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Demographic Analysis of Refugee Asylum Applicants in Germany in 2017-2018
No full text宋全成，山东大学哲学与社会发展学院社会学系教授、博士生导师，法学博士，山东大学移民研究所所长；周琦，山东大学移民研究所副研究员。【中文摘要】2017—2018年德国难民庇护申请者的数据显示，2018年难民庇护申请的数量为18.59万人，比2017年的22.27万人下降了 16.52%。从人口的自然结构来看，与2017年相比，2018年难民庇护申请者的年龄结构仍趋向年轻型，但随着总体性别比的持续下降,性别结构趋于平衡。从社会结构来看,2018年的十大来源国不变，但排名略有变化，前三大来源国为叙利亚、伊拉克和伊朗,伊朗上升迅速。在宗教信仰结构上，与2017年相比,2018年穆斯林的比例虽然有明显的降低但仍位居第一，紧随其后的分别是基督徒和雅兹迪人。在地理空间分布上，与2017年一样,2018年难民庇护申请者主要集中在德国西部的非均衡性特征没有发生改变。在处理类别结构上,2018年难民庇护申请处理总量仅有21.69万份，比2017年减少了38.65万份，下降率达到 64.1%。可以预料，在未来一段时间里，在德国提出难民庇护申请的人数和规模将日趋减少。
【Abstract】Data on German refugee asylum applicants in 2017-2018 shows that refugee asylum applicants in 2018
numbered 185 900，down 16.52% from 222 700 in 2017. In terms of the natural structure of the population，compared with 2017，the age of refugee asylum applicants in 2018 tended to be younger，but as the overall gender ratio continues to decline，the gender structure tended to be balanced. In terms of the social structure，the top 10 countries of origin in 2018 remained the same. However，the ranking changed slightly，with the top three countries of origin being Syria，Iraq and Iran，and Iran in rapid ascent. In terms of the religious belief structure，the proportion of Muslims decreased significantly in 2018，which still ranked first as it did in 2017，followed by Christians and Yazidis. In terms of the geographical spatial distribution ，compared with 2017，the main concentration of refugee asylum applicants in western Germany in 2018 remained
unchanged. In terms of the processing category structure，refugee asylum applications only numbered 216 900 in 2018，a decrease of 386 500 or 64.1% from 2017. The number and scale of refugee asylum applications in Germany are expected to decrease gradually in the future.国家社会科学基金一般项目“欧盟的难民危机、移民融入问题及其治理研究”（17BMZ091)；国家民族事务委员会民族研究项目“当今欧洲穆斯林移民问题研究”（2018-GMB-064
Modernity Ideology and Its Problems in the Critical Vision of Marx's Civil Society
No full text鲍金，上海交通大学马克思主义学院副教授、博士生导师；潘虹旭，上海交通大学马克思主义学院博士研究生。【中文摘要】按照马克思的观点，具有普遍性形式的意识形态总是维护“自己的利益”，这表明意识形态的存在根基是特殊的。依据这一点,能够发现现代性意识形态始终发挥着确证市民社会之合法性的历史功能，即现代性意识形态在本质上是市民社会的理论表现。从市民社会批判视域出发，马克思紧紧抓住自由、平等和所有权这三个现代性意识形态要素，深刻剖析了作为自然权利的 自由、权利平等的理念和私人财产权的原则的本质规定性及其运动机理，揭示出市民社会的“反权利”本质，指明了现代性意识形态的深层问题。这对于在理论上辨析现代性意识形态、在实践上提升意识形态应变能力和维护意识形态安全，具有重要的价值。
【Abstract】From Marx's point of view，ideology in the universal form is concerned with preserving “its own interests” ，indicating that it has an existential foundation. Based on this，we can find that modernity ideology consistently performs the historical function of confirming the legitimacy of civil society ；in other words，modernity ideology is essentially the theoretical expression of civil society. From the perspective of civil society criticism，Marx firmly grasped the three elements of modernity ideology-freedom，equality and ownership，conducted an in - depth analysis of the essence of freedom， equality of rights as natural rights，the principle of private property rights，and its movement mechanism. He also revealed the “anti - right” essence of civil society，and identified the deep problems of modernity ideology. It is of great value to analyze modernity ideology in theory，enhance the adaptability of ideology，and maintain the security of ideology in practice.国家社会科学基金一般项目“整体性视阈中的习近平马克思主义观研究”（18BKS036
