研究架構………….………………………………………………………5
第二章 文獻探討…….…………………………………………………………………6
第一節 Otsu's Thresholding Method……………………………………………...6
第二節 膨脹運算與侵蝕運算…………………………………………………….7
第三節 連通區域標記（Connected Component Labeling）…………………….8
第四節 灰階共生矩陣（Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix）…………………..8
第五節 K-means………………………………………………………………….10
第六節 基因演算法（Genetic Algorithm）…………………………………….10
第七節 S. Eddins之分水嶺策略（S. Eddins' Watershed Strategy）…………..12
第八節 切割測量……………………………………………………………..….12
第三章 視網膜病變影像切割法（Retinopathy Image Segmentation Method）……14
第一節 影像預處理……………………………………………………………...15
第二節 亮點切割階段…………………………………………………………...17
第三節 暗點與血管切割階段………………………………………………..….20
第四節 基於遺傳參數檢測器-RIS Method（Genetic-Based Parameter Detector-RIS Method）……………………….........................................25
第四章 以視網膜影像為基礎之視網膜剝離診斷系統（Retinal Image Based
Retinal Detachment Diagnosis System）………………………………………28
第一節 灰階共生矩陣（Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix）之建立………….28
第二節 雙層特徵比對（Bi-Layer Feature Matching）…………………….…..29
第三節 基於遺傳參數檢測器-RIRDD system（Genetic-Based Parameter Detector-RIRDD System）……………………………………………....31
第五章 實驗結果與討論………………………………………………………..........32
第一節 視網膜病變影像切割法之效能探討…………………………………...32
第二節 以視網膜影像為基礎之視網膜剝離診斷系統效能探討……………...36
第三節 視網膜病變的影像切割法之討論………………………………….......37
第六章 結論…………………………………………………………………………...38
參考文獻……………………………………………………………………………….3
CPR 基因剔除可改善鹼誘發小鼠角膜傷口的癒合
No full text活性氧化群(Reactive oxygen species, ROS)的功能為調節細胞氧化還原相關的訊號傳遞，在細胞生理平衡上扮演重要角色。角膜上皮細胞位於眼球最表面且容易受外界危險因子刺激，如紫外線、化學因子或微生物感染等，這些因子研究指出可能造成細胞內 ROS 增加，導致氧化緊迫(oxidative stress)誘導的角膜傷口癒合延遲。在傷口癒合延遲的情況下，使病原侵入與角膜潰瘍加深的機會增加，進一步可能造成感染、角膜血管新生、角膜穿孔甚至失明。在我們實驗室的研究顯示， CPR 基因剔除小鼠可降低胰島 β 細胞對高糖誘導引致的 ROS 表現。在本研究中，我們利用誘導角膜上皮損傷的氫氧化鈉(NaOH)溶液，在 CPR 基因剔除小鼠進行角膜傷口癒合與氧化緊迫致病機轉的研究。CPR 蛋白質表現可在對照組小鼠角膜偵測得，在 CPR 基因剔除小鼠則無。在傷口癒合的觀察下，CPR 基因剔除小鼠相較於對照組小鼠的角膜傷口有較快的癒合。同時 NaOH 誘導下對照組小鼠角膜在西方墨點法分析下顯示 CPR 蛋白質表現量上升，而以 DHE(Dihydroethidium)染色則顯示 CPR 基因剔除小鼠的角膜上皮細胞在 NaOH 處理下的 ROS 表現有顯著地降低，為了進一步了解 CPR 在角膜傷口癒合上的角色，我們在 in vitro 實驗，將角膜上皮細胞以 CPR siRNA 轉染，結果 CPR 表現降低可改善在 NaOH 處理後人類角膜上皮細胞(HCE-2 cell line)的移行能力 根據這些結。果可推測 CPR 基因可能與角膜上皮細胞 ROS 生成有關，可改善 NaOH 誘發的氧化壓力與促進角膜上皮的傷口癒合，因此 CPR 可能在未來作為治療角膜上皮傷口癒合的指標之一。Reactive oxygen species (ROS) function is known as redox signaling, playing an important role in cellular homeostasis. The corneal epithelium exists at the surface of cornea and is easily damaged by external stresses such as UV radiation, chemical injury or infection. These stresses impaired corneal epithelial wound healing through aberrantly increasing intracellular ROS generation. If the healing of wounds is delayed, the risk of pathogen invasion and further damage to the underlying stroma is enhanced, resulting in infection or neovascularization which, in turn, result in blindness. In our former work, we found that CPR , associated with ROS regulation, knockout (CPR KO) has the ability to reduce high glucose-induced ROS expression in β-cell line. In this study, we investigated the role of the CPR in NaOH-treated corneal epithelial wound healing by using CPR KO mice. CPR was expressed in the cornea of wild-type (WT) mice, but not in CPR KO mice. Observation of wounds healing revealed that healing of the corneal epithelium was significantly increased in the CPR KO mice, whereas CPR was activated in the corneal of WT mice. DHE (Dihydroethidium) staining revealed that the level of ROS was significantly lower in the CPR KO mice than in the WT mice at immediately after NaOH