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Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Ontwerpen en bouwen in de Hollandse stad
Full text linkThe study of the designers and builders of architectural works is one of the central themes of architectural history. Over the last few decades, interest in this area has broadened to include not only prominent individuals but also the structure of design and building practice. In the Low Countries, the architectural historian Meischke was one of the first to perform extensive research on developments in the organization of the building profession. This line of research has made great advances in the past fifteen years with the publication of several noteworthy doctoral theses. Kolman’s 1993 thesis investigates the building industry in Kampen from the fifteenth to the midseventeenth century, and Steenmeijer’s 2001 thesis on Arent van ’sGravensande deals in passing with municipal construction companies in Leiden and The Hague.
Other researchers have opted for a thematic approach, dealing with multiple cities at once. In a 2001 thesis, Van Tussenbroek investigates the Van Neurenberg family’s trade in stone in the Maas river valley and the cities of Holland in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. A similarly specific topic was chosen by Gerritsen, whose 2004 thesis deals with the role of drawings in design and building practice in the seventeenthcentury Dutch Republic. At Utrecht University, Röell is currently engaged in a followup study of the same topic, focusing on the eighteenth century. The emergence of municipal construction companies in various cities in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries is being investigated from a comparative perspective by Medema, who recently finished his research, and by Van Essen, who is soon to complete her thesis. Van Essen analyzes the development of the office of the stadsfabriek in the seventeenthcentury Dutch Republic, taking Amsterdam and Groningen as her two main case studies. Medema’s work is thematically linked to Van Essen’s, but focuses on the eighteenth century, a period when on the whole the industry shrank, necessitating reorganization and professionalization. The most recent investigation of civic building activity in Holland was carried out by Hurx and examines the major city churches that are among the first largescale works of civic architecture in Holland.
Because of the scale and complexity of these issues, many of the abovementioned studies are restricted to a narrowly defined topic, period, or geographical area. There is still no general survey of the development of design and building practice in the cities of Holland over an extended period. In this article we attempt, on the basis of our own research, to sketch a few main lines of development from the fourteenth to the nineteenth century and to point out a few gaps in our current knowledge. In examining the leading public works of civic architecture, the authors aim to trace the most significant transformations through the centuries, in the belief that organizational changes can best be explained by reference to shifts in the demand for building work. The emphasis lies on church building in the fifteenth century and on the municipal building industry in later centuries, because these activities showed a high degree of organization.
The article will be published in two consecutive issues of OverHolland, in which various authors will discuss the periods of growth and contraction in the demand for building work, in chronological order. Each of the two parts will begin with a brief introductory section presenting the periods and major themes to be examined. In part I, which covers the period from the fourteenth to the sixteenth century, Hurx begins with the boom in the construction of city churches in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. Van Essen then describes how city authorities assumed increasing responsibility for public works in the fifteenth and particularly the sixteenth century. Part II will begin with an examination of the massive increase in the scale of building work in the seventeenth century, stemming from the explosive growth of a number of cities. In this section, Van Essen will describe the development of the office of the stadsfabriek into a largescale municipal construction company. In the second section of part II, Medema will discuss the reorganization of the building sector in the eighteenth century as a result of economic decline.
We assume that fluctuations in the demand for building work not only had a crucial impact on the makeup of the building industry as a whole, but also had consequences for the specialists at the top of that industry. The base of the building trade remained largely unchanged until the eighteenth century; in the cities, it was composed largely of small, autonomous workshops each devoted to a single craft, and each consisting of a single master craftsman with a small number of assistants and apprentices. Even in times of economic recession, there was enough demand for labour to ensure the continued existence of this group of artisans. In many cities in Holland, they formed guilds, which were founded between the fourteenth and the seventeenth century. The development and organization of these guilds will not be discussed in detail here, because they did not have a decisive influence on public works. When the church and the city authorities commissioned architectural works, they were not generally subject to guild regulations.
The top of the industry was formed in part by officials responsible for the administrative and financial aspects of building projects. They often coordinated building projects on behalf of the commissioning body and made decisions about daytoday expenditure (usually up to a specified maximum). But they frequently lacked the expertise to manage the technical and aesthetic aspects of such projects, and specialized professionals were engaged for this purpose. Such experts were relatively vulnerable to shifts in the supply of building work, because they were needed only for complex projects. We contend that the larger the amount of building work requiring special technical, logistical, or aesthetic expertise, the more pronounced the division of labour, and the larger the organizational distance between these experts and the labourers. The remainder of this article investigates this proposed relationship in greater depth.
Because of the dynamics in the hierarchical organization of the building trade, it is sometimes difficult to determine the precise composition of the top level. The role of experts in the building process could vary from project to project, and the terminology used at the time can be misleading. Given that these potential sources of confusion are encountered throughout the period in question, a brief discussion of them is advisable.