氢燃料电池发展的现状与挑战
Full text link本条目为“厦门大学美洲校友会校庆百年论坛”的演示文稿。叶思宇教授是厦门大学1978级化学系校友，1988年获电化学专业博士学位，毕业后赴德国杜伊斯堡大学和加拿大魁北克大学从事博士后研究工作，2000年受邀加入加拿大巴拉德动力系统公司。因在抗反极催化剂研发和其他领域的杰出贡献，2002年被破格提拔为巴拉德公司首席科学家。2018年当选加拿大国家工程院院士，在电化学尤其是燃料电池领域具有30余年研发和产业化经验，是国际公认的燃料电池电催化和膜电极首屈一指的领军人物，为现代燃料电池的发展做出了杰出贡献。内容摘要：背景；氢能和燃料电池简介；氢能和燃料电池技术发展现状；氢能和燃料电池大规模产业化的挑战及技术发展前景；小结
Mechanochemical bond scission for the activation of drugs
Full text link药物的低选择性往往会带来不必要的毒副作用。要想彻底克服这一问题，需要在分子层面实现对药物活性的精准调控，从根本上消除药物本身带来的不良影响。随着机械力化学（Mechanochemistry）领域的兴起和快速发展，机械力逐渐展现出其在分子水平调控化合物化学性质的优势和潜力，为实现药物活性的精确调控提供了可能。厦门大学药学院霍帅东教授与德国莱布尼兹材料研究所（DWI–Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials）Andreas Herrmann教授团队合作，在利用机械力精准调控药物活性领域取得新突破。在此项成果中，研究人员利用超声机械力化学，通过三种不同策略分别实现了对弱共价键或非共价键的选择性断裂，首次实现了对聚合物或纳米结构中小分子化疗药物的精准激活。该项成果是利用机械力在分子层面实现药物活性精准调控的首次报道，提供了一种极限精准的治疗策略。英国利物浦大学的Roman Boulatov教授在同期News & Views专栏对该工作进行了亮点评述，其中他提到：“These results offer a promising approach that can be tailored to diverse molecular structures of modern pharmaceuticals”。该项研究不仅有助于发展基于超声力化学的药物活化治疗新策略，为解决当前医学领域的重要难题提供新思路，更有利于加深人们对机械力在微观生命活动中扮演重要角色的进一步理解。Pharmaceutical drug therapy is often hindered by issues caused by poor drug selectivity,
including unwanted side effects and drug resistance. Spatial and temporal control over drug
activation in response to stimuli is a promising strategy to attenuate and circumvent these
problems. Here, we use ultrasound to activate drugs from inactive macromolecules or nanoassemblies through the controlled scission of mechanochemically labile covalent bonds and weak
non-covalent bonds. We show that a polymer with a disulfide motif at the centre of the main
chain releases an alkaloid-based anti-cancer drug from its β-carbonate linker by a force-induced
intramolecular 5-exo-trig cyclization. Secondly, aminoglycoside antibiotics complexed by a
multi-aptamer RNA structure are activated by the mechanochemical opening and scission of the
nucleic acid backbone. Lastly, nanoparticle–polymer- and nanoparticle–nanoparticle-assemblies
held together by hydrogen bonds between the peptide antibiotic vancomycin and its
complementary peptide target are activated by force-induced scission of hydrogen bonds. This
work demonstrates the potential of ultrasound to activate mechanoresponsive prodrug systems.The work was financially supported by the European Union (European Research Council Advanced
Grant SUPRABIOTICS, No. 694610). R.G. is grateful for support by a Freigeist-Fellowship of the
Volkswagen Foundation (No. 92888). Parts of the analytical investigations were performed at the
Center for Chemical Polymer Technology CPT, which was supported by the European Commission
and the federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia (No. 300088302). Financial support is acknowledged
from the European Commission (EUSMI, No. 731019). P.Z. is grateful for financial support from the
China Scholarship Council. M.Z. is grateful for financial support from the European Union’s Horizon
2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No.
