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Identification of antibodies with non-overlapping neutralization sites that target coxsackievirus A16
Get PDF手足口病（Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease，HFMD）是一种由人肠道病毒引起的全球性传染病，主要发生于5岁以下的婴幼儿。2月5日，我校夏宁邵教授团队在《细胞》子刊《细胞•宿主与微生物》（Cell Host & Microbe）上在线发表题为“Identification of antibodies with non-overlapping neutralization sites that target coxsackievirus A16”的研究论文。该研究首次揭示了手足口病主要病原体柯萨奇病毒A组16型（CVA16）三种衣壳颗粒形式与三种不同类型的治疗性中和抗体的全面相互作用细节和非重叠的中和表位结构信息，阐明了CVA16成熟颗粒是疫苗候选主要保护性免疫原的理论基础，建立了可指导疫苗研制的免疫原特异检测方法，为CVA16疫苗及抗病毒药物研究提供关键基础。我校夏宁邵教授、李少伟教授、程通副教授和美国加州大学洛杉矶分校纳米系统研究所Z. Hong Zhou（周正洪）教授为该论文的共同通讯作者。我校博士生何茂洲、徐龙发博士后、郑清炳高级工程师、博士生朱瑞和尹志超为该论文共同第一作者。【Abstract】Hand, foot, and mouth disease is a common childhood illness primarily caused by coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16), for which there are no current vaccines or treatments. We identify three CVA16-specific neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (nAbs) with therapeutic potential: 18A7, 14B10, and NA9D7. We present atomic structures of these nAbs bound to all three viral particle forms—the mature virion, A-particle, and empty particle—and show that each Fab can simultaneously occupy the mature virion. Additionally, 14B10 or NA9D7 provide 100% protection against lethal CVA16 infection in a neonatal mouse model. 18A7 binds to a non-conserved epitope present in all three particles, whereas 14B10 and NA9D7 recognize broad protective epitopes but only bind the mature virion. NA9D7 targets an immunodominant site, which may overlap the receptor-binding site. These findings indicate that CVA16 vaccines should be based on mature virions and that these antibodies could be used to discriminate optimal virion-based immunogens.This work was supported by grants from the Major Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China ( 81991490 ), the National Science and Technology Major Projects for Major New Drugs Innovation and Development ( 2018ZX09711003-005-003 ), the National Science and Technology Major Project of Infectious Diseases ( 2017ZX10304402-002-003 ), the National Natural Science Foundation of China ( 31670933 and 81801646 ), the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation ( 2018M640599 and 2019T120557 ), the Principal Foundation of Xiamen University ( 20720190117 ), and the National Institutes of Health ( R37-GM33050 , GM071940 , DE025567 , and AI094386 ). 该研究获得了国家自然科学基金、新药创制国家科技重大专项、传染病防治国家科技重大专项和美国国立卫生研究院基金的资助
Directed Species Loss Reduces Community Productivity in a Subtropical Forest Biodiversity Experiment
Get PDF长期以来，“生物多样性对生态系统功能的影响机制”一直是生物多样性和生态学研究领域的热点，科学家们就此展开了长达近三十年的研究。其中，有一个普遍的观点认为，对于多样性高、物种丰富的森林来说，由于其内往往有很多功能相似的物种，丢失（灭绝）一些物种对其生态系统功能的影响很小，科学家甚至由此还提出了“物种冗余假说”（即某些物种在生态功能上有相当程度的重叠，因此其中某一个物种的丢失不会给生态系统带来太大影响的一种假说）。但一个中瑞德三国专家组成的跨国科研团队经过八年的研究发现：在多样性高的森林中，当物种“随机”灭绝时，其对森林产材量的影响接近于零；但是当物种是“非随机”灭绝时，其对森林产材量的影响则会很大。研究数据表明，后者情境下的森林减产量为前者的20倍。实验结果再次强调了生物多样性保护的重要性，也从科学的角度印证了当前中国加快生物安全立法的必要性和紧迫性。Unprecedented species loss in diverse forests indicates the urgent need to test its
consequences for ecosystem functioning. However, experimental evaluation based on
realistic extinction scenarios is lacking. Using species interaction networks, we introduce
an approach to separate effects of node loss (reduced species number) from effects of link
loss or compensation (reduced or increased interspecific interactions) on ecosystem
functioning along directed extinction scenarios. By simulating random and non-random
