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The natural history of gallstones: the GREPCO experience
No full textDuring the cross-sectional studies (February 1981 to July 1984) performed by the Group for Epidemiology and Prevention of Cholelithiasis (GREPCO) in Rome, Italy, 161 subjects were identified as having gallstones. Ten subjects did not participate in the prospective follow-up. At entry, 33 of the 151 remaining subjects were symptomatic, and 118 were asymptomatic. Data on incidence of biliary colics, complications, cholecystectomy, and death were collected at least every 2 years. In the initially asymptomatic group, the cumulative probability (% +/- SE) of developing biliary colic was 11.9 +/- 3.0 at 2 years, 16.5 +/- 3.5 at 4 years, and 25.8 +/- 4.6 at 10 years. None of the variables considered as possible modifiers of the natural history were found to be associated with an increased risk of developing biliary colic. The cumulative probability (% +/- SE) of developing complications after 10 years was 3.0 +/- 1.8 in the initially asymptomatic group and 6.5 +/- 4.4 in the symptomatic group (P = NS). Incidence of cholecystectomy was higher in the initially symptomatic than in the asymptomatic group (log-rank test = 2.27; P = .02). Fifteen (53.6%) of the 28 operated in the initially asymptomatic group were submitted to cholecystectomy, although specific symptoms did not occur. Twelve (10.2%) and 2 (6.1%) of the initially asymptomatic and symptomatic subjects died during the follow-up. One patient in the former group died at age 64 of a histologically proven adenocarcinoma of the gallbladder. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that the natural history of gallstones is less benign than is generally considered
Relationships between serum lipids and cholelithiasis: observations in the GREPCO study.
No full text
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
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