713482
Preparation and Performance Investigation of Li-SGO doped Semi-IPNs Porous Single Ion Conducting Polymer electrolyte
Full text link本文成功制备了磺酸锂功能化石墨烯,通过原位聚合方式成功将其添加到单离子传导聚合物电解质中制备出磺酸锂功能化石墨烯改性半互穿网络型多孔单离子传导聚合物复合电解质。与未掺杂磺酸锂功能化石墨烯半互穿网络型多孔单离子传导聚合物电解质相比,该电解质具有更高的孔隙率、吸液率、机械拉伸强度和离子电导率。电化学测试结果表明,掺杂磺酸锂功能化石墨烯后,单离子传导聚合物电解质表现出与电极界面更好的相容性,组装的Li|LiFePO4锂离子电池表现出良好的循环性能和更高的倍率性能。对氧化石墨烯磺酸锂功能化可应用于对单离子传导聚合物电解质的改性,有助于提升单离子传导聚合物电解质的综合性能,获得更高的电池性能。Herein, the lithiated sulfonated graphene oxide (Li-SGO) was successfully prepared via three steps by sulfonation of graphene oxide with 3-merraptnpropylt rimethnxysilane, oxidation of thiol into sulfonate with hydrogen peroxide and lithiation of sulfonate with aqueous lithium hydroxide. The as-prepared Li-SGO was then introduced into the semi-interpenetrating networks of single ion conducting polymer electrolyte (Li-SGO-FPAS) and poly vinylidenefluoride-hexafluoro propylene (PVDF-HFP) binder by in-situ polymerization to fabricate the porous single ion conducting polymer electrolyte membrane (Li-SGO-po-FPAS) generated from the poor compatibility between aromatic Li-SGO-FPAS and aliphatic PVDF-HFP binder. The key properties such as morphology, porosity, solvent uptake, mechanical strength, flexibility, lithium ion transference number, ionic conductivity and rate-capacity were successfully investigated. In addition, the neat single ion polymer electrolyte membrane without Li-SGO (FPAS) (po-FPAS) was prepared for comparison. The Li-SGO-po-FPAS possessed the high porosity of 55.9% and electrolyte uptake of 139.3wt.%, which are much higher than the values derived from the PP separator. As a result, the enhanced ionic conductivities of 0.23 mS·cm-1 and 1.84 mS·cm-1 were obtained at room temperature and 80℃, respectively, comparing to those of 0.14 mS·cm-1 and 1.20 mS·cm-1 for the po-FPA membrane. Furthermore, the mechanical strength of 9.9 MPa was obtained for the Li-SGO-po-FPAS, which is acceptable for the application in Li-ion batteries. The electrochemical characterizations indicate the better compatibility between the single ion conducting polymer electrolyte and the electrode interface after doping with the Li-SGO. The Li-SGO-po-FPAS showed the lithium ion transference number of 0.91 and electrochemical window of 4.6 V vs. Li+/Li. The Li|LiFePO4 Li-ion battery assembled from the Li-SGO-po-FPAS exhibited good cyclability and higher C-rate capacity. The results suggest that the treatment of GO by lithiation and sulfonation processes is useful for application in single ion conducting polymer electrolyte, and it is also favorable for improving the comprehensive performance of single ion conducting polymer electrolyte, subsequently superior battery performance.科技部重点研发计划项目(2018YFB1502903);国家自然科学基金项目(21603197)通讯作者:张运丰E-mail:[email protected]:Yun-FengZhangE-mail:[email protected]中国地质大学(武汉)材料与化学学院,湖北 武汉 430074Sustainable Energy Laboratory, Faculty of Material Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, HuBei, Chin
Constructing a Conceptural Framework for Governmental Internal Control from the Perspective of National Capacity
No full text吴益兵,厦门大学管理学院副教授，管理学博士；廖义刚,江西财经大学会计学院教授、博士生导师，管理学博士。【中文摘要】党的十九大提出了推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化的全面深化改革的总目标。政府内部控制是实现国家治理体系以及能力现代化的重要抓手，建立健全政府内部控制体系具有重要的意义。以福山的国家建构理论和王绍光国家能力理论为基础，可建立基于国家能力视角的政府内部控制框架。该政府内部控制框架包括三个层次的目标定义：基础性国家能力目标、国家公共管理能力目标和国家治理能力目标。在该体系中，政府内部控制要素同样包括控制环境、风险评估、控制活动、信息与沟通以及对控制的监督。政府内部控制的范围除了涵盖行政事业单位内部控制、财政内部控制和预算管理之外，还应该包括政府部门一般业务的内部控制。
