10,324 research outputs found
The incidence of liver injury in Uyghur patients treated for TB in Xinjiang Uyghur autonomous region, China, and its association with hepatic enzyme polymorphisms nat2, cyp2e1, gstm1 and gstt1.
No full textBACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Of three first-line anti-tuberculosis (anti-TB) drugs, isoniazid is most commonly associated with hepatotoxicity. Differences in INH-induced toxicity have been attributed to genetic variability at several loci, NAT2, CYP2E1, GSTM1and GSTT1, that code for drug-metabolizing enzymes. This study evaluated whether the polymorphisms in these enzymes were associated with an increased risk of anti-TB drug-induced hepatitis in patients and could potentially be used to identify patients at risk of liver injury. METHODS AND DESIGN: In a cross-sectional study, 2244 tuberculosis patients were assessed two months after the start of treatment. Anti-TB drug-induced liver injury (ATLI) was defined as an ALT, AST or bilirubin value more than twice the upper limit of normal. NAT2, CYP2E1, GSTM1 and GSTT1 genotypes were determined using the PCR/ligase detection reaction assays. RESULTS: 2244 patients were evaluated, there were 89 cases of ATLI, a prevalence of 4% 9 patients (0.4%) had ALT levels more than 5 times the upper limit of normal. The prevalence of ATLI was greater among men than women, and there was a weak association with NAT2*5 genotypes, with ATLI more common among patients with the NAT2*5*CT genotype. The sensitivity of the CT genotype for identifying patients with ATLI was 42% and the positive predictive value 5.9%. CT ATLI was more common among slow acetylators (prevalence ratio 2.0 (95% CI 0.95,4.20) )compared to rapid acetylators. There was no evidence that ATLI was associated with CYP2E1 RsaIc1/c1genotype, CYP2E1 RsaIc1/c2 or c2/c2 genotypes, or GSTM1/GSTT1 null genotypes. CONCLUSIONS: In Xinjiang Uyghur TB patients, liver injury was associated with the genetic variant NAT2*5, however the genetic markers studied are unlikely to be useful for screening patients due to the low sensitivity and low positive predictive values for identifying persons at risk of liver injury
Spinors, embeddings and gravity
No full textThis thesis is concerned with the theory of spinors, embeddings and everywhere invariance with applications to general relativity. The approach is entirely geometric with particular emphasis on the use of natural structures. A clear indication of the interaction between the above topics is given; this Interaction then sheds light on various aspects of general relativity theory.The main ideas discussed are:- (i) Spinors, conformal structure and the spacetime projective null bundle framework. (ii) Spaces of embeddings. (ill) Embeddings and spin structure. (iv) Null embeddings and the null limit (a technique for obtaining differential equations on null hypersurfaces). (v) Quasi-local momentum. (vi) The space of metrics, natural group actions and generalized conformal structure. (vii) Everywhere invariance and the invariance equation as a method for obtaining spacetime symmetries. Three appendices are also provided:- These give comprehensive summaries of the theories of principal bundles, conformal structure and asymptotic simplicity
The European Court of Justice and National Courts' Approach to the Kompetenz-Kompetenz Question: The Cases of Germany and the UK
No full textOpen Restriction set for Item 98957 on 2017-03-30T14:18:13Z with date null by [email protected] Restriction set for Item 98957 on 2017-03-31T20:19:15Z with date null by [email protected] Restriction set for Item 98957 on 2017-03-31T21:47:43Z with date null by [email protected] Restriction set for Item 98957 on 2017-04-03T14:37:45Z with date null by [email protected] by Rachel Johannigmeier ([email protected]) on 2017-04-03T14:38:24Z
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Anisotropic in-plane thermal conductivity of black phosphorus nanoribbons at temperatures higher than 100 K
No full textabstract: Black phosphorus attracts enormous attention as a promising layered material for electronic, optoelectronic and thermoelectric applications. Here we report large anisotropy in in-plane thermal conductivity of single-crystal black phosphorus nanoribbons along the zigzag and armchair lattice directions at variable temperatures. Thermal conductivity measurements were carried out under the condition of steady-state longitudinal heat flow using suspended-pad micro-devices. We discovered increasing thermal conductivity anisotropy, up to a factor of two, with temperatures above 100 K. A size effect in thermal conductivity was also observed in which thinner nanoribbons show lower thermal conductivity. Analysed with the relaxation time approximation model using phonon dispersions obtained based on density function perturbation theory, the high anisotropy is attributed mainly to direction-dependent phonon dispersion and partially to phonon–phonon scattering. Our results revealing the intrinsic, orientation-dependent thermal conductivity of black phosphorus are useful for designing devices, as well as understanding fundamental physical properties of layered materials.The final version of this article, as published in Nature Communications, can be viewed online at: https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms957
Edosa robinsoni Yang, Wang & Li, sp. nov.
