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On the Influence of Buddhism on Traditional Chinese Law
No full text周东平，厦门大学法学院教授、博士生导师，历史学博士。【中文摘要】随着佛教的本土化，中国古代社会的政治体制、经济方式、文化生活乃至法律意识均深受佛教的广泛影响。中国传统法律中的佛教影响及其特征主要体现在佛教对传统法律渗透的多元性、佛教影响传统法律内容的复杂性以及佛教影响传统法律进程的曲折性等方面。中国传统法律对佛教亦存在一定的制约。由于统治者控制佛教的企图与努力不断增强，佛教对中国传统法 律的影响及其特征只能被限定在一定的框架之内。
【Abstract】With the localization of Buddhism，it exerted an influence on various aspects of antient Chinese society，including political regimes，economic patterns，cultural life，and even people's legal consciousness. The influence and features of Buddhism in traditional Chinese law are demonstrated by the diversity of Buddhism's infiltrations into traditional law，the complexity of Buddhism's influence on the contents of traditional law，and the tortuousness of Buddhism’ s influence on the evolution of traditional law. Meanwhile，traditional Chinese law also counteracted Buddhism. The attempts and efforts of the rulers to control Buddhism had increased ；consequently，the influence and features of Buddhism were confined within a certain framework.国家社会科学基金后期资助项目“《魏书•刑罚志》译注”（20FFXB034
Preparation and Process Optimization of Cathode Materials for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries
No full text锂硫电池具有能量密度高、价格低等优势,有希望应用于下一代储能领域. 但锂硫电池仍然存在一些问题,如多硫化物穿梭效应、缺乏有效的锂硫电池规模制备工艺等. 为了解决这些问题,作者以不同商用碳材料（乙炔黑、科琴黑与碳纳米管）和单质硫复合作为正极材料,探究正极制备工艺对多硫化物穿梭效应抑制效果及锂硫电池性能的影响. 通过研究,作者得出以下结论：科琴黑作为单质硫的载体,与单质硫球磨8 h后,匹配粘结剂聚乙烯吡咯烷酮（PVP）制备的正极浆料可实现在涂布和辊压后极片的厚度达到500 μm、压实密度达到991.65 mg·cm -3. 作者将最终得到的正极极片应用于高硫载量锂硫软包电池,电池首圈放电容量为137.4 mA·h,经过10圈循环后,放电容量为115.5 mA·h,表现出优异的电化学性能. 该碳硫复合正极材料制备工艺有望在锂硫电池的宏量制备中获得应用.Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries represent promising candidates for next-generation energy storage system due to their high energy density and low material cost. However, the industrial application of Li-S batteries remains challenges because of the shuttle effect from lithium polysulfides and the lack of facial routes for Li-S battery preparation. To solve these problems, a cathode consisting of different commercial carbon materials, namely, acetylene black (SP), Ketjen Black (KB) and carbon nanotube (CNT), with sulfur (S) is prepared separately for Li-S battery. After the process of 8-h ball milling for KB/S composite, together with the polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) binder, the cathode could be controlled to yield large thickness (500 μm) and high tap density (991.65 mg·cm -3). Accordingly, the as-prepared Li-S pouch cell showed a high electrochemical performance with the discharge capacity up to 137.4 mA·h at the first cycle and the capacity retention up to 84% at the 10th cycle. Over all, we adopt a simple method to solve the serious and challenging problems from the perspective of industrialization in Li-S batteries. The advantages of this simple preparation technology include the optimized formula and process of positive electrode, the easily available component in industry, and the potential mass production. Furthermore, the most suitable electrode could be used to assemble Li-S pouch cell with high surface loading and high capacity. It would shed light on future development of high performance cathode in Li-S batteries, as well as other energy storage systems.通讯作者:吴凯E-mail:[email protected]:WUKaiE-mail:[email protected]宁德时代新能源科技股份有限公司,福建 宁德 352106Ningde Contemporary Amperex Technology Co., Ltd, Ningde Fujian 352106, Chin
Numerical Simulations of Current and Temperature Distribution of Symmetrical Double-Cathode Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Stacks Based on the Theory of Electric-Chemical-Thermal Coupling