【Abstract】 The 19th CPC National Congress set forth the general goal of carrying on reform to further modernize China's national governance system and governance capacity. Governmental internal control is an important starting point to modernize China's national governance system and governance capacity. Therefore，it is of great significance to establish and improve the conceptual framework of governmental internal control. Based on Francis Fukuyama's state - building theory and Wang Shaoguang's national capacity theory，a conceptual framework for governmental internal control can be developed from the perspective of national capacity.It consists of three levels of objectives ：basic national capacity,national public management capacity，and national governance capacity. Within this framework，the components of governmental internal control include the control environment，risk assessment，control activities，information，communication，and monitoring of control. The scope of governmental internal control not only covers the internal control of administrative institutions，financial internal control and budgetary management，but also includes the internal control of government departments’ general business.国家自然科学基金项目“‘圈子’文化视域下的审计行为与经济后果:基于会计师事务所内部审计师关系网络的研究”（72072077);国家自然科学基金项目“社会网络关系与审计行为：基于审计师与客户高管双边视角的研究”（71762015);福建省社会科学规划项目“保荐代表与签字会计师在IPO中的重复性合作研究” (FJ2020B046
Archaeological Discovery and the Sea Route of the Lower Yangtze River during the Han Dynasty
No full text吴小平，浙江大学艺术与考古学院教授、博士生导师；魏然，河南南阳人，浙江大学艺术与考古学院博士研究生。【中文摘要】作为一个有着漫长海岸线、海港众多的国家，汉代我国境内的海上贸易地不可能仅有合浦、徐闻等岭南地区，其贸易线路必定向国内延伸拓展。汉代考古发现，长江下游地区出土不少岭南遗珍，山东半岛、朝鲜半岛和辽东半岛等地亦发现岭南和江东遗物，由此可以推断,两汉时期中国沿海至少存在三条海上航线:岭南地区至长江下游、长江下游至山东半岛，以及长江下游至辽东、朝鲜半岛。这三条航线均与长江下游有关,长江下游在其中发挥了枢纽的作用。三条航线的出现，亦反映出东亚海域贸易网络雏形的形成。
【Abstract】As a country with a long coastline and numerous seaports，China in the Han Dynasty must have had many places other than Hepu and Xuwen in the Lingnan region for maritime trade ； the nation's trade routes must have extended to the hinterlands. Archaeological excavations relating to the Han Dynasty have yielded many precious Lingnan relics along the lower Yangtze River，as well as abundant Lingnan and Jiangdong relics in the Shandong，Korean and Liaodong Peninsulas. Thus，it can be inferred that during the Han Dynasty at least three sea lanes existed along China's coast ： from Lingnan to the lower Yangtze River，from the lower Yangtze River to the Shandong Peninsula，and from the lower Yangtze River to the Liaodong and Korean Peninsulas. These three sea lanes were all related to the lower Yangtze River，which played a pivotal role in maritime trade. The emergence of the three sea lanes heralded the formation of the East Asian maritime trade network.国家社会科学基金重大项目“汉代铜器资料整理及其综合研究”（19ZDA197
On the Empowerment Zone Program by President Clinton
No full text曹升生，安徽师范大学历史学院教授、博士生导师，历史学博士。【中文摘要】1992年爆发的洛杉矶骚乱,推动克林顿总统上任之后制定了以城市授权区项目为主体的城市政策，试图依靠“自下而上”的方式来解决美国大都市区中的贫困问题。该项目前后实施了三轮,以第一轮的拨款和影响最大。城市授权区项目顺应了美国大都市区化时代必须依靠各种公私伙伴关系来协同治理城市衰败问题的历史潮流，最终各个人选城市因地方治理质量参差不齐而受益不同。城市授权区项目代表着克林顿总统对大都市区问题的认识和投入。
【Abstract】Acting on the clues from the 1992 Los Angeles Riots，President Clinton put forward the National Urban Policy focused on empowerment zones ( EZs) after assuming presidency; he endeavored to eradicate the inner cities' poverty with a “bottom-up” approach. The first round of the EZ Program was the most significant in terms of appropriations and impact. The EZ Program proved to be highly effective as it conformed to the historic trends of public-private partnerships in the metropolitan areas. In fact，all EZ communities have different achievements. The EZ Program reflected President Clintons attitude and endeavor regarding the metropolitan problem.国家社会科学基金项目“20世纪以来美国县政府史料整理与研究”（16BSS026