treated. To clarify the role of CPR during corneal epithelial wound healing, we performed in vitro experiments with siRNA for CPR. CPR knockdown significantly increased corneal epithelial cell migration after NaOH-treated, but did not affect on vehicle-treated. These results suggest that CPR may be involved in ROS synthesis in corneal epithelial cell to ameliorate NaOH-induced corneal epithelial wound healing by accelerating cell migration, and CPR would therefore be a good target for the treatment of corneal epithelial defect.中文摘要…………………i
Abstract…………………ii
目次…………………iii
圖目次…………………v
第一章 緒言…………………1
第二章 文獻探討…………………2
第一節 角膜生理功能與解剖構造…………………2
(一) 角膜上皮細胞層與前界層…………………2
(二) 基質層…………………2
(三) 後彈力層與內皮細胞層…………………3
第二節 角膜潰瘍形成與癒合機轉…………………3
(一) 角膜潰瘍常見病因…………………3
(二) 角膜上皮傷口癒合過程…………………5
第三節 角膜潰瘍與氧化壓力關係…………………5
(一) 活性氧化群 (reactive oxygen species, ROS)的來源與功能………6
(二) 角膜氧化壓力的產生…………………6
第四節 角膜潰瘍內科治療藥物…………………7
(一) 抗生素…………………7
(二) 止痛與散瞳劑…………………8
(三) 抗發炎…………………8
(四) 促進角膜傷口藥物…………………8
第五節 角膜傷口癒合因子與天然物運用…………………9
第三章 材料與方法…………………11
第一節 實驗動物…………………11
第二節 角膜上皮傷口癒合觀察…………………11
(一) 角膜上皮傷口誘導方法…………………11
(二) 角膜傷口癒合面積檢測…………………11
第三節 角膜氧化壓力誘導…………………12
第四節 角膜上皮細胞型態觀察…………………12
(一) 石蠟切片製作與 hematoxylin & eosin 染色…………………12
(二) 冷凍切片製作…………………12
(三)活性氧化群染色(ROS stain) …………………12
第五節 角膜上皮細胞實驗…………………13
(一) HCE-2 細胞培養方法…………………13
(二) 干擾小 RNA 設計與轉染 (siRNA design and transfection) ………13
(三) 角膜上皮細胞移行實驗…………………14
第六節 蛋白質萃取與西方墨點法…………………14
(一) 蛋白質萃取與定量…………………14
(二) 電泳膠片製備…………………14
(三) 蛋白質電泳分析…………………15
(四) 西方轉漬與分析…………………15
第四章 實驗結果…………………16
第五章 討論…………………24
第六章 參考文獻…………………29
附圖…………………38
附表…………………4
以治療策略探討組織修復模式影響因子
No full text背景與目的：組織損傷後的修護機轉，其中牽涉的層面頗為廣大，且也因治療策略的不同，其應用的藥物、材料種類、給藥方式、輔助療法等模式中，其影響因子更也因組織損傷部位、程度的不同而有頗大的差異。眾所周知的腦部組織損傷後，因血腦障壁的保護機制造成治療上的困難；皮膚組織如大面積的損傷後，會影響代謝機制、感染、敗血症、休克，更牽涉到各重大器官的作用機轉障礙，甚至面臨死亡的威脅。近代對於腦部組織損傷後的治療策略，更朝向增進腦部血流量而促進藥物治療濃度的增加，期望儘速達到組織損傷後修護的時效；而皮膚組織損傷後，如何有效改善治療品質與縮短傷口癒合時程，其中治療策略的應用一直是臨床醫學亟待因應的重要議題。本研究以探討組織修復模式影響因子，進而評估其治療策略的方針。
研究方法：第一部分增進腦部血流量部份：以三磷酸腺苷 (ATP)活化P2嘌呤接受器是否會活化一氧化氮合成酶(NOs)造成麩氨酸(glutamate)釋放，而且/或活化NOs可造成ATP的釋放而促使總頸動脈(CCA)血流上升目前尚未知曉。我們應用微透析實驗，在延腦面背區間(DFA)微注射P2嘌呤接受器促進劑 (ATP或α,β-methylene ATP)或一氧化氮前驅物(精氨酸L-arginine)，檢測是否會使麩氨酸濃度增加，進而促使CCA血流增加。第二部分促進創傷癒合的部份：有報告指出以電漿處理傷口有可能使術後病患減少使用抗生素，但其對傷口的癒合及活器官的影響則有待驗証。我們在SD Rat背部皮膚開一2x2 cm的傷口，實驗組每天以非熱能噴射式大氣電漿（簡稱：電漿）灌注處理5分鐘，連續4週；對照組則不以電漿灌注處理，來探討傷口癒合的臨床表徵、血液學檢測、細胞吸附標誌(E-cadherin)和自由基【ROS（4-HNE）】活性的表現；並在6個月後剖檢皮膚、肺臟、肝臟、腎臟等臟器，檢測臨床顯微病理變化。
結果: 第一部分在DFA微注射P2嘌呤接受器促進劑 (ATP或α,β-methylene ATP)或一氧化氮前驅物(精氨酸L-arginine) 皆可使CCA血流增加。活化P2嘌呤接受器而增加CCA血流作用，可被L-NAME (非特定性的NOs抑制劑)、7-NI (選擇性的神經性NOs抑制劑)或MB (methylene blue，甲烯藍，鳥甘酸環化酶抑制劑)濃度依賴性的降低，但不受D-NAME (D型的NOs抑制劑)或 L-NIO (強效型內皮性NOs抑制劑)所影響。第二部分發現以電漿處理之實驗組可縮短開放性傷口癒合的時間，血液學檢測發現：在術後2天實驗組的WBC相對比對照組有減少趨勢；在術後14天實驗組的4-HNE和E-cadherin都比術後7天顯著增加；並在6個月後剖檢皮膚、肺臟、肝臟、腎臟等臟器，並無臨床顯微病變。
結論：在DFA中以ATP活化P2嘌呤接受器可活化nNOs，造成麩氨酸釋放而增進CCA血流量，但是精氨酸活化nNOs造成麩氨酸釋放的升CCA血流作用，並不活化P2嘌呤接受器，這些發現可供與總頸動脈血流(供應顱內外組織)相關疾病藥物的設計或開發、治療策略的參考。而短週期低劑量非熱能噴射式大氣電漿處理傷口，證明可促進傷口癒合，且對皮膚、肺臟、肝臟、腎臟等臟器，並無臨床毒性病變，這在治療皮膚創傷方面除傳統方式外也提供了另一治療策略方針。Background and aims: Three are several repairing mechanisms of traumatic tissues. Based on different treatmet targets, the strategies involves in kinds of medication, repairing materials, route of drug and alternative treatments. In different location or categories of injury, patients receive different treatment strategies. As we know, brain-blood barrier in brain injury and extensive injury in skin are with different treatment in tissue healing based on mechanism. To increased brain blood flow is considered on one concept in brain injury. In skin wound, the treatment plan tends to improve the skin healing process. In the present study, brain blood flow model and skin wound healing model are design to investigate the tissue healing process in different organ.