No full text国家重点研究开发项目No(2018YFB1502600);国家自然科学基金重点项目No(11932005);宁波市重大攻关项目No(2018B10048);浙江省能源集团有限公司科技项目资助No(ZNKJ-2018-008)通讯作者:朱建国,官万兵E-mail:[email protected];[email protected]:ZHUJian-guo,GUANWan-bingE-mail:[email protected];[email protected]. 江苏大学土木工程与力学学院,江苏 镇江2120132. 中国科学院宁波材料技术与工程研究所,浙江 宁波 3152013. 同济大学航空航天工程与力学学院,上海 2000924. 哈尔滨工业大学（深圳）理学院,广东 深圳5180555. 浙江浙能技术研究院有限公司,浙江 杭州 3111211. Faculty of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China2. Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China3. School of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China4. School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China5. Zhejiang Energy Technology Research Institute Company Co. Ltd, Hangzhou 311121, Chin
Core-Shell Structured Ru@PtRu Nanoflower Electrocatalysts toward Alkaline Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
No full text本文通过分步还原Ru、Pt前驱体,制备了以Ru为核、PtRu合金为壳的[email protected]纳米花电催化剂,其平均直径为16.5±4.0 nm. 利用高分辨电子显微镜、电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱和X射线光电子能谱等表征了这种电催化剂的结构和组成. 在1 mol·L -1 KOH水溶液中,核壳结构[email protected]/C纳米花氢析出反应的过电位为22 mV（@10 mA·cm -2）,耐久性测试后过电位增加至30 mV（@10 mA·cm -2）,明显优于商业Pt/C电催化剂（初始值：60 mV@10 mA·cm -2,耐久性测试后：85 mV@10mA·cm -2）. 显著提高的电化学活性可能源于核壳结构[email protected]纳米花的电子效应和几何效应,耐久性的改善可能源于核壳结构[email protected]纳米花结构的稳定性.Water electrolysis for hydrogen production is beneficial for solving the problem of energy crisis and environmental issues. It is necessary to study highly active and cost-effective catalysts toward hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) to reduce the consumption of noble metals. Herein, we report the synthesis of core-shell structured [email protected] nanoflowers electrocatalyst by stepwise reduction of Ru and Pt precursors in the mixture of oleylamine and benzyl alcohol at 160 oC. The average diameter of the resultant [email protected] was 16.5±4.0 nm with a bulk atomic ratio between Pt and Ru of 0.24:1 and a surface ratio of 3.3:1 between Pt and Ru. Therefore, we speculate the formation of core-shell structure with Ru as the core and PtRu alloy as the shell. The performance of the electrocatalyst toward alkaline HER was tested in 1.0 mol·L -1 KOH aqueous solution. The [email protected] exhibited pronounced alkaline HER activity with a small overpotential of 22 mV at 10 mA·cm -2, a low Tafel slope of 43 mV·dec -1, and a high mass activity of 5.68 A·mg -1Pt+Ru at an overpotential of 100 mV, all largely surpassing commercial Pt/C (60 mV, 101 mV·dec -1, 1.53 A·mg -1Pt). The attained [email protected] also held outstanding long-term cycling stability. After 10,000 potential cycles from 0.1 to -0.1 V (vs. RHE), the overpotential increased to 30 mV at 10 mA·cm -2, while increased to 85 mV for Pt/C. The significantly improved electrochemical activity may be derived from the electronic and geometric effects of the electrocatalyst. The improvement of durability may be due to the stability of the flower-like dendritic morphology.国家重点研发计划课题No(2019YFB1504501);大连理工大学重点专项No(DUT19ZD208);大连理工大学重点专项No(DUT20ZD208);中央引导地方专项No(2020JH6/10500021);辽宁省重点研发计划项目No(2020JH2/10100025);大连市重点学科重大项目资助No(2020JJ25CY003)通讯作者:宋玉江E-mail:[email protected]:SONGYu-jiangE-mail:[email protected]大连理工大学化工学院精细化工国家重点实验室,辽宁 大连 116024State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering,Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning, Chin
Effect of Stereotaxically-Constructed Graphene on the Negative Electrode Performance of Lead-Acid Batteries