extinction scenarios in an experimental subtropical Chinese forest, we find that species
loss is detrimental for stand volume in all scenarios, and that these effects strengthen with
age. However, the magnitude of these effects depends on the type of attribute on which
the directed species loss is based, with preferential loss of evolutionarily distinct species
and those from small families having stronger effects than those that are regionally rare
or have high specific leaf area. These impacts were due to both node loss and link loss or
compensation. At high species richness (reductions from 16 to 8 species), strong stand
volume reduction only occurred in directed but not random extinction. Our results imply
that directed species loss can severely hamper productivity already in diverse young
forests.This study was funded by the EU 7th FP Project IDP-BRIDGES
(grant number 608422 to B.S., K.M. and P.A.N.), by the Swiss National Science
Foundation (grant number 31003A_166457 to B.S.) and by the BEF-China project, which
is supported by the German Science Foundation (grant DFG FOR-891/1-3) and the
Institute of Botany of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. B.S. and P.A.N. were
additionally funded by the University of Zurich Research Priority Program on Global
Change and Biodiversity (URPP GCB). We thank Chen Lin, Yang Bo and a large
number of farmers for help with maintenance of the field experiment. We thank Dr.
Xinghua Sui for providing the data of species regional rarity. Very helpful comments
from Michel Loreau and anonymous reviewers are greatly appreciated
Challenges in the Activity and Stability of Pt-Based Catalysts toward ORR
No full text在质子交换膜燃料电池（PEMFC）中，由于阴极氧还原反应（ORR）速率缓慢，因此开发高效的ORR催化剂是实现燃料电池商业化的关键. 世界各地的研究人员在提高催化剂活性和耐久性方面做出了不懈的努力. 目前，铂基催化剂仍然是商业应用上的首选，为开发实用的低铂氧还原催化剂，研究人员开展了大量的研究. 本文说明了ORR反应遇到的挑战，并介绍了近年来铂基氧还原催化剂的研究进展，具体包括ORR机理、铂核壳结构、一维纳米Pt催化剂和其他的代表性工作.The development of highly efficient oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalysts is the key to the commercialization of fuel cells, where the sluggish ORR reaction rate needs to be overcome by adjusting the intermediates adsorption energies on the catalytic surfaces. To-date, platinum (Pt)-based materials are the-state-of-the-art catalysts in terms of both activity and stability in ORR, making them the preferred choice for commercial applications. However, the high cost of Pt-based catalysts limits their widespread use, leading to massive effects paid in reducing Pt loading, improving catalyst activity and stability. This article illustrates the challenges in the ORR reaction and introduces the recent research progresses in Pt-based oxygen reduction catalysts including the ORR mechanism, core-shell structures, one-dimensional nanostructure, and other representative works of Pt-based catalysts. Some perspectives in the future development trend of Pt-based catalysts are given at the end of the paper, hoping to provide readers with some ideological inspiration.国家重点研发计划项目（No. 2017YFB0102900）、国家自然科学基金（No. 21633008，No. 21875243，No. 21433003）、中国科学院战略重点研究先导项目（No. XDA09030104） 、俄罗斯基础研究基金会（18-53-53025，Fateev Vladimir）、吉林省科技发展项目（No. 20170520150JH，No. 20170203003SF，No. 20180101030JC）、中国科学院百人计划项目资助作者联系地址：1. 中国科学技术大学应用化学与工程学院，安徽 合肥 230026； 2. 中国科学院长春应用化学研究所，先进化学电源实验室，电分析化学国家重点实验室，吉林 长春 130022Author's Address: 1. School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui ,China; 2. State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytica Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Changchun 130022, Jilin, China通讯作者E-mail：[email protected]; [email protected] ;[email protected]
