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Pd-Based Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction and Ethanol Oxidation Reactions: Some Recent Insights into Structures and Mechanisms
Full text link质子交换膜燃料电池和直接乙醇燃料电池已成为可持续性清洁能源研究的一个聚焦点。在燃料电池中,氧还原反应和乙醇氧化反应是两个重要的反应,其相关高活性、高稳定性并且廉价的催化剂的研发仍然存在很多问题,极大地制约了燃料电池的大规模商业化应用。其中的挑战主要来自于对纳米催化剂结构和反应机理的有限认识。由于实验表征理论计算的结合,对钯基合金纳米材料电催化剂的研究得到了很大的进展。本文从实验和理论计算两个方面出发,重点讨论了应用于氧还原反应和乙醇氧化反应的钯和钯基电催化剂的结构和反应机理方面的近期研究的一些见解。这些见解对未来催化剂的设计与优化有一定的启发意义。The development of efficient electrocatalysts for applications in fuel cells, including proton-exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) and direct ethanol fuel cell (DEFC), has attracted extensive research attention in recent years. Oxygen reduction reaction and ethanol oxidation reaction are two of the key reactions where the design of active, stable and low-cost electrocatalysts is critical for the mass commercializations of PEMFCs and DEFCs. This challenge stems largely from the limited understanding of the catalyst structures and reaction mechanisms. Progress has been made in investigations of electrocatalysts derived from Pd-based alloy nanomaterials both experimentally and computationally. We highlight herein some of the recent insights into the catalyst structures and reaction mechanisms of Pd and Pd-based electrocatalysts in oxygen reduction reaction and ethanol oxidation reaction. Both experimental and computational aspects will be discussed, along with their implications for the design of optimal electrocatalysts.通讯作者:吴志鹏,钟传建E-mail:[email protected];[email protected]:Zhi-PengWu,Chuan-JianZhongE-mail:[email protected];[email protected].郑州大学化学学院绿色催化中心,河南 郑州 4500012.纽约州立大学宾汉姆顿分校化学系, 纽约 139023.南洋理工大学化学与生物医学工程学院,新加坡 6374591. Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, P. R. China2. Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Binghamton,Binghamton, New York 13902, USA3. School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering,Nanyang Technological University, 637459, Singapor
Preparation and Characterization of “Water-in-Salt” Polymer Electrolyte for Lithium-Ion Batteries
Full text link为提高柔性锂离子电池安全性和循环稳定性能,本实验以自由基聚合结合冷冻干燥得到的聚丙烯酰胺膜为电解质载体,引入21 mol·kg-1 LiTFSI 高浓度电解液,得到“water-in-salt”聚合物电解质。通过聚合物膜的形貌和孔道结构表征,红外光谱分析,离子电导率及电化学稳定窗口测试等对其基本物化特性进行了研究。冷冻干燥得到的聚丙烯酰胺膜内部具有大量微孔结构,有利于电解液的载入。将该吸附了电解液的聚合物电解质膜与锰酸锂(LiMn2O4)正极和磷酸钛锂(LiTi2(PO4)3)负极组装全电池进行充放电性能测试。结果表明,制得的柔性聚合物电解质具有良好的拉伸性能,高离子电导率(20°C,4.34 mS·cm-1)和宽电化学稳定窗口(3.12 V)。以“water-in-salt”聚合物电解质为隔膜组装的LiMn2O4||LiTi2(PO4)3 全电池表现出优异的倍率性能和长循环稳定性。Since the development of wearable and flexible electronic products, the demand of flexible energy storage devices such as batteries and super capacitors is in urgent. To enhance the safety and cycling stability for flexible lithium-ion batteries, “water-in-salt” polymer electrolyte was prepared by introducing 21 mol·kg-1 LiTFSI electrolyte into cross-linked polyacrylamide (PAM) after freeze-drying. A great amount of holes with the size range of 10 ~ 20 μm can be found on the surface and in the bulk of polyacrylamide, which is benefited from the freeze-drying process and acts as a great support for the electrolyte uptake. The “water-in-salt” polymer electrolyte showed good tensile property, high ionic conductivity (4.34 mS·cm-1 at 20℃), and broadened electrochemical stability window (ESW, 3.12 V). Comparing the FTIR spectra of PAM, “water-in-salt” electrolyte (WiSE) and WiSE-PAM, the signal that can be assigned to H-O bending mode transfered from 3186 cm-1 in PAM to higher wavenumber of 3560 cm-1 in WiSE-PAM. Therefore, it can be inferred that the amide group in PAM participates in the Li+ solvation sheath in WiSE-PAM electrolyte, due