No full text以具有高比表面积、优良的导电性和高稳定性的立体构造石墨烯材料（stereotaxically-constructed graphene, SCG）作为添加剂,加入到铅酸蓄电池负极活性材料中,通过XRD、SEM和电化学测试手段系统地分析其对电池性能的影响. 结果表明,SCG材料可以抑制硫酸铅晶体的生长,促进硫酸铅向海绵状铅的转变,延缓不可逆硫酸铅在负极的积累,在0.1 C放电速率下,添加有SCG材料的铅酸蓄电池的负极活性材料的初始放电容量为173.8 mAh·g -1,比未添加碳材料的(151.6 mAh·g -1)高14%. 在高速率部分荷电状态(HRPSoC)条件下, 添加SCG材料的电池循环寿命达到10,889圈,是未在负极活性材料中添加碳材料的电池的循环寿命的303%. 这些结果验证了立体构造石墨烯材料对铅酸蓄电池的积极影响,展现了其在铅酸蓄电池中的良好的应用前景.With the advantages of high ratio surface area, excellent conductivity and high stability, the stereotaxically-constructed graphene (SCG) material was added to the negative active material (NAM) of lead-acid battery for improving battery performance. XRD, SEM and cyclic voltammetry tests were carried out to analyze the influence of SCG on negative active material. It is found that the conversion efficiency of lead sulfate to lead in the negative active material added with SCG material was higher than that of control group, and the particle size of the lead sulfate obtained after the discharge reaction was smaller, which are favorable factors for inhibiting the irreversible sulfation of the negative active material. At the discharge rate of 0.1 C, the initial discharge capacity of the NAM with SCG added was 173.8 mAh·g -1, being 14% higher than that of the NAM without carbon adding (151.6 mAh·g -1). The cycle life under the high-rate partial-state-of charge (HRPSoC) state reached 10,889 cycles, which was 303% longer than the control one. Finally, for explaining the benefits of SCG materials in lead-acid batteries, possible mechanism is proposed as below: SCG material has a porous structure and excellent conductivity, which allows it to build a conductive network in the NAM and provides an ion channel for the electrolyte, thereby, reducing the ohmic resistance of the negative plate, improving the efficiency of material exchange in chemical reaction as well as the charge acceptance ability of the battery. Furthermore, LSV and EIS tests confirmed that the addition of SCG material would not cause serious hydrogen evolution reaction to the NAM, which can reduce the loss of electrolyte and maintain the stability of the battery. These results verify the positive effect of SCG on lead-acid battery, and show potential application prospect in lead-acid battery.广西自治区科技重大专项No(AA17204083);广西自治区科技重大专项No(AB16380030);国家自然科学基金资助No(21972027)通讯作者:张信义,沈培康E-mail:[email protected];[email protected]:ZhangXin-yi,ShenPei-kangE-mail:[email protected];[email protected]广西大学可再生能源材料协同创新中心,广西 南宁 530004Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Energy Materials, Guangxi University,Nanning 530004, Guangxi, Chin
Preparations and Sodium Storage Properties of Ni3S2@CNT Composite
No full text采用一步固相煅烧工艺制备了碳纳米管原位封装Ni3S2纳米颗粒（Ni3S2@CNT）,并研究了其作为钠离子电池（SIBs）负极材料的电化学性能. 通过X射线衍射（XRD）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、透射电子显微镜（TEM）、循环伏安测试、恒流充放电以及交流阻抗等研究了Ni3S2@CNT的物相结构、形貌特征以及电化学性能. 电化学测试表明,材料在100 mA·g -1电流密度下,放电容量可以达到541.6 mAh·g -1,甚至在2000 mA·g -1的大电流密度下其放电比容量也可以维持在274.5 mAh·g -1. 另外,材料在100 mA·g -1电流密度下,经过120周充放电循环后其放电和充电比容量仍然可以保持在374.5 mAh·g -1和359.3 mAh·g -1,说明其具有良好倍率性能和循环稳定性能. 良好的电化学性能归因于这种独特的碳纳米管原位封装Ni3S2纳米颗粒结构. 碳纳米管不但可以提高复合材料的导电性,也可以缓冲Ni3S2纳米颗粒在反复充放电过程中产生的体积膨胀效应,明显改善了Ni3S2@CNT负极复合材料的电化学性能.Transition metal sulfides (TMSs)-based electrode materials with highly reversible sodium storage have attracted extensive attentions as one of the most prospective electrode materials for sodium ion batteries (SIBs). However, low cycling stability and rate property caused by large volume expansion and poor electronic conductivity during the electrochemical reaction still hamper their further practical application. In this work, in-situ encapsulated Ni3S2 nanoparticles in carbon nanotubes (Ni3S2@CNT) have been successfully fabricated as an anode material for high-performance SIBs by a one-step solid-phase calcination process. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), cyclic voltammetry, and galvanostatic discharge/charge experiments and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were used to characterize the morphology, phase structure and electrochemical performance of the Ni3S2@CNT material. When evaluated as an anode material for sodium ion batteries, the Ni3S2@CNT composite exhibited excellent rate performance (the discharge specific capacity reached 541.6 mAh·g -1 at a current density of 100 mA·g -1, the discharge specific capacity could maintain at 274.5 mAh·g -1, even at a large current density of 2000 mA·g -1) and good cycle stability (the discharge and charge specific capacities still maintained at 374.5 mAh·g -1 and 359.3 mAh·g -1, respectively, at a current density of 100 mA·g -1 after 120 cycles). Remarkable cycling performance and rate capability could attribute to the synergistic effect between Ni3S2 nanoparticles and this unique carbon nanotube structure. The nanoscale size of the Ni3S2 particles could reduce the Na-ions diffusion path as well as increase the contact area between the electrode and the electrolyte. More importantly, in-situ generated carbon nanotube structure not only helped to improve the electronic conductivity of materials, but also buffered the volume effect of Ni3S2 nanoparticles during discharge and charge cycling. At the same time, the smart structure designed and fabrication method reported here provide a new way for in-situ preparation of high-performacne host materials for SIBs, and other high-end energy storage and conversion applications in the future.国家自然科学基金项目No(51404124);省部共建有色金属先进加工与再利用国家重点实验室开放基金资助No(SKLAB02019015)通讯作者:蒙延双E-mail:[email protected]:MENGYan-shuangE-mail:[email protected]兰州理工大学材料科学与工程学院,甘肃 兰州 730050School of Materials Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 73005
Foreign Investment Law:Background,Innovation and Outlook
No full text廖凡，中国社会科学院国际法研究所研究员，法学博士。【中文摘要】《外商投资法》是因应国际国内形势变化和现实需求，对既有外商投资法律制度的整体性、根本性变革。相较于“外资三法”《外商投资法》创新性地构建了统一的外商投资行为法，确立了准入前国民待遇加负面清单管理制度，突显了外商投资促进和保护，丰富和拓展了外商投资的内涵和外延。在此基础上,《外商投资法实施条例》等配套规则对若干关键概念、关键规则和关 键制度作出了澄清、细化和衔接，强化了内外资一致、投资促进和保护以及相关法律责任。在后续立法、执法和司法实践中，我国有必要进一步澄清“间接投资”等关键概念，细化政策承诺的法律后果和责任等关键规则，明确和强化与现有外资安全审査和反垄断审査等关键制度的衔接。
【Abstract】 The Foreign Investment Law of 2019 signifies an overall and fundamental reform of the existing foreign in¬vestment legal system as a response to the evolving international and domestic circumstances. Compared to the former “Three Laws on Foreign Invested Enterprises”，the Foreign Investment Law has four defining features and innovations，i. e.， being transformed from enterprise organization - oriented laws into an investment activities - oriented law，placing stronger emphasis on the promotion and protection of foreign investment，applying the national treatment principle more thoroughly， and covering the foreign investment practice more comprehensively. The Implementing Regulations of 2211 and other implementing rules have made necessary clarifications，elaborations and connections with respect to the key concepts，rules and system in the Foreign Investment Law，leading to more consistent investment treatment，enhanced investment promotion and protection，and strengthened legal liabilities. As the next step in the implementation of the Foreign Investment Law，it is advisable to further clarify such key concepts as “indirect investment”，further elaborate on key rules，such as those on the legal consequences and liabilities related to policy commitments，and further clarify and strengthen the connection to the existing national security review and antitrust review systems.中国社会科学院哲学社会科学创新工程项目“一带一路’建设中的国际经济法律问题研究” (2017GJFSB01