Change of Visibility of Environmental Issues and Construction of TV Discourse:A Case Study of CCTTV's News Probe (2000-2019)
No full text郭小平，华中科技大学新闻与信息传播学院教授、博士生导师，文学博士；李晓，华中科技大学新闻与信息传播学院博士研究生。【中文摘要】环境传播深度嵌入国家、社会、媒体与公众的复杂互动中。针对央视《新闻调査》 (2000—2019)环境报道的研究表明，环境事件、大众媒介、公众参与、国家政策驱动着电视环境报道的议题变迁。基于环境议题的国家、社会与媒体互构，体现了环境传播、环境治理的观念变革，即从“控制”转向“激励”从“被动维稳”转向“主动治理”国家主导的环境话语、基层政府的绩效观、媒介生态变化以及调査性报道的式微等，深刻影响了我国环境议题的媒介话语建构。
【Abstract】Environmental communication is deeply embedded in the complex interaction of the state，society，media and the public. Based on the environmental reports of CCTV's News Probe (2000-2019)，this article concludes that environmental events，mass media，public participation and national policies have driven the change of the issues of TV environmental reports. The interaction of the state，society and media based on environmental issues reveals the conceptual shift of environmental communication and environmental governance from “govern” to “encourage” and from “passive maintenance of stability” to “active governance”. The state-led environmental discourse，the performance view of the local government ，the changes of media ecology and the decline of investigative journalism have profoundly affected the media dis¬course construction of environmental issues in China
The Research on the WTO Practice of Regulating Expansion Application of WTO Security Exception
No full text丁丽柏，西南政法大学国际法学院教授、博士生导师，法学博士；陈喆，西南政法大学国际法学院讲师，法学博士。【中文摘要】在单边主义、保护主义兴起背景下，部分WTO成员扩大安全例外条款适用范围的问题日益凸显。WTO争端解决实践确立了争端解决机构对成员援引该条款行为的管辖权，并就“基本安全利益”及“国际关系紧急情况”的适用作出阐述,对规制该条款的扩张适用具有积极作用。但WTO争端解决实践仍未形成对成员自裁决权的有效约束，非传统安全的适用问题尚待厘清，同时缺乏对成员措施实施的“必要性”审査,使安全例外条款仍存在被滥用的风险。为更好地解决部分成员任意扩张适用安全例外条款的问题,中国应积极向WTO争端解决机构提交第三方意见，建议其在与该条款有关的案件中采用严格的解释方法，并推动成员在WTO改革中对条款文本进行修改。
【Abstract】Under the background of unilateralism and protectionism，the problem of widening the application scope of WTO security exception by some WTO members is increasingly prominent. Through the practice of dispute settlement， WTO has established the jurisdiction of the dispute settlement body over the member's invoking the security exception clause，and elaborated the meaning of “essential security interests” and “other emergency in international relations”， which has a positive role in regulating the expansion application of the clause. However，there exists some shortcomings ：the WTO dispute settlement practice has not yet formed an effective constraint on the members^ discretion，not clarified the application problem of non-traditional security，as well as the lack of the requirement of “necessity test” in implementing measures，so that the clause still exist the risk of abuse. To solve the problem of expanding application of security exceptions by some WTO members，China shall actively submit the third party's opinions to the WTO dispute settlement body， suggest that it should adopt a strict interpretation method for the clause，and promote WTO members to modify the text of the clause in the reform of the WTO.2018年度司法部国家法治与法学理论研究项目中青年课题“总体国家安全观视角下贸易限制措施实施的法律问题研究”（18SFB3050) ；2019年度教育部重大课题攻关项目“对‘ 一带一路’沿线国家投资风险检测预警体系研究”（19JZD053) ；2018年度西南政法大学科研项目“我国贸易限制措施实施的法律问题研究”（2018XZQN-21
Building the “Belt and Road”Ecological Community:Theory and Parctice
No full text李丹,厦门大学公共事务学院教授、博士生导师，法学博士；李凌羽，厦门大学公共事务学院博士研究生。【中文摘要】建设“一带一路”生态共同体是推进“一带一路”合作和人类命运共同体共建过程中不可缺少的重要内容。“一带一路”生态共同体建设有着深厚的时代背景与现实基础，蕴含深刻的理论内涵与实践价值:理论上它以生态文明和绿色发展为目标导向，以平等互利为基本前提，以共商共建为建设路径，以马克思主义生态观为思想基础；实践上“一带一路”生态共同体已初步完成顶层政策设计、平台机制建设、绿色金融支持、项目交流合作。推进“一带一路”生态共同体建设，体现了全球生态治理的中国方案，由此展现出的治理新理念、新经验、新面貌，将助推其成长为全球生态治理的中流砥注和未来全球治理的中坚力量。