to the hydrogen bond between amide group and water. On the one hand, the Li+ solvation sheath can transfer through the polymer bone and the liquid in the hole, resulting in high ionic conductivity. On the other hand, due to the hydrogen bond between amide group in PAM bone and free water, the enrichment of free water along the polymer bone can be obtained. Therefore, the free water content on the electrode surface is reduced, resulting in expanded ESW. With this polymer electrolyte, LiMn2O4||LiTi2(PO4)3 full cell showed high initial charge/discharge capacity (68.1/62.1 mAh·g-1) and coulombic efficiency (91.2%) at 1 C. The high capacity retention of 94.2% (with discharge capacity of 58.5 mAh·g-1) could be obtained after 100 cycles. To evaluate the rate capability, the cells were charged and discharged at different current densities varying from 1 C to 30 C. The remarkable capacity of 28.1 mAh·g-1 was still retained even at 30 C. After the rate test, the current was decreased back to 1 C, there was still 99.2% of the initial capacity could be recovered. In addition, when cycling at 10 C rate, 79% of the initial capacity was retained even over 5000 cycles. There results demonstrate that the full cell also showed superior rate capability and long-term cycling stability. This work offers an idea for the electrolyte design with high safety to enable the application of high-performance aqueous lithium-ion batteries in flexible electronics.通讯作者:李劼E-mail:[email protected]:JieLiE-mail:[email protected] Muenster (HI MS), IEK-12,Muenster 481492.四川大学化工学院,四川 成都 6100653.Politecnico di Milano, Department of Energy, Milano 201561. Helmholtz-Institute Muenster (HI MS), IEK-12,Muenster 48149, Germany2. School of Chemical Engineering Sichuan University,Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China3. Politecnico di Milano,Department of Energy, Milano 20156, Ital
Photocatalytic three-component asymmetric sulfonylation via direct C(sp3)-H functionalization
No full text烷烃、环烷烃是最基础的有机化合物，具有储量丰富、价格低廉等优点，其多样性、选择性转化一直是学术界和工业界共同关注的问题。化学化工学院龚磊教授课题组在可见光/廉价金属催化的三组分不对称砜基化反应研究中取得进展。
本工作是课题组在该领域的进一步探索，由龚磊教授指导，实验由博士生曹石（第一作者）与硕士生洪伟（第二作者）合作完成，计算由硕士生叶子奇（第三作者）完成。【Abstract】The direct and selective C(sp3)-H functionalization of cycloalkanes and alkanes is a highly useful process in organic synthesis owing to the low-cost starting materials, the high step and atom economy. Its application to asymmetric catalysis, however, has been scarcely explored. Herein, we disclose our effort toward this goal by incorporation of dual asymmetric photocatalysis by a chiral nickel catalyst and a commercially available organophotocatalyst with a radical relay strategy through sulfur dioxide insertion. Such design leads to the development of three-component asymmetric sulfonylation involving direct functionalization of cycloalkanes, alkanes, toluene derivatives or ethers. The photochemical reaction of a C(sp3)-H precursor, a SO2 surrogate and a common α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compound proceeds smoothly under mild conditions, delivering a wide range of biologically interesting α-C chiral sulfones with high regio- and enantioselectivity (>50 examples, up to >50:1 rr and 95% ee). This method is applicable to late-stage functionalization of bioactive molecules, and provides an appealing access to enantioenriched compounds starting from the abundant hydrocarbon compounds.We gratefully acknowledge funding from the National Natural Science Foundation of
China (grant no. 22071209), the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province of China
(grant no. 2017J06006), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (grant no. 20720190048).