Materials and Methods: The first part is to study about increasing cerebral blood flow: We use ATP to activate P2 purinergic receptor to clarify whether activation of NOS resulting in glutamine releasing, which resulting in ATP releasing and increasing common carotid artery blood flow. Microdialysis was used to investigate DFA microinfusion P2 receptor agonists or NO precursor (L-arginine) into the DFA increased CCA blood flow. The second part is about wound healing improved by non-thermal plasma(NTP). Sprague-Dawley(SD) rats was the experimental subjects, and wounds size measuring 2x2 cm were produced on the back . The experimental group was treated with NTP for 5 minutes per day for four weeks. The NTP was injected diffusely into the cage housing the rats. The SD rats not receiving plasma treatment was as control group. Blood was drawn on postoperative days 2 and 4, and at three months. Immunohistochemical (IHC) stain of E-cadherin and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE), an ROS marker, were evaluated and quantified for analysis by CMYK color model. Sacrificed after 6 month and examine pathological change for skin, lung, liver, kidney.
Results: In the first part, We demonstrated that microinjections of P2 receptor agonists (ATP, α,β-methylene ATP) or NO precursor ( L-arginine) into the DFA increased CCA blood flow. The P2-induced CCA blood flow increase was dose-dependently reduced by pretreatment with NG-nitro-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, a non-specific NOS inhibitor), 7-nitroindazole (7-NI, a relatively selective neuronal NOS inhibitor) or methylene blue (MB, a guanylyl cyclase inhibitor) but not by that with D -NAME (an isomer of L-NAME) or N5-(1-iminoethyl)- L-ornithine (L-NIO, a potent endothelial NOS inhibitor). Involvement of glutamate release in these responses were substantiated by microdialysis studies, in which perfusions of ATP into the DFA increased the glutamate concentration in dialysates, but co-perfusion of ATP with L-NAME or 7-NI did not. Nevertheless, the arginine-induced CCA blood flow increase was abolished by combined pretreatment of L-NAME and MB, but not affected by pretreatment with a selective P2 receptor antagonist, pyridoxalphosphate-6-azophenyl-2 0,4 0-disulphonic acid (PPADS). In the second part, A total of thirty-five SD rats were included in the study (25 in NTP group and 10 in control group). Low dose plasma treatment shortened the wound healing time without damaging organs. In the NTP group, the white blood cell counts at day 2 post-non-thermal plasma treatment was not increased significantly than that in the control group. After quantification of IHC staining , the 4-HNE was increased day 14 compared to day 7 (16.16±12.81% v.s 55.11±8.11% , p<0.001), and E-cadherin was also increased (52.17±14.96% v.s 70.46±12.78 % , p=0.04) in NTP group. Comparison of NTP and control, 4-HNE and E-cadherin were increased in NTP group on day 14. Sacrificed after 6 month and examine skin, lung, liver, kidney, there is no clinical micro- pathological change.