【Abstract】Building the “Belt and Road”ecological community is essential to cooperation under the “Belt and Road”Initiative and to the development of a Community with Shared Future for Mankind. The “Belt and Road” ecological community has a deep context and realistic foundation，as well as profound theoretical connotations and practical value. In theory，it should be oriented toward ecological civilization and green development，take equality and mutual benefit as the principle ，carry out consultation and joint construction as the path，and embrace Marx's ecological view as the ideological foundation. In practice，for the “Belt and Road” ecological community，the top-level policy design has largely been completed ，along with mechanism construction，green financial support and project training cooperation. The construction of the “Belt and Road” ecological community embodies China's solution to global ecological governance，through which the new ideas，experiences and features will transform China into the main force of global ecological governance and the backbone of
global governance in the future.教育部哲学社会科学研究重大课题攻关项目“习近平总书记构建人类命运共同体思想研究”(17JZD002
Research Progress of Metal-Nitrogen-Carbon Catalysts toward Oxygen Reduction Reaction inm Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
No full text氧还原反应是燃料电池的核心,开发高性能催化剂一直是燃料电池技术面临的严峻挑战. 近年来,热解M-N-C催化剂的发展和以金属有机骨架材料为前驱体的运用让非贵金属氧还原催化剂的性能大幅度提升,但催化活性位点、反应机理等方面仍不甚清晰,需要分子水平上进一步的研究. 在这里,作者总结了本课题组近些年来在氧还原方向上的研究成果,首先是对催化剂活性位点进行的相关探索,提出了新的活性位点结构,为开发新型催化剂提供了帮助,并对金属氮碳催化剂进行了细致的微观调控,探讨了最佳的合成方法;其次开发了高效的双原子Co2N5催化剂,并在理论计算的指导下合成出了更为高效的FeCo双原子催化剂,具备了替代铂基催化剂的性能;最后针对芬顿反应引发的稳定性问题而开发的低芬顿反应活性的单原子Cr和单原子Ru催化剂,表现出了较高的活性和稳定性,为解决催化剂实际应用问题开辟了新的研究思路与方向. 作者相信,通过对催化剂活性位点的不断认知和对新型催化剂的不断开发,终会让非贵金属催化的商业化应用成为现实.The development of highly active and stable catalysts toward oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) has been facing severe challenges. In recent years, pyrolytic M-N-C catalysts and metal-organic framework derived materials made the performance of non-noble metal catalysts greatly improved, however, the molecular and atomic level understanding in the reaction active sites and the mechanism are still lacking. Here, we summarize the recent research progress made in the Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry. We present a microporous metal-organic-framework confined strategy toward the preferable formation of ORR catalysts. Firstly, we studied the active site and proposed a new active site structure for the Fe-N-C catalyst, which is helpful for the development of new catalyst. The M-N-C catalyst was carefully regulated and the best synthesis method was discussed; Secondly, a highly efficient binuclear Co2N5 catalyst was developed, which performs approximately 12 times higher activity than the conventional CoN4 site and shows unprecedented catalytic activity in an acidic electrolyte with the half-wave potential of 0.79 V, presenting the best one among the Co-N-C catalysts, and a more efficient FeCo diatomic catalyst was synthesized under the guidance of theoretical calculation, indicating that the FeCoN5—OH site enables the ORR onset potential and half-wave potential up to 1.02 and 0.86 V (vs. RHE), respectively, with an intrinsic activity over 20 times higher than the single-atom FeN4 site; Finally, to overcome the stability problem caused