研究工作得到国家自然科学基金（22071209、21572184）、“万人计划”青年拔尖人才、福建省杰出青年基金（2017J06006）、南强青年拔尖人才计划、厦门大学校长基金（20720190048）等项目资助
A Re-examination of Young Marx's Critical Approach to Capitalism
No full text李猛，北京师范大学哲学学院副教授,哲学博士。【中文摘要】青年马克思在批判资本主义和寻求人的解放过程中，自觉反思和构建真正的批判方法。人本主义外在批判以人的本质为尺规，深刻揭示出资本主义的异化实质，却因先验标准的抽象性和非历史性,最终沦为贫乏无力的道德指责。在政治经济学批判如对货币中介辩证分析的基础上,资本主义的历史性和内在矛盾性初步进入马克思的视野。而对作为推动原则和创造原则的黑格尔辩证法的批判和改造，则是马克思从哲学上构建内在批判方法的一次尝试，就其思想实质而言，这已经蕴含着后来对费尔巴哈的批判，是越出费尔巴哈唯物主义的一次重要尝试。由此，马克思在人本主义的规范性批判之外，初步构建内在的社会历史性批判，开始辩证地认识到私有财产的普遍本质和历史意义。检视这个隐藏于批判主题下常被忽视的方法的变化，可以管窥青年马克思的理论变革和跃迁之路。
【Abstract】In the process of criticizing capitalism and seeking human emancipation，young Marx consciously reflected on and constructed a real critical method. The external critique of humanism takes human nature as the rule and reveals the alienation of capitalism. However，due to the abstractness and non-historicity of the prior standard，it is reduced to an impoverished and helpless moral criticism. Based on the critique of political economics，such as the dialectical analysis of money as intermediation，the historical view and internal contradictions of capitalism initially found their way into Marx's vision. The critique and transformation of Hegel's dialectics，as the moving and generating principle，was Marx's attempt to construct an internal critical method from philosophy. This essentially already contained the later criticism of Feuerbach， and was an important attempt to go beyond Feuerbach's materialism. Thus，besides the normative critique of humanism，Marx initially constructed the internal critique of social history，and began to dialectically recognize the universal nature and historical significance of private property. By examining the change of this often-neglected method hidden behind the theme of criticism，we can catch a glimpse of the theoretical transformation of young Marx.国家社会科学基金一般项目“全球治理视域下国外马克思主义的当代资本主义批判研究” (20BKS162
The World Invisible to the “Beijing School”Peng Dao and Northern Revolutionary Literature
No full text张武军，西南大学文学院教授,文学博士。【中文摘要】澎岛曾是20世纪30年代北方非常有影响的左翼作家,胡风敏锐察觉到他创作的价值，撰写《“京派”看不到的世界》，向文坛推介澎岛，挖掘和阐述被遮蔽却更为普遍的北方文学图景和北方世界。然而，后来的文学史和文学研究，澎岛却完全消失了，消失的澎岛只是一个缩影，北方革命文学历史的缩影，北方左翼作家后来命运的缩影。打捞被人遗忘的澎岛，考辨其左联盟员身份，重绘从许延年到澎岛的革命文学之路，既是重新发现那个曾经活跃、颇受人瞩目的北方左 翼作家澎岛,又能够由此来探寻和重构那被遗落、被替代的北方革命文学的历史。
【Abstract】Peng Dao was a highly influential left- wing writer in northern China in the 1930s. Hu Feng noted the value of Peng Dao's works and introduced him to the literary world by writing The World Invisible to the “Beijing School”. In Hu Feng's article，the northern literature landscape and the northern world，which were obscured but more common in Peng Dao's works，were expounded. However，in the later literary history and literary research，Peng Dao completely disappeared. The disappearance of Peng Dao was just a microcosm of the history of northern revolutionary literature and the fate of northern left - wing writers. By salvaging and rediscovering the once active Peng Dao and his revolutionary literature path，this paper seeks to explore and reconstruct the history of the lost and replaced northern revolutionary literature
Electrochemical Synthesis of p-(β-Hydroxyethyl Sulfone) Aniline
No full text本文研究了以对-硝基苯基-β-羟乙基砜为原料在铅板电极上电化学还原制备对-（β-羟乙基砜）苯胺的反应,探究电流密度、通电量、温度和硫酸浓度对电流效率和产率的影响。在最优条件下（电流密度300 A·m-2,理论通电量6.0 F·mol-1,温度70℃,硫酸浓度1.5 mol·L-1）,该反应的电流效率达到92.7%,产率达到93.0%。在该最优条件的基础上向电解液中加入质量分数2.0%的硫酸钛可将产率提升至97.8%,硫酸钛的引入间接缓解了反应后期原料扩散速率慢的问题。