Cnclusion: ATP activation of the P2 receptor in the DFA induced activation of neuronal NOS/guanylyl cyclase, which causes glutamate release leading to an increase in CCA blood flow. Short-term, low-dose NTP wound treatment was demonstrated to accelerate the wound healing without vital organ toxicity. These findings provide important information for drug design and/or developing therapeutic strategies.中文摘要 i
Abstract iii
Contents v
Content of table vi
Content of figure vii
Chapter Ι 1
P2 Purinergic Receptor Activation of Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase and Guanylyl Cyclase in the Dorsal Facial Area of the Medulla Increases Blood Flow in the Common Carotid Arteries of Cats
Introduction 1
Experimental Procedures 3
Results 8
Discussion 12
Conclusion 16
References 18
Figure 21
Chapter II 31
Effect of Non-thermal atmospheric-pressure Plasma Jet on wound healing: An animal study
Introduction 31
Materials and Methods 33
Results 36
Discussion 38
Conclusion 40
References 41
Table 44
Figure 45
Chapter III Summarize the theory 53
Conclusion 53
Summary 54
Appendix 55
1 55
2 58
3 6
Exendin-4,一種昇糖素類似胜肽-1,改善db/db糖尿病小鼠之李斯特菌感染
No full text糖尿病在人與動物都會產生相似的症狀，伴侶動物發生糖尿病的機率逐漸上升。糖尿病被認為是感染的風險因子且會因為感染而造成死亡。在本研究裡，以糖尿病治療藥物Exendin-4（一種昇糖素類似胜肽-1）處理db/db糖尿病小鼠在李斯特菌感染的影響。在老年的db/db糖尿病小鼠，觀察到有CD11b+巨噬細胞的數量減少及巨噬細胞內有高脂肪含量且吞噬能力降低的現象。Exendin-4可以降低db/db糖尿病小鼠的巨噬細胞內脂肪含量與增強其吞噬作用進而改善db/db小鼠對抗李斯特菌感染。Exendin-4也改善db/db糖尿病小鼠肥胖及高血糖症狀，且在擬體內試驗(ex vivo)中增加巨噬細胞對細菌清除率。在Exendin-4處理的db/db小鼠受到李斯特菌感染後的肝臟呈現較少的膿瘍。在Exendin-4處理過的db/db糖尿病小鼠分離的巨噬細胞上，我們證實了ABCA1(ATP binding cassette transporter 1)一種膽固醇的傳送器，表現量較高。總之，我們的結果指出Exendin-4藉由調控巨噬細胞內的脂肪含量及吞噬作用來減少糖尿病動物感染的風險。This diabetes mellitus has similar characteristics in both humans and animals. The incidence of this disease is increasing among companion animals. Diabetes is frequently identified as an independent risk factor for infections associated with increased mortality. In this study, homozygous diabetic (db/db) mice were infected with Listeria monocytogenes and then treated with the diabetic treatment drug Exendin-4, a glucagon-like peptide 1 analogue. In aged db/db mice, decreased CD11b+ macrophage populations with higher lipid content and lower phagocytic activity were observed. Exendin-4 lowered high lipid levels and enhanced phagocytosis in macrophages from db/db mice infected with L. monocytogenes. Exendin-4 also ameliorated obesity and hyperglycemia, and improved ex vivo bacteria clearance by macrophages in the diabetic animals. Liver histology examined during L. monocytogenes infection indicated that abscess formation was much milder in Exendin-4 treated db/db mice than in the control animals. Moreover, the expression of ATP binding cassette transporter 1, a sterol transporter, in the macrophages isolated from the Exendin-4 treated db/db mice was higher than the untreated group. Overall, our results indicated that Exendin-4 reduces the risk of infection in diabetic animals by modulating the interaction between intracellular lipids and phagocytic ability of macrophages致謝………………………………………………………………… ii
摘要………………………………………………………………… iii
Abstract…………………………………………………… iv
目次………………………………………………………………… v
表目次……………………………………………………………… viii
圖目次……………………………………………………………… ix
第一章 前言………………………………………………… 1
第二章 文獻探討………………………………………………… 2
第1節 糖尿病的介紹………………………………… 2
1-1 糖尿病的盛行率………………………………… 2
1-2 第二型糖尿病的症狀………………………… 2
1-3 第二型糖尿病的臨床治療藥物介紹…………3
1-4 db/db糖尿病小鼠之介紹……………………………3
第2節 腸泌素GLP-1類似物Exendin-4之介紹……………4
2-1 腸泌素(incretin)的介紹………………………………4
2-2 腸泌素的功能………………………………………… 5
2-3 腸泌素在治療糖尿病上遭遇的問題與解決方式…… 5
2-4 GLP-1類似物(Exendin-4)的介紹………………… 6
第3節 免疫在糖尿病的環境下造成的影響………………… 7
3-1 糖尿病與免疫之間的相互關係……………………… 7
3-2 糖尿病病患與感染之間的相互關係………………… 8
3-3 糖尿病病患主要常見的感染疾病…………………… 8
3-4 糖尿病病患與李斯特菌感染的相關性……………… 8
第三章 材料與方法……………………………………………… 10
一、藥物、細菌菌株及實驗動物……………………………… 10
二、以流式細胞儀測量老鼠腹腔灌洗細胞(Peritoneal exudate cells；PEC)之CD11b+，及(ATP binding cassette transporter 1；ABCA1的表現及脂肪含量……………………………… 10
三、老鼠Exendin-4給予方式及測量給藥及對照老鼠的血糖值、膽固醇、三酸甘油酯、低密度脂蛋白及高密度脂蛋白……………………………… 11
四、腹腔灌洗細胞來源的巨噬細胞吞噬能力測定……………11
五、老鼠李斯特菌攻毒試驗及病理學檢驗…………………… 12
六、統計分析…………………………………………………… 13
第四章 結果……………………………………………………… 14
一、db/m及db/db小鼠的巨噬細胞數量的差別…………… 14
二、從db/m及db/db小鼠取得腹腔灌洗細胞之脂肪含量比較………………………………………………………… 14
三、從db/m及db/db小鼠取得腹腔灌洗細胞之吞噬能力差
別…………………………………………………… 14
四、經Exendin-4處理過後db/db小鼠巨噬細胞的吞噬能力
及脂肪含量、ABCA1表現與不給藥的對照組比較……… 15
五、以Exendin-4處理過後db/db小鼠血清中之血糖、三酸
甘油脂、總膽固醇、低密度及高密度脂蛋白濃度與不給
藥的對照組比較………………………………………… 15