by Fenton reaction, we developed novel single atomic Cr and Ru catalysts, showing low Fenton reaction activity, higher activity and stability after the accelerated degradation test for 20000 cycles, with the half-wave potentials being dropped only 15 and 17 mV, respectively, much lower than 31 mV of Fe-N-C catalysts. This offers a new way to solve the problem in catalyst application. We believe that upon further understanding in the active sites and the continuous development of new catalyst, the non-noble metal catalysts in PEMFCs will become truly applicable, which aids to solve the increasingly serious energy crisis environment.国家重点研发计划项目(2017YFB0102900);国家自然科学基金(21633008);国家自然科学基金(21875243);国家自然科学基金(21433003);中国科学院战略重点研究先导项目(XDA09030104);RFBRprojectnumber(FateevVladimir)(18-53-53025);吉林省科技发展项目(20170520150JH);吉林省科技发展项目(20170203003SF);吉林省科技发展项目(20180101030JC)通讯作者:葛君杰,刘长鹏,邢巍E-mail:[email protected];[email protected];[email protected]:GEJun-jie,LIUChang-peng,XINGWeiE-mail:[email protected];[email protected];[email protected].中国科学院长春应用化学研究所,先进化学电源实验室,电分析化学国家重点实验室,吉林 长春 1300222.中国科学技术大学应用化学与工程学院,安徽 合肥 2300261. State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytica Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry,Chinese Academy of Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022,Jilin, China2. University of Science and Technology of China, School of Applied Chemistry & Engineering, Hefei 230026, Anhui, Chin
A Review of Electrochemical Energy Storage Researches in the Past 22 Years
No full text本文回顾了22年来作者的电化学储能研究活动,共分三个部分. 第一部分叙述高比能量、高比功率储能器件研究,包括锂硫电池研究（硫复合正极材料、锂硫电池制作、锂硼合金作为锂硫电池负极、硫-锂离子电池新体系）、超级电容器研究（超级活性炭、以酚醛树脂为原料制备电容炭、碳纳米管阵列中寄生准电容储能材料、氧化镍干凝胶准电容储能材料、归纳出电容炭材料的性能要求、电容器研制、确定“第四类”超级电容器）、锂离子电池研究（锂离子电池与可再生燃料电池的对决、双变价元素正极材料、磷酸钴锂正极材料、高功率锂离子电池的制作）. 第二部分叙述规模储能电池研究,包括液流电池新体系研究（蓄电与电化学合成的双功能液流电池、全金属化合物单液流电池、有机化合物正极的单液流电池）、致力于振兴铅酸电池（推广铅蓄电池新技术、铅炭电池的研究、铅酸电池新型板栅的研究）,储能电池（站）的经济效益计算方法. 第三部分叙述电动汽车发展路线研究,包括氢能燃料电池电动汽车、纯电动汽车与混合动力汽车、对我国电动汽车发展路线的建议、力争电动汽车补贴的合理化、坚守电动汽车“节能减排”宗旨、提出“发电直驱电动车”. 最后的结束语谈了三点感悟.In this paper, research activities from my groups in the field of electrochemical energy storage are reviewed for the past 22 years, which is divided into three sections. The first section describes the researches related to high specific energy and high specific power energy storage devices, including lithium sulfur batteriies (sulfur composite cathode material, lithium sulfur battery fabrication, lithium boron alloy as lithium sulfur battery anodes, and sulfur lithium-ion battery new system), supercapacitors (super activated carbon, capacitive carbon prepared from phenolic resin, carbon nanotube array parasitic pseudo-capacitive energy storage materials, necessary properties of capacitive carbons, nickel hydroxide xerogels pseudo-capacitive energy storage materials,the development of capacitors, and the determination of “the fourth type” supercapacitors), and lithium-ion batteries (the confrontation between lithium-ion batteries and renewable fuel cells, the cathode material of dual variable-valency elements, lithium cobalt phosphate cathode materials, and high-power lithium-ion batteries). The second section describes the researches linked to a large-scale energy storage battery, including new systems of flow battery (dual function flow battery of energy storage and electrochemical synthesis, all metal compounds single flow battery, and organic compound positive electrode single flow battery), revitalizing lead-acid batteries (promoting new technology of