In the fifteenth and early sixteenthcentury Low Countries, the individual who supervised the building process on behalf of the commissioning party was generally referred to as the werkmeester or something similar. But this word also had other uses; in particular, it could serve as a generic term for any expert practitioner of a craft or trade. In fifteenthcentury Latin sources, several terms are used to denote the werkmeester, namely archilathomus, archilapicida, and architectus. The prefix archi comes from the Greek αρχι (‘uppermost’) or from αρχω (‘to lead’), while lathomus and lapicida mean stonemason and tectus is derived from the Greek word for craftsman or carpenter, τηκτων. This etymology reflects the original, leadership role of the architectus, who supervised a variety of activities ranging from drawing up building plans (in the broadest sense) to managing workers through written and oral instructions, drawings and templates. The architectus might also be responsible for the quality of the building materials and the logistics of transporting them to the site.
In the course of the sixteenth century, the nativized word architect came into widespread use. Until the eighteenth century, it was primarily a term for the individual who supervised a building project and was used only in a secondary sense for the individual who produced the designs.
Throughout this period, the Dutch word architect had more than one meaning, and primary sources sometimes use the term in ways which have nothing to do with architectural design. This historical Dutch term often does not correspond to its modern English and Dutch cognate, architect, which refers primarily to the designer of a structure. Throughout the remainder of this article, the word architect is used in the historical sense of the organizer and leader of a building project – who may or may not also have been the designer. Individuals who did no more than contribute design drawings will be referred to in more neutraOnderzoek naar de ontwerpers en bouwers van architectonische objecten vormt een hoofdthema in de architectuurgeschiedenis. Sinds enkele decennia is er naast de gebruikelijke aandacht voor de hoofdrolspelers ook belangstelling voor de structuur van de ontwerp en bouwpraktijk. In Nederland was de architectuurhistoricus Meischke een van de eersten die uitgebreid onderzoek deden naar de ontwikkelingen in de organisatie van het bouwvak. Door het verschijnen van verschillende dissertaties is dit type onderzoek de afgelopen vijftien jaar in een stroomversnelling geraakt. In de dissertatie van Kolman (1993) werd het bouwbedrijf in Kampen van de vijftiende tot halverwege de zeventiende eeuw onderzocht. De dissertatie van Steenmeijer (2001) over Arent van ’sGravensande behandelde en passant het stadsbouwbedrijf in Leiden en Den Haag.
Andere onderzoekers kozen voor een thematische benadering, waarin verschillende steden tegelijk behandeld werden. Van Tussenbroek onderzocht de natuursteenhandel van de familie Van Neurenberg in het stroomgebied van de Maas en de Hollandse steden in de zestiende en zeventiende eeuw (2001). Een ander specifiek thema werd gekozen door Gerritsen, die de rol van de tekening in de ontwerp en bouwpraktijk in de zeventiende eeuw in de Nederlandse Republiek onderzocht (2004). Momenteel wordt in Utrecht een vervolgonderzoek naar de achttiende eeuw met eenzelfde thematiek ondernomen door Röell. De ontwikkeling van het stedelijke bouwbedrijf in de zeventiende en achttiende eeuw in verschillende steden wordt vergeleken door Medema, wiens onderzoek onlangs is afgerond, en door Van Essen, die haar dissertatie binnenkort zal voltooien. Van Essen analyseert de ontwikkeling van het stadsfabrieksambt in de Republiek in de zeventiende eeuw, met als belangrijke casestudies Amsterdam en Groningen. Medema sluit in thematiek aan bij Van Essen, maar onderzoekt de achttiende eeuw; een periode van vooral krimp, waaruit noodzakelijke reorganisaties en professionalisering voortvloeiden. Het recentste onderzoek naar de stedelijke bouwactiviteit in Holland wordt uitgevoerd door Hurx. Hij behandelt de grote stadskerken, die tot de eerste grote (civiele) bouwopgave in Holland behoren.
Vanwege de omvang en de complexe problematiek zijn de hierboven genoemde studies vaak beperkt tot een bepaalde thematiek, periode of geografisch gebied. Een overzichtswerk van de ontwikkeling van de ontwerp en bouwpraktijk in de Hollandse steden over een langere periode ontbreekt nog. In dit artikel wordt geprobeerd op basis van ons eigen onderzoek enkele hoofdlijnen van de veertiende tot de negentiende eeuw te schetsen en lacunes in de hedendaagse stand van kennis te signaleren. Aan de hand van de voornaamste (civiele) publieke bouwwerken hopen de auteurs de belangrijkste transformaties door de eeuwen heen te volgen, waarbij wordt aangenomen dat de veranderingen in de organisatie het best te verklaren zijn door de verschuivingen in de bouwopgave te volgen. De nadruk ligt hierbij in de vijftiende eeuw op de kerkenbouw en in daaropvolgende eeuwen op het stadsbouwbedrijf, vanwege de hoge graad van organisatie.