Para-ester is the most important intermediate for the preparation of ethylene sulfone type reactive dyes, which is usually used in the dyeing of cellulose fibers and synthetic fibers. P-(β-hydroxyethyl sulfone) aniline is an important intermediate for the synthesis of para-ester. In this paper, p-(β-hydroxyethyl sulfone) aniline was prepared by electrochemical method, having the advantages of simple process, mild reaction condition, less environmental pollution, easy reaction control and so on. It has strong development potential and industrial application prospect. The electrochemical reduction of p-nitrophenyl-β-hydroxyethyl sulfone on a lead plate electrode to prepare p-(β-hydroxyethyl sulfone) aniline was investigated, and the reaction was carried out in a two-cell cationic diaphragm electrolytic cell. The electrolysis parameters, such as current density, electricity quantity, temperature and concentration of sulfuric acid, were firstly optimized to achieve a desirable current efficiency and excellent yield of p-(β-Hydroxyethyl Sulfone) Aniline. Under the optimal conditions (current density: 300 A·m-2, electricity quantity: 6.0 F·mol-1, temperature: 70℃, sulfuric acid concentration: 1.5 mol·L-1), the current efficiency and yield of the target reaction reached 92.7% and 93.0%, respectively. Moreover, the introduction of 2.0% mass fraction of titanium sulfate additive to the electrolyte could indirectly alleviate the problem of slow diffusion rate of raw material in the late stage of electrolysis, which, in turn, could further increase the yield to 97.8%. At the later stage of reaction, as the concentration of raw materials decreased, the difference between the concentration in the body solution and the electrode surface became smaller, and the diffusion rate of raw materials from the solution to the electrode surface became slower, resulting in a slow reduction reaction rate. After adding titanium sulfate, Ti4+ was mainly diffused to the electrode surface in the late reaction solution, and Ti3+ with strong reducing property was reduced on the electrode surface. The p-nitrophenyl-β-hydroxyethyl sulfone and hydroxylamine intermediate of low concentrations were reduced to p-(β-hydroxyethyl sulfone) aniline, thus, improved the yield and current efficiency. The reduction of p-nitrophenyl-β-hydroxyethyl sulfone to p-(β-hydroxyethyl sulfone) aniline was determined by cyclic voltammetry and high resolution liquid-mass spectrometry. First, p-nitrophenyl-β-hydroxyethyl sulfone was reduced to hydroxylamine intermediate by 4 electrons, and then hydroxylamine intermediate was further reduced to p-(β-hydroxyethyl sulfone) aniline by 2 electrons, and the whole reaction process was a 6-electron reaction. This method provides a new process route for the syntheses of p-(β-hydroxyethyl sulfone) aniline and para-ester, which is beneficial to solve for the problems of environmental pollution and high production cost in the current production process.国家重点研发计划项目(2017YFB0307502)通讯作者:钮东方,张新胜E-mail:[email protected];[email protected]:Dong-FangNiu,Xin-ShengZhangE-mail:[email protected];[email protected]华东理工大学化学工程联合国家重点实验室,上海 200237State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, Chin
Preparation of Modified Titanium Based PbO2 Electrode and Its Rapid Detection of COD
No full text通过制备Ti/α/β-PbO2、Ti/Ag/β-PbO2这两种含有不同中间层的钛基二氧化铅电极来探究电催化氧化技术快速测定葡萄糖模拟废水中有机物(COD)含量的可行性。为了评估两种电极的各项性能,首先采用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)对电极进行形貌表征,其次进行电化学性能测试包括线性伏安曲线(LSV)、塔菲尔曲线(Tafel)、循环伏安曲线(CV)以及交流阻抗测量分析。结果表明,Ti/α/β-PbO2电极表面晶体结构更加均匀,晶粒尺寸偏小,具有更大的电活性表面积。Ti/α/β-PbO2电极的析氧电位为1.77 V,为·OH的产生提供良好条件。在Tafel、CV测试中,Ti/α/β-PbO2电极的交换电流密度i0及比电容Cp分别为0.0995 A·cm-1、0.004098 F·cm-1均高于Ti/Ag/β-PbO2电极,说明Ti/α/β-PbO2电极的耐腐蚀性以及释放电子的能力优异。最终选用Ti/α/β-PbO2电极为工作电极。Ti/α/β-PbO2电极检测COD的最佳条件为：氧化电位1.30 V、电解时间150 s、电解液浓度0.03 mol·L-1 硝酸钠(NaNO3)。电化学法与比色消解法测定COD的相关系数可达0.9909,同时具有良好的重现性与相关性,COD的检测范围为0 mg·L-1 ~ 500 mg·L-1。在误差允许的范围内可以替代标准的重铬酸钾法,为实现COD的在线快速检测提供参考价值。