六、擬體內試驗進行細菌的廓清率比較…………………… 16
七、經Exendin-4或無處理的db/db小鼠感染李斯特菌之病理學檢驗及李斯特菌感染肝臟病灶區的差別……………… 16
第五章 討論……………………………………………………… 24
參考文獻…………………………………………………………… 28
附錄 修業期間發表論文………………………………………… 3
犬皮膚型肥大細胞瘤之KIT和PI3K/Akt/mTOR訊息傳遞路徑中蛋白表現與臨床病理因子間之關聯性
No full text犬體表型肥大細胞瘤為犬體表最常見之腫瘤。本實驗是利用免疫組織化學染色和免疫活性評分系統探討KIT/PI3K/Akt/mTOR訊息傳遞路徑在50個犬體表型肥大細胞瘤中的表現及活化情形，並進一步研究上述路徑中的蛋白與臨床病理因子之間的關係。在KIT的免疫組織化學染色中可發現，KIT有三種不同的分佈型態，分別為 (一) 只分佈在細胞膜、(二) 細胞質呈團聚集分佈和(三) 細胞質瀰漫性分佈，且此分佈型態與犬體表型肥大細胞瘤的組織學分級有顯著相關 (P = 0.004)。絕大多數組織學分級較低的腫瘤，其KIT分佈多屬於第二型；反之，在組織學分級較高的腫瘤，其KIT分佈多屬於第三型。當KIT分佈為第二型(92.6%, 25/27)或第三型(100%, 13/13) 時，癌化肥大細胞中的Akt會過度表現。在p-Akt的免疫組織化學染色中也可發現三種不同分佈型態，分別為 (一) 只分佈在細胞質、(二) 細胞質呈現較濃染，但細胞核呈現較稀疏染色和 (三) 細胞質與細胞核皆呈現陽性反應，但細胞核較濃染。腫瘤細胞內p-Akt的分佈，與KIT的分佈型態有顯著相關(P = 0.005)，當KIT蛋白分佈為第一型時，p-Akt主要瀰漫分佈於細胞質(70.0%, 7/10)；當KIT蛋白分佈為第三型時，p-Akt主要瀰漫分佈於細胞質及細胞核為主(61.5%, 8/13)。此外，本實驗發現p-Akt不同的分佈型態，與肥大細胞瘤的轉移有顯著的相關(P = 0.001)。在沒有發生轉移的肥大細胞瘤組織中可見多數的p-Akt只分佈在細胞質(51.7%, 15/27)，而在有轉移的肥大細胞瘤組織中則見多數的p-Akt除了分佈在細胞質，也分佈在細胞核內且其表現較濃染(57.1%, 12/21)。當p-Akt活性增強時，下游的mTOR蛋白也會過度表現，而p-mTOR的活性也會隨之增加。實驗成果推測KIT/PI3K/Akt/mTOR訊息傳遞路徑在犬體表型肥大細胞瘤中扮演著重要角色，而p-Akt的分佈型態，可作為評估肥大細胞瘤患犬是否發生轉移的重要指標。Mast cell tumors (MCTs) are one of the most common cutaneous tumors in the dog. This study aimed to evaluate KIT, PI3K, Akt, p-Akt, mTOR and p-mTOR expression in 50 canine cutaneous MCTs and investigate the correlations between the proteins mentioned above and clinicopathologic parameters by the immunohistochemical staining and immunoreactive score system. There were three KIT immunostaining patterns that are pattern I: primarily along the cytoplasmic membrane, pattern II: the intense, focally clustered cytoplasmic KIT staining, and pattern III: diffuse cytoplasmic staining and there was a significant difference between immunostaining patterns of KIT and grades of MCTs (P = 0.004). The majority low grade MCT was KIT-staining pattern II (64.5%, 20/31), while the high grade MCT was KIT-staining pattern III (52.6%, 10/19). When the expression of KIT in MCT cells was II and III, the strong expression of Akt was noticed in cytoplasm in majority of MCT cells. In this study, three immunolabelling locations of p-Akt were found including cytoplasmic only, diffuse in cytoplasm with loose distribution in nucleus, and diffuse in cytoplasm with dense distribution in nucleus. There was a significant difference between immunostaining patterns of KIT and immunolabelling locations of p-Akt (P = 0.005). When the immunostaining pattern of KIT was pattern I, the major immunolabelling locations of p-Akt was cytoplasm only (70.0%, 7/10). However, when the immunostaining pattern of KIT was pattern III, the major immunolabelling locations of p-Akt was diffuse in cytoplasm and nucleus (61.5%, 8/13). A significant difference was observed between immunolabelling locations of p-Akt and metastasis (P = 0.001). The majority of p-Akt immunolabelling locations without MCT metastasis was cytoplasmic only (51.7%, 15/27), while the majority of p-Akt immunolabelling locations with MCT metastasis was diffuse in cytoplasm with dense distribution in nucleus (57.1%, 12/21). The overexpression and increase of activity of mTOR were showed when activity of p-Akt enhanced. This study highlighted the importance of KIT/PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway in canine cutaneous MCTs and p-Akt plays an important role in metastasis of MCTs.摘要.......................................................i
Abstract..................................................ii
Contents..................................................iv
Tables....................................................vi
Figures...................................................ix
Chapter 1 Background and literature review.................1
1.1. Canine mast cell tumors...............................1
1.1.1. Incidence and etiology..............................1
1.1.2. Clinical features and signs.........................2
1.1.3. Clinical staging and histological classification....3
1.1.4. Prognostic factors..................................7
1.1.5. Treatments..........................................8
1.2. Stem cell factor receptor (KIT) signal pathways......12
1.2.1. Stem cell factor receptor (KIT)....................12
1.2.2. PI3K (p85α and p110δ)..............................13
1.2.3. Akt................................................14
1.2.4. mTOR...............................................15