No full text<i>Edosa robinsoni</i> Yang, Wang & Li, sp. nov. <p>(Figs 2, 17 b, 18b, 28, 59, 84)</p> <p> <b>Type material.</b> Holotype ♂, <b>CHINA:</b> Mt. He (22°45'N, 112°57'E), Guangdong Province, 10.x.2002, leg. Guilin Liu & Binglan Zhang, genitalia slide No. XYL03174.</p> <p> <b>Paratypes: CHINA: Guangdong Province:</b> 1 ♂, Mt. He, 26.viii.2002, leg. Guilin Liu, genitalia slide No. XYL05039. <b>Fujian Province</b>: 1 ♀, Xiamen University Botanical Garden (24°26΄N, 118°06΄E), 85 m, 7.viii.2012, leg. Zhibo Wang & Zhenguo Zhang; 1 ♂, Xiamen University Botanical Garden, 85 m, 24.ix.2012, leg. Zhibo Wang. <b>Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region:</b> 1 ♂, Pingxincun, Yizhou (24°30΄N, 108°40΄E), 150 m, 16.viii.2011, leg. Shulian Hao & Yinghui Sun, genitalia slide No.YLL11114. <b>Hong Kong</b>: 2 ♂, Kadoorie Agricultural Research Centre (22°25΄N, 114°06΄E), 210 m, 17,21. iv.2007, leg. Houhun Li <i>et al.</i>, genitalia slide No. XYL08079; 2 ♀, Gaotang, Xigong (22°24΄N, 114°19΄E), 100 m, 25.ix.2009, leg. Houhun Li <i>et al.</i>, genitalia slide Nos. YLL11154, YLL11157.</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis.</b> This new species is similar to <i>E. hamata</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> superficially, but can be recognized by having a subtriangular medial process on the costal margin of the valva, which is absent in the latter species.</p> <p> <b>Description.</b> Adult (Fig. 28). Wingspan 10.0−11.5 mm in male. Head dull orange yellow. Antenna dusty yellow, as long as forewing; scape with a few black pecten bristles; flagellum unicolorous. Labial palpus with first and second segments yellowish brown tinged with darker scales on inner surface, dark brown on outer surface; third second yellowish brown, dark brown at base on outer surface. Thorax and tegula blackish brown. Forewing index 0.28−0.3, grayish black, shining dark purple, individual scales uniformly colored; retinaculum present; cilia grayish black, cilia line ill-defined. Hindwing pale grayish brown; male with a single short, slender evenly curved frenular bristle, female with two slender bristles, shorter one 0.7× length of longer one; cilia grayish brown in basal 1/3, pale gray in distal 2/3. Fore leg purplish brown; mid leg purplish brown, tarsus yellowish brown mixed with darker scales on ventral surface; hind leg yellowish brown.</p> <p>Pregenital abdomen. In male, first tergum with medial 1/3 sclerotized; coremata present in eighth segment; eighth sternite 0.25× as long as wide, without caudal process; eighth tergite trapezoidal, without caudal process. In female, seventh sternite semicircularly concave at middle on posterior margin.</p> <p>Male genitalia (Fig. 59). Vinculum with anterior and posterior margins parallel sided; medial process absent from ventrocaudal margin. Tegumen as deep as vinculum, semicircularly concave on anterior margin, convex at middle on posterior margin. Uncus with shouldered base forming a trapezoidal membraneous section with tegumen; uncus lobe as long as depth of vinculum, twisted at middle, basal half slightly expanded, punctate, distal half heavily sclerotized, hooked, smooth dorsally, hairy ventrally, apex melanized; sclerite absent between uncus lobes. Valva triangular, narrowed basally, sharply widened at 1/4, then narrowing to blunt apex; costal margin bearing small dentations at base, with a subtriangular medial process; basal flange large, smooth, hooked; bridging lobe absent between basal flange and valva; ventral margin with deep ventral lobe; basal margin with inconspicuous ‘secondary apodeme’ close to apodeme; inner surface unmodified. Juxta angled caudally, short and flat. Aedeagus stout, 1.5× length of valva, basal half being a pair of paddle-shaped sclerites, apex deeply concave at middle, dentate on dorsal surface of concavity. Bulbus ejaculatorius 3.0× length of aedeagus, slightly expanded at base, where ductus ejaculatorius is coiled, subdistal section not hypertrophied, distal section slightly expanded.