In the traditional Ti/β-PbO2 electrode, the crystal lattice difference between β-PbO2 and Ti matrix is large, and the prepared electrode is easy to fall off and has a short service life. It needs to be modified in actual use. Based on the advantages of α-PbO2 material and Ag material in terms of adhesion and conductivity, respectively, the above two materials are selected as the intermediate layer of Ti/β-PbO2 electrode to improve electrode performance. In this paper, by preparing Ti/α/β-PbO2 and Ti/Ag/β-PbO2 electrodes with different intermediate layers, the superiority and feasibility of electrocatalytic oxidation technology for rapid determination of organic matter (COD) content in simulated glucose wastewater were investigated. Firstly, the properties of the two electrodes were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) to characterize the surface morphology and crystal structure of the electrodes, respectively. The electrode surfaces of Ti/α/β-PbO2 and Ti/Ag/β-PbO2 had no other granular crystal bare leakage, and their crystal arrangement was relatively compact. Compared with Ti/Ag/β-PbO2, the crystal structure of Ti/α/β-PbO2 electrode surface was more uniform and the grain size was smaller. Secondly, a series of electrochemical performance tests were carried out on the two electrodes by employing linear scanning voltammetry (LSV), Tafel curve analysis, cyclic voltammetry (CV) and AC impedance spectroscopy. The results show that the crystal structure of Ti/α/β-PbO2 electrode surface was more uniform, and the grain size was smaller, and the electroactive surface area was larger. The oxygen evolution potential of Ti/α/β-PbO2 electrode was 1.77 V, which provides a good condition for the formation of ·OH. In Tafel and CV tests, the exchange current density i0 and the specific capacitance CP of Ti/α/β-PbO2 electrode were 0.0995 A·cm-1 and 0.004098 F·cm-1, respectively, which are higher than those of Ti/Ag/β-PbO2 electrode, indicating that Ti/α/β-PbO2 electrode has excellent corrosion resistance and electron releasing ability, Finally, the Ti/α/β-PbO2 electrode was selected as a working electrode. The results show that the optimum conditions for the determination of COD by Ti/α/β-PbO2 electrode were as follows: the oxidation potential 1.30 V, electrolysis time 150 s, electrolyte concentration 0.03 mol·L-1 sodium nitrate (NaNO3). The correlation coefficient of COD measured by electrochemical method and colorimetric digestion method reached 0.9909, and it had good reproductivity and correlation. The detection range of COD was 0 mg·L-1 ~ 500 mg·L-1, which can replace the standard potassium dichromate method within the error allowable range, and provide reference value for the realization of rapid online COD detection. In follow-up studies, actual water samples such as surface water or sewage plant effluent will be compared with the colorimetric digestion method, and attention will be paid to the sensitivity of the electrode after multiple cycles of use.北京市自然科学基金-市教委联合资助项目(KZ201810017024);国家自然科学基金(21677018)通讯作者:韩严和E-mail:[email protected]:Yan-HeHanE-mail:[email protected].北京石油化工学院环境工程系,北京 1026172.北京工业大学环境与能源工程学院,北京 1001241. Department of Environmental Engineering, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing 102617, China2. School of Environmental and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, Chin
New Explanation of “No Waiting”
No full text张和平，厦门大学历史系副教授,历史学博士。【中文摘要】庄子首推“逍遥游”一说，而“逍遥游”又是以“无待”为前提的，故而准确理解“无待”之义自然就成了理解“逍遥游”的关键。然而“无待”究属何义，历来言人人殊。事实上，无待”并非“一无所待”，应为“无一定之待”，包括内而“无一定之‘我’，外而“无一定之‘境’”。“无一定之‘我’当即“无我”，无一定之‘境’”当即“无境”，“无我”“无境”,进而达到“境我一如”之境。 正是在“境我一如”境界中，才能做到“以游无穷”的“逍遥游”。