Chapter 2 Introduction....................................17
Chapter 3 Materials and Methods...........................20
3.1. Samples collection...................................20
3.2. Immunohistochemical analysis of KIT, PI3K (p110 δ), Akt, p-Akt (Ser-473), mTOR and p-mTOR (Ser-2448) of stem cell factor receptor (KIT) signal pathway.................22
3.2.1. Immunohistochemistry...............................22
3.2.2. Scoring system for immunohistochemical staining with KIT, PI3K (p110 δ), Akt, p-Akt (Ser-473), mTOR and p-mTOR (Ser-2448)................................................25
3.3 Statistical analysis..................................25
Chapter 4 Results.........................................27
4.1. Immunoreactivity of KIT, PI3K (p110δ), Akt, p-Akt, mTOR, and p-mTOR proteins in canine cutaneous mast cell tumors....................................................27
4.1.1. KIT................................................27
4.1.2. PI3K (p110 δ)......................................31
4.1.3. Akt................................................34
4.1.4. p-Akt..............................................38
4.1.5. mTOR...............................................44
4.1.6. p-mTOR.............................................48
4.2. The correlation among expressional level of KIT, PI3K (p110 δ), Akt, p-Akt, mTOR, and p-mTOR....................53
Chapter 5 Discussion......................................60
References................................................66
Appendices................................................8
The Study of Refraining Policy on Real Estate Market in Taiwan－The Evidence from 'Luxury Tax'
No full textRising prices in recent years has been to generate grievances minds of the people are looking forward to be able to buy real estate within a capacity range, hoping pursued by the government's policy to curb housing prices so that prices return to purchasing power within a range, from the Republic of China for 100 years in June luxury tax began to formulate the rules of the Stock Exchange changed hands in two years has to be taxed, and the purchase of high-priced goods such as the implementation of assessment.
In contrast to other countries around the world in order to suppress real estate investors, but also the same as China's implementation of the luxury tax policy, our government resorted to the luxury tax, although discourage short-term transactions, but they are contrary to the public perception of the impact on long-term housing prices.
Therefore, this study focuses on the luxury tax policy to the perception of the public to discuss and assess the theory by policy-oriented analysis for seven, respectively, from 'planned for', 'policy implementation-oriented', 'appropriateness of policy-oriented', 'people willingness to face ',' environmental factors facing ',' success-oriented policy ',' future policy direction for the', further discussed and recommendations for improvement of existing luxury tax policy.
In this study, the method adopted in-depth interviews, interview outline and design problems, according to the background and experience of the respondents to the discussion of the analysis. Study for the construction of the company's personnel Taichung area, the real estate agency industry, economists and architects experts, the real estate market, business investors, and people living in the Taichung area, resulting interviews will be described fully mechanized entire induction.
In the planned surface, there is the government to quell the discontent arising due to rising prices, continue to curb price policy, many resorted to three.
Performing surface, there is the government to curb housing prices ambition and execution support, hoping to find root of the problem to be addressed in order to achieve two live justice.
The appropriateness of the surface, there is the luxury tax is only 2 years to suppress the short-term trading, the transaction can not be taxed for the two-year period exceeds the lockout. And high-priced consumer goods also to foreign consumption, resulting in reduced consumption four domestic economy.
In the face of the people's will, we have to support the people hold the attitude, but trading was only limited to 2 years of assessment conditions, so long-term investors or funds darker people, and will not be much impact two items.