</p> <p>Female genitalia (Fig. 84). Ovipositor length 1.5 mm. Eighth tergite funnel-shaped, anterior 2/3 membraneous, tapered, forming slender process at middle on anterior margin; posterior half microtrichiate, with scattered setae near posterior margin. Eighth sternite rectangular, with sparse setae medially; anterior margin straight, posterior margin concave, slightly folded inward, forming a pair of shallow pockets posterolaterally. Ostium at middle of posterior margin of eighth sternite. Antrum weakly sclerotized; ductus bursae about 0.5× length of corpus bursae. Colliculum comprising a pair of sclerotized base-joined narrow bands extending from junction of ductus bursae and corpus bursae, crossing second ring to anterior end of corpus bursae; second ring at posterior 1/4 of corpus bursae, anteriorly produced to an elongate lance-like dorsal process with end extending to anterior 1/4 of corpus bursae; inception of ductus seminalis at middle on posterior margin of lance-like process of second ring. Corpus bursae ovate; signum absent.</p> <p> <b>Distribution.</b> China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hong Kong).</p> <p> <b>Etymology.</b> This species is named after the late Dr. Gaden S. Robinson for his great contribution to the study of Tineidae, and for commemorating the friendship between him and the corresponding author.</p>Published as part of <i>Yang, Linlin, Wang, Shuxia & Li, Houhun, 2014, A taxonomic revision of the genus Edosa Walker, 1886 from China (Lepidoptera, Tineidae, Perissomasticinae), pp. 1-102 in Zootaxa 3777 (1)</i> on pages 21-22, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3777.1.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/249826">http://zenodo.org/record/249826</a>
The genetic diversity and geographical separation study of Oncomelania hupensis populations in mainland China using microsatellite loci
No full text© 2016 Guan et al. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and
reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to
the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver
(http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. The attached file is the published version of the article.NHM Repositor
Study on the Mg-Li-Zn ternary alloy system with improved mechanical properties, good degradation performance and different responses to cells
No full textNovel Mg-(3.5, 6.5wt%)Li-(0.5, 2, 4wt%)Zn ternary alloys were developed as new kinds of biodegradable metallic materials with potential for stent application. Their mechanical properties, degradation behavior, cytocompatibility and hemocompatibility were studied. These potential biomaterials showed higher ultimate tensile strength than previously reported binary Mg-Li alloys and ternary Mg-Li-X (X=Al, Y, Ce, Sc, Mn and Ag) alloys. Among the alloys studied, the Mg-3.5Li-2Zn and Mg-6.5Li-2Zn alloys exhibited comparable corrosion resistance in Hank's solution to pure magnesium and better corrosion resistance in a cell culture medium than pure magnesium. Corrosion products observed on the corroded surface were composed of Mg(OH)2, MgCO3 and Ca-free Mg/P inorganics and Ca/P inorganics. In vitro cytotoxicity assay revealed different behaviors of Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVECs) and Human Aorta Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells (VSMCs) to material extracts. HUVECs showed increasing nitric oxide (NO) release and tolerable toxicity, whereas VSMCs exhibited limited decreasing viability with time. Platelet adhesion, hemolysis and coagulation tests of these Mg-Li-Zn alloys showed different degrees of activation behavior, in which the hemolysis of the Mg-3.5Li-2Zn alloy was lower than 5%. These results indicated