【Abstract】Zhuangzi first introduced the concept of “carefree travel”，and “carefree travel” is based on the premise of “no waiting”. Therefore，an accurate understanding of the meaning of “no waiting”naturally becomes the key to understanding “carefree travel”.However，the meaning of “no waiting”has always been different. In fact，“no waiting” is not “without any waiting”. It should be “no certain waiting”，including “no certain‘I’” inside and “no certain‘environment’ ”outside.“No certain ‘I' just “no‘I’”，“no certain ‘environment’” just “no ‘environment’”， “no ‘environment’”“ no ‘I’” can reach realm of the “environment I am like ”. It is in the “environment I am like ” realm that the “carefree travel’，of “endless travel”can be achieved
Combined Applications of Photocurrent Spectroscopy, Photoluminescence Spectroscopy and UV-Vis Spectroscopy for Nano-Semiconductor Based Photoelectric Devices
Full text link在纳米半导体中由于纳米效应(如量子尺寸效应),其电子结构与块体半导体有所不同。进一步地,当纳米半导体与基底和其他组分结合制成器件后,其性质又受到基底或其他组分的影响,这两点导致了基于纳米半导体的光电器件的性能以及相应表征方法也大不相同。将光电流谱、光致发光光谱和紫外可见吸收光谱三种技术有机地结合起来,可以更好地表征纳米半导体的电子性质和光电性能。本文根据纳米半导体材料与电极的电子性质特点及其测量,结合本课题组前期工作,举例介绍三种谱学方法相结合应用于探究光伏电池和电致发光器件的纳米半导体材料的性能,以及纳米半导体材料表面态的表征。The electronic structures and properties of nano-semiconductors are quite different from those of bulk semiconductors due to the nano-size effect (such as quantum size effect). Moreover, when the nano-semiconductor materials are deposited onto the substrate to construct a device, their electronic properties are also affected by the substrate or other components, which may lead to different performances of nano-semiconductors based photoelectric devices, and consequently, different corresponding characterization methods are needed. The combination of photocurrent spectroscopy, photoluminescence spectroscopy with UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy can provide a more comprehensive characterization for the electronic properties and photoelectrochemical performances of nano-semiconductors in photoelectric devices. Our research group has long devoted to the studies in the preparations and characterizations of different nano-semiconductors for photoelectric devices. In this review, we firstly introduce the main different features in electronic properties of nano-semiconductors and the corresponding characterization methods, and then describe how to combine the abovementioned three spectroscopic methods to investigate the electronic properties and photoelectrochemical performances of the nano-semiconductors for photovoltaic cells, electroluminescent diodes, and other photocatalytic systems by detailed examples. Photoluminescence spectroscopy is a common method to characterize the surface states of the semiconductors, while photocurrent spectroscopy can provide the supplementary information of surface states. Especially, the photoluminescence efficiency is low for the nonradiactive recombination dominated materials such as indirect-bandgap semiconductors. The results of photocurrent spectroscopy are more useful under these circumstances. Furthermore, the combined characterization in surface states of the nano-semiconductors by photocurrent spectroscopy with photoluminescence spectroscopy is specially discussed. The combined applications of these three spectroscopic methods for the nano-semiconductors in photoeltric devices are not only beneficial to obtain intensive understanding the electric properties and the photo-induced charge transfer mechanism at the interface of the nano-semiconductors, but also useful to guide the preparation of nano-semiconductor materials for photoelectric devices and optimal to the photoelectrochemical performances.国家自然科学基金项目(21533006);国家自然科学基金项目(21273182);国家重点研发计划(2018YFC1602805)通讯作者:周剑章E-mail:[email protected]:Jian-ZhangZhouE-mail:[email protected]厦门大学化学化工学院化学系,固体表面物理化学国家重点实验室,福建 厦门 361005Department of Chemistry, College of Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of the Solid Surface, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, Chin