In the face of environmental factors, there is hot money by the US monetary policies caused foreign investment to face the negative issue of asset bubbles and inflation, as well as cause of upward pressure on the housing market and other four.
In the face of policy success, there is a substantial shortage expected tax benefits, housing prices can not fall back situation and policy faces the outcome to be replaced and other two.
In the future direction of the surface, there is the original deadline and then stretched, and with new premises unity Nett taxation system is implemented and other two.近年來一直受到房價高漲而產生民怨，民眾心中都期盼能購買一個能力範圍內的房地產，希望能由政府所推行之抑制房價政策來讓房價回復至購買能力範圍內，從民國100年6月開始實施的奢侈稅，制訂了在2年內轉手交易所必須要被課稅的規則，以及購買高單價商品等實施課稅。但反觀全世界其他國家為了抑制投資客炒房，也如同我國一樣實施奢侈稅政策，我國政府祭出奢侈稅後，雖然有抑制短期交易量，但在長期房價影響上卻與民眾觀感所背道而馳。因此，本研究著重以奢侈稅政策對民眾觀感進行討論，並藉由政策評估理論來進行七大面向分析，分別從「計劃面向」、「政策執行面向」、「政策適當性面向」、「民眾意願面向」、「環境因素面向」、「政策是否成功面向」、「未來政策走向面向」做進一步探討，並對現行的奢侈稅政策提出改進建議。
本研究採深度訪談方法進行，設計訪談提綱及問題，根據受訪者之背景及經驗來進行問題討論分析。研究對象為台中地區之建設公司人員、房地產仲介業者、經濟學者及建築事務所專家、房地產市場經營投資者、及在台中地區居住之民眾，所得的訪談資料進行敘述綜整歸納。研究發現，
在計劃面上，有政府為了平息因房價高漲產生之民怨，不斷祭出許多抑制房價政策等三項。
在執行面上，有對政府抑制房價的企圖心及執行力給予支持，希望找出問題根源予以解決，以實現居住正義等兩項。
在適當性面上，有奢侈稅只抑制在2年內的短期交易，無法針對超過2年閉鎖期上的交易課稅。且高單價消費品也可至國外消費，導致降低國內經濟消費等四項。
在民眾意願面上，有民眾抱以支持態度，但因限制在 2年內買賣才被課稅條件，所以對長期投資客或資金較深的人來說，並不會受到太大影響等兩項。
在環境因素面上，有熱錢受到美國貨幣政策有關，造成要面臨外資所帶來的資產泡沫化及通貨膨脹等負面問題，以及造成我國房市上漲壓力等四項。
在政策成功面上，有預期的稅收效益大幅短少，房價也無法回歸下跌狀況，且政策面臨要被取代的結局等兩項。
在未來走向面上，有將原本的期限再拉長，並搭配新的房地合一實價課稅制度實施等兩項。第一章 緒 論 1
第一節 研究背景與動機 1
第二節 研究目的與問題 3
第三節 研究流程與限制 5
第四節 研究方法 7
第二章 理論探討與文獻回顧 11
第一節 文獻回顧 11
第二節 政策評估理論 20
第三章 奢侈稅政策制定之影響 37
第一節 奢侈稅政策簡介 37
第二節 奢侈稅政策實行前後之比較 43
第三節 各國奢侈稅政策之比較 50
第四章 研究設計 57
第一節 研究架構 57
第二節 訪談設計 59
第五章 訪談結果分析 63
第一節 奢侈稅之計畫緣起分析 63
第二節 奢侈稅之政策執行分析 66
第三節 奢侈稅之政策適當性分析 69
第四節 奢侈稅之民眾意願分析 73
第五節 奢侈稅之環境因素分析 75
第六節 奢侈稅之成功或失敗分析 80
第七節 奢侈稅之未來政策走向分析 82
第六章 結論 85
第一節 研究發現 85
第二節 研究建議 87
第三節 後續研究建議 88
參 考 書 目 91
附 錄 97
附錄一 訪談題綱 97
附錄二 逐字稿 10
Research on the Relationship between Promotional Fairness Recognition and Work Morale of the Brigades of Coast Guard Administration
No full textThe Coast Guard Administration （CGA） is the government institution in Taiwan in charge of smuggling investigation, illegal border crossing, upholding maritime traffic order, dispute handling, sea rescue, ocean resource preservation, environmental protection and conservation, etc. One of the identities of the members of the CGA reconnaissance brigades is judicial police officers. Their job includes investigations related to drugs, firearms, and agricultural, fisher, and animal husbandry products. In order to keep outstanding reconnaissance brigade personnel and increase morale of brigades at work, a complete and equitable promotion system is required, so that hard-working reconnaissance brigade personnel dedicated to work for national security and social welfare can stay with the CGA and devote themselves to their work.
This study aimed to explore the relationship the equity of promotion perceived by the CGA reconnaissance brigade personnel and their morale at work. Thus, the research variables included perceived equity of promotion and morale at work. There were 3 constructs under perceived equity of promotion: equity of allotment, equity of procedure, and equity of interaction, and 3 constructs under morale at work: organizational identification, group cohesion, and job involvement.