lead-acid batteries, lead-carbon battery and new grid of lead-acid battery), and economic benefit calculation method of energy storage battery (station). The third section describes the research roadmaps in the development of electric vehicles including hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles and pure electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles, the suggestions in the development of electric vehicles in China, striving for the rationalization of subsidies for electric vehicles, adhering to the purpose of “energy saving and emission reduction” of electric vehicles, and putting forward “direct drive electric vehicles for power generation”. Three opinions based on my experiences are provided at the end of this paper.国家863计划项目(2007AA03Z223);国家863计划项目(2001AA501134);国家863计划项目(2012AA052003);国家自然科学基金项目(20573135);北京市科技计划项目“超级活性炭环保生产的中试技术研究”等资助通讯作者:杨裕生E-mail:[email protected]:YANGYu-shengE-mail:[email protected]防化研究院,北京 100191Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Beijing 100191, Chin
Probing nanoscale spatial distribution of plasmonically excited hot carriers
Get PDF表面等离激元（SP）效应可产生远高于热平衡下费米能级能量的热电子-空穴对（热载流子），从而能够引发和促进相关的光电或者化学过程，为在纳米尺度上高效利用光能实现物质和能量转化提供了极为有效的手段，化学化工学院任斌教授课题组利用前期自主发展的电化学针尖增强拉曼光谱技术，通过调控电位开关SP热载流子催化的反应，实现了有效热载流子催化反应区域的纳米分辨成像，使反应区域在实空间的分布可视化。实验上获得了有效热载流子的输运距离，从而证明了能量越高的热载流子越需要在更短的输运距离范围内收集捕获。
该工作在任斌教授和王翔副教授的共同指导下完成。实验主要由化学化工学院已毕业博士生黄声超完成。理论计算主要由电子科学与技术学院的朱锦峰副教授和已毕业硕士生李察微完成。此外，化学化工学院已毕业硕士生赵庆庆、博后何玉韩和胡树等人也参与了部分研究与课题讨论。【Abstract】Surface plasmons (SPs) of metals enable the tight focusing and strong absorption of light to realize an efficient utilization of photons at nanoscale. In particular, the SP-generated hot carriers have emerged as a promising way to efficiently drive photochemical and photoelectric processes under moderate conditions. In situ measuring of the transport process and spatial distribution of hot carriers in real space is crucial to efficiently capture the hot carriers.Here, we use electrochemical tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (EC-TERS) to in situmonitor an SP-driven decarboxylation and resolve the spatial distribution of hot carriers with a nanometer spatial resolution. The transport distance of about 20 nm for the reactive hot carriers is obtained from the TERS imaging result. The hot carriers with a higher energy have a shorter transport distance. These conclusions can be guides for the design and arrangement of reactants and devices to efficiently make use of plasmonic hot carriers.The authors acknowledge the financial supports from MOST of China (2016YFA0200601), NSFC (21633005, 21790354, 21503181, 21711530704, U1830116), Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province (2016J05046), China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2017M622062) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (20720190010).本研究工作得到了国家自然科学基金委和科技部等的资助和支持
REVIEW ON STRATEGIC CULTURE'S INTERCONNECTIONS WITH NATIONAL FOREIGN STRATEGIES: CASE OF CHINA'S STRATEGIC CULTURE
Get PDF【中文摘要】论文评述了中外学者对战略文化（尤其是中国的战略文化）的研究，及其在战略文化研究上的交集与分歧。接下来，论文探究了战略文化与国家战略的主要关系，并探讨了战略文化适应战略形势变化的不同方式。
【Abstract】This article reviews the studies of strategic culture in both home and abroad,while analyzing the similarities and differences of scholars,especially in the case of China's strategic culture.Then ,this article focuses on the interconnections between strategic culture and national strategies,and stresses how strategic culture adapts to the changing situations of strategies