Reform of Foreign Investment Legislation in the New Round of Opening-up
No full text刘志云，厦门大学法学院/两岸关系和平发展协同创新中心教授、博士生导师，法学博士；温长庆，厦门大学法学院/两岸关系和平发展协同创新中心博士研究生。【中文摘要】以《外商投资法》为基础架构的新一轮外商投资立法，推动了我国已实行40年的外商投资法律制度的根本性变革。本轮立法的特点表现为：以开放促改革，逐步把成熟的政策上升为法律;实现从“单独立法,双轨管理”向“内外资一致,并轨管理”转变;利用自贸区先行先试,从局部经验到全国推广;跟进国际投资规则的发展，吸收先进立法经验。新一轮外商投资立法改革的动因既有国内全面深化改革的需求，也有外部国际环境的催促。沿着《外商投资法》确立的基本框架和立法主基调，中国新一轮外商投资立法改革的下一个阶段，应当从各分支制度的配套立法、外商投资立法权的配置与政府外资管理的“放管服”改革、公司企业法与外商投资立法的衔接与协调、国内立法跟进国际投资规则发展四方面展开，以此完善我国外商投资法律体系，建设世界一流的外商投资营商法环境。
【Abstract】A new round of foreign investment legislation with the framework of the Foreign Investment Law has driven the fundamental reform of the foreign investment legal system in China for four decades. The features of this round of legislation include：promoting the reform with opening-up while gradually turning mature policies into law；achieving the transition from “separate legislation and dual-track management”to“consistent domestic and foreign investment and combined management”；using the free trade zone as a pilot program for nationwide implementation；and following up on the development of international investment rules and absorbing advanced legislative experience. The new round of foreign investment legislative reforms is motivated by the need to comprehensively deepen reforms in the country，as well as by the stimulatory effect of the external international environment. Within the basic framework and based on the main theme of legislation established by the Foreign Investment Law，the next stage of China's new round of foreign investment legislative reform should start in four aspects，including supporting legislation of each branch system，allocating legislative power for foreign investment and the “delegate power and optimize service” reform of government foreign investment management，linking up and coordinating the Corporate Law and the Foreign Investment Law，and exploring paths to align domestic legislation with the development of international investment rules. In this way，we will improve the legal system of China's Foreign Investment Law and build a world-class environment for the rule of law on foreign investment and business.中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助项目“防范系统性金融风险背景下中国金融市场法律治理创新的重大问题研究”（20720191064
Climatology of nutrient distributions in the South China Sea based on a large data set derived from a new algorithm
No full textThe validated temperature and salinity data are collected from World Ocean Database (WOD, version 2013, 1940–2018; http://www.nodc.noaa.gov), Argo database (http://www.argo.org.cn/, 2002–2018) and Ocean Carbon Group (OCG) data collected during 2004–2018 at Xiamen University in the South China Sea (SCS) and adjacent West Philippine Sea (WPS) (100 ‒ 125 oE ; 0 ‒ 25 oN). The bad data is removed according to the quality control. Seasonal composited temperature, salinity, and nutrient relationships, i.e., Temperature-Salinity- NO3- + NO2- relationships (TSN), Temperature-Salinity-dissolved inorganic Phosphate (TSP), and Temperature-Salinity-Si(OH)4 (TSSi) in the SCS and adjacent WPS (100 ‒ 125 oE ; 0 ‒ 25 oN). The predicted nutrient concentrations are generated using the seasonal composited temperature and salinity relationships and the validated temperature and salinity data