Het artikel is verdeeld over twee afleveringen van OverHolland, waarin door verschillende auteurs in chronologische volgorde de perioden van groei en krimp in de bouwopgave worden behandeld. Elke aflevering wordt voorafgegaan door een korte inleiding, waarin de periodisering en de belangrijkste thema’s aan de orde worden gesteld. In het eerste deel, dat de periode van de veertiende tot en met zestiende eeuw bestrijkt, begint Hurx met de bouwhausse van de stadskerken in de veertiende en vijftiende eeuw. Vervolgens beschrijft Van Essen hoe de steden in de vijftiende en vooral in de zestiende eeuw steeds meer verantwoordelijkheden op zich namen bij de oprichting van publieke werken. Als begin van het tweede deel is gekozen voor de schaalvergroting van de bouwopgave in de zeventiende eeuw dankzij de explosieve expansie van een aantal steden. In dit stuk zal Van Essen de ontwikkeling van het stadsfabrieksambt tot een omvangrijk stedelijk bouwbedrijf behandelen. In het tweede stuk van deze aflevering behandelt Medema de reorganisatie van het bouwwezen door de teruggang van de economie in de achttiende eeuw.
Er wordt hier verondersteld dat de fluctuaties in de bouwopgave niet alleen van doorslaggevend belang waren voor de samenstelling van het bouwbedrijf in zijn totaliteit, maar ook consequenties hadden voor de gespecialiseerde top van het bouwvak. De basis van het bouwvak bleef tot in de achttiende eeuw grotendeels onveranderd en bestond in de steden overwegend uit in het am bacht gescheiden bedrijven van één ambachtsmeester met een enkele knecht en leerjongen. Ook in tijden van laagconjunctuur was er genoeg vraag naar arbeid om het voortbestaan van de kleine zelfstandigen als groep te verzekeren. Zij waren vaak verenigd in gilden, die vanaf de veertiende tot en met zeventiende eeuw werden opgericht in de Hollandse steden. De ontwikkeling en organisatie van deze gilden worden hier grotendeels buiten beschouwing gelaten, omdat ze niet bepalend waren voor de publieke werken. De kerk en de stad waren als opdrachtgevers meestal niet gebonden aan gildebepalingen.
De top in het bouwvak werd in de eerste plaats gevormd door ambtenaren, die de administratieve en financiële taken van het bouwproject op zich namen. In naam van de opdrachtgever hadden zij vaak de leiding en beslisten over de dagelijkse uitgaven (meestal tot een bepaald maximumbedrag). Zij waren lang niet altijd gespecialiseerd genoeg om de technische en esthetische bouwleiding te voeren. Daarvoor had men gespecialiseerde vaklieden nodig. Deze groep was kwetsbaarder voor verschuivingen in de bouwopgave, omdat deze vaklieden alleen konden bestaan bij een voldoende aantal complexe opdrachten. Hoe groter de groep van bouwprojecten die bijzondere technische, logistieke of
esthetische expertise vereisten, hoe groter de arbeidsdeling en de afstand tot de werkvloer.
In dit artikel zal getracht worden deze veronderstelde relatie verder uit te diepen.
Door de dynamiek in de hiërarchische gelaagdheid van het bouwvak is het soms moeilijk vat te krijgen op de precieze samenstelling van de toplaag. De functie in het bouwproces van de deskundigen kon variëren per opdracht en ook de gebruikte contemporaine terminologie kan verwarrend werken. Deze onduidelijkheid keert terug in de gehele behandelde periode, waardoor het van belang is om deze problematiek kort te behandelen.
In de vijftiende en in het begin van de zestiende eeuw werd in de Nederlanden meestal degene die in opdracht van de bouwheer de supervisie over het bouwproces voerde, aangeduid met de term werkmeester of een variant daarvan. De term was niet eenduidig en kon ook in algemene zin voor een vakman in een bepaald ambacht gebruikt worden. In Latijnse bronnen werden in de vijftiende eeuw verschillende termen gebruikt om de werkmeester aan te duiden, namelijk archilathomus, archilapicida en architectus. Het voorvoegsel archi komt van het Griekse αρχι (= opperste) of van αρχω (= besturen), terwijl lathomus en lapicida steenhouwer betekenen en tectus afgeleid is van het Griekse woord voor ambachtsman/timmerman, τηκτων. Deze oorspronkelijke betekenis verwijst naar de bestuurlijke functie van de architectus. Zijn supervisie bestond uit verschillende taken, waaronder het maken van bouwplannen (in de breedste zin van het woord) en het aansturen van de werklui door geschreven (en mondelinge) instructies, ontwerptekeningen en detailontwerpen. Daarnaast hield hij eventueel ook toezicht op de kwaliteit van de bouwmaterialen en de logistiek van de aanvoer van het materiaal.
In de loop van de zestiende eeuw werd de vernederlandste term architect gangbaar. Deze benaming werd tot in de achttiende eeuw in de eerste plaats gebruikt voor degene die de supervisie voerde, en pas in de tweede plaats voor iemand die ontwerpen vervaardigde.
Het woord architect had gedurende de hele periode geen eenduidige betekenis en kwam in de bronnen ook los van het ontwerpvak voor. Het historische gebruik correspondeert vaak niet met ons huidige begrip architect, dat in eerste instantie refereert aan de ontwerper. In het vervolg van dit artikel wordt het woord architect in de historische betekenis van organisator, bouwleider en eventueel ontwerper gebruikt. Iemand die alleen ontwerptekeningen leverde, zal neutraal worden aangemerkt als ontwerper van architectuur
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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