Lithium Storage Performance of Hard Carbons Anode Materials Prepared by Different Precursors
Full text link以聚丙烯腈、石油沥青和花生壳为前驱体,在1200℃下碳化制备三种不同的硬碳材料。通过扫描电子显微、X射线衍射、氮气吸附/脱附测试和拉曼光谱等方法探究不同前驱体所制备的硬碳材料的表面形貌和物相结构。通过恒流充放电测试考察了这三种硬碳负极材料的电化学性能。结果表明,花生壳基硬碳的初始放电比容量最高,但首圈库仑效率最低,石油沥青基硬碳的首圈库仑效率最高但是比容量最低,聚丙烯腈基硬碳具有较高的循环比容量和稳定性。Hard carbon is one of the most promising anode material for lithium ion batteries (LIBs) owing to its high stability, widespread availability, low-cost, and excellent performance. The electrochemical properties of hard carbon materials depend strongly on the type of precursors. It is, therefore, very important to choose an excellent hard carbon precursor. Polyacrylonitrile, petroleum pitch and peanut shells were used as raw materials to prepare different hard carbon anode materials for LIBs. These hard carbon anode materials were successfully synthesized in two steps. The selected precursor was firstly carbonized at 600℃ for 1 h in argon atmosphere using heating rate of 1℃·min-1, and then was further carbonized at 1200℃ for 1h in argon atmosphere using heating rate of 5℃·min-1. Under such a low heating rate, a relatively small specific surface area could be obtained as much as possible for the hard carbon anode material. The surface morphology and phase structure of as synthesized hard carbon materials were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometer, nitrogen adsorption analyzer and Raman spectrometer. The ion carrier storage mechanism was further investigated using cyclic voltammetry by examining whether the ion insertion/extraction mechanism is surface-controlled pseudocapacitance or diffusion-limited intercalation. It was further verified that the lithium storage mechanism of hard carbon anode materials is in line with the “adsorption-intercalation” mechanism. The results indicated that polyacrylonitrile-derived hard carbon anode material had low impedance by EIS test. This may be the reason why the low voltage platform of polyacrylonitrile-derived hard carbon materials had a higher specific capacity. The electrochemical performance of different hard carbon materials were investigated through galvanostatic charge and discharge tests. The peanut shell-derived hard carbon material showed the highest initial specific capacity (579.1 mAh·g-1), but the lowest initial coulombic efficiency (49.35%). The petroleum pitch-derived one delivered the highest initial coulombic efficiency (85.97%), but the lowest initial specific capacity (301.7 mAh·g-1). Comparing the cycle performance of these three hard carbon materials, polyacrylonitrile-derived hard carbon materials exhibited the excellent cycling performance (87.17% of capacity over 500 cycles). This study would provide useful assistance to understand the precursor-derived electrochemical properties of hard carbon anode material in practical applications.国家自然科学基金面上项目(21673051);广东省科技厅国际合作项目资助(2019A050510043);广东省科技厅产学研重大专项(2017B010119003)通讯作者:施志聪E-mail:[email protected]:Zhi-CongShiE-mail:[email protected]广东工业大学材料与能源学院,新能源材料与器件系,广东 广州 510000Department of New Energy Materials and Devices, School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510000, Guangdong, Chin