The research subjects of this study were all the personnel of the 20 reconnaissance brigades under the CGA. Besides by reviewing literature, this study also collected some data by performing a questionnaire survey. Then this study analyzed the sample through quantification the data and made inferences based on the results. A total of 384 questionnaires were issued. After discarding the questionnaires with too many missing values and the invalid ones from the retrieved questionnaires, 276 valid ones were left. The valid response rate was 72%. SPSS, a statistical analysis software package, was used to obtain descriptive statistics and perform statistical analyses such as independent sample t-test, ANOVA, correlation analysis, and regression analysis. The findings are summarized below:
1. The research subjects tended to disagree with the equity of promotion.
2. The research subjects tended to agree with the morale at work.
3. Among the personal attributes, only marital status was significantly related to the construct of equity of allotment. As for the constructs of morale at work, none of them was significantly related to the personal attributes.
4. There was a positive relationship between the perceived equity of promotion and the morale at work.
5. The prediction power of the overall 'perceived equity of promotion' for the overall 'morale at work' was 24.6%, meaning that higher perceived equity of promotion could lead to higher morale at work.
Based on the research findings above, this study proposed some suggestions to the CGA for them to consider while making related policies. These suggestions can also be used as references for future researchers when studying issues in relation to the promotion system of the CGA and the morale of its personnel.海岸巡防署為我國專職查緝走私、防止非法法入出國與維護海上交通秩序、糾紛處理、海上救難、海洋資源維護、環境保護及保育等工作之公務機關。其所屬之機動查緝隊人員具有司法警察身分，專門負責查緝毒品、槍砲、農漁畜產品等走私工作。為留住優秀的查緝人員，提高工作士氣，健全與公平的陞遷制度始能激勵辛苦為國家安全、社會福祉效力的查緝人員留下來為海巡署效力。
本研究係為探討海岸巡防署機動查緝隊人員陞遷公平認知與工作士氣的關聯性，所以研究變項分別為陞遷公平認知與工作士氣二者，在陞遷公平認知部分，含括分配公平、程序公平及互動公平三構面；工作士氣部分含括組織認同、團體凝聚力及工作投入三構面。
本研究以海岸巡防署所屬20隊之機動查緝隊全體人員為研究對象，除針對相關文獻探討外，以問卷調查方式進行資料之蒐集，藉量化研究結果分析樣本並推論。共發出384份問卷，經刪除漏答過多及無效問卷，回收有效問卷276份，有效回收率72%。運用SPSS統計軟體，操作描述性統計分析、獨立樣本t檢定、單因子變異數分析、相關分析及迴歸分析等方法檢驗，研究結果發現如下：
一、研究對象對陞遷公平認知傾向不認同狀態。
二、研究對象對工作士氣傾向認同狀態。
三、個人屬性在陞遷公平認知中僅有婚姻一項於分配公平構面有顯著差異；工作
士氣構面並無顯著差異。
四、陞遷公平認知與工作士氣間呈正向相關。
五、整體的「陞遷公平認知」對整體的「工作士氣」預測力為24.6%，顯示對陞遷
公平認知認同程度愈高則對工作士氣的認同程度亦高。
本研究依據前揭研究發現，提出相關建議供海巡機關在制定相關政策時據以參酌並供未來對海巡署在陞遷與工作士氣相關議題有興趣之研究者參考。第一章 緒論.....................................................................................................................1
第一節 研究動機與背景.............................................................................................1
第二節 研究目的與研究問題.....................................................................................2
第三節 研究方法與流程.............................................................................................3
第四節 名詞界定.........................................................................................................6
第五節 研究範圍與限制.............................................................................................6
第六節 章節安排.........................................................................................................7
第二章 文獻探討.............................................................................................................9
第一節 海岸巡防署陞遷規定.................................................................................... 9
第二節 陞遷公平認知理論與相關研究...................................................................10
第三節 工作士氣定義與特徵...................................................................................22
第四節 陞遷對工作士氣之影響...............................................................................29
第三章 研究設計...........................................................................................................31
第一節 研究架構.......................................................................................................31
第二節 研究假設.......................................................................................................33
第三節 研究變項之操作性定義...............................................................................34
第四節 問卷設計與預試...........................................................................................36
第五節 資料分析方法...............................................................................................45
第四章 資料分析與研究結果.......................................................................................47
第一節 描述性統計分析...........................................................................................47
第二節 個人屬性與研究變項之關係.......................................................................60
第三節 陞遷公平認知與工作士氣之關係...............................................................73
第四節 迴歸分析.......................................................................................................75
第五節 結論.......... ....................................................................................................83
第五章 研究發現與建議...............................................................................................87
第一節 研究發現.......................................................................................................87
第二節 研究建議.......................................................................................................90
參考書目.........................................................................................................................93
附錄一 預試問卷...........................................................................................................99
附錄二 正式問卷.........................................................................................................103
附錄三 行政院海岸巡防署公務人員陞任評分標準表.............................................107
附録四 陸海空軍軍官選訓晉任資績計分標準表.....................................................117
附錄五 海岸巡防機關情報人員各階職務遴用基準表.............................................12