the potential of the Mg-Li-Zn alloys as good candidate materials for cardiovascular stent applications. Statement of significance: Mg-Li alloys are promising as absorbable metallic biomaterials, which however have not received significant attention since the low strength, controversial corrosion performance and the doubts in Li toxicity. The Mg-Li-Zn alloy in the present study revealed much improved mechanical properties higher than most reported binary Mg-Li and ternary Mg-Li-X alloys, with superior corrosion resistance in cell culture media. Surprisingly, the addition of Li and Zn showed increased nitric oxide release. The present study indicates good potential of Mg-Li-Zn alloy as absorbable cardiovascular stent material.Accepted Author ManuscriptBiomaterials & Tissue Biomechanic
Regarding the Dates of Birth and Death of Li Meng-Yang : Ming Period Poet
No full textIn this paper, the author has confirmed the dates of birth and death of Li
Meng-Yang, a poet of middle period of the Ming dynasty in China.
The author has referred his poems and literature as well as letters written
between him and his friends, and critically reviewed various views and arguments
about his lifetime compiled over the past four hundred years.
In conclusion, the author has determined the date of his birth and death as
follows according to lunar calendar. Li Meng-Yang was born on the 7th of
December, Cheng-Hua 8 (1472), and died 30th of December, Jia-Jing 8 (1529).departmental bulletin pape
Identification of noninvasive biomarkers for alcohol-induced liver disease using urinary metabolomics and the Ppara-null mouse
No full textAlcohol-induced liver disease (ALD) is a leading cause of nonaccident-related deaths in the United States. Although liver damage caused by ALD is reversible when discovered at the earlier stages, current risk assessment tools are relatively nonspecific. Identification of an early specific signature of ALD would aid in therapeutic intervention and recovery. In this study, the metabolic changes associated with ALD were examined using alcohol-fed male Ppara-null mouse as a model of ALD. Principal components analysis of the mass spectrometry-based urinary metabolic profile showed that alcohol-treated wild-type and Ppara-null mice could be distinguished from control animals without information on history of alcohol consumption. The urinary excretion of ethyl-sulfate, ethyl-beta-d-glucuronide, 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, and 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid sulfate was elevated and that of the 2-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, adipic acid, and pimelic acid was depleted during alcohol treatment in both wild-type and the Ppara-null mice albeit to different extents. However, indole-3-lactic acid was exclusively elevated by alcohol exposure in Ppara-null mice. The elevation of indole-3-lactic acid is mechanistically related to the molecular events associated with development of ALD in alcohol-treated Ppara-null mice. This study demonstrated the ability of a metabolomics approach to identify early, noninvasive biomarkers of ALD pathogenesis in Ppara-null mouse model
Li-yang dian chi xi yang fan ying ji li de yan jiu
No full textPh.D.Rechargeable lithium-oxygen (Li-O₂) batteries have received extraordinary attention owing to their potential to provide higher gravimetric energy compared with that of conventional lithium-ion batteries. However, the Li-O₂ technology has been suffering from poor cycle life, low rate capability and poor round-trip efficiency. Developing in-depth understanding of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is the perquisite to address these challenges. The ORR has been widely investigated to undergo two major steps starting from the formation of superoxide (O₂⁻), which combines with Li⁺ to form surface adsorbed LiO₂(ads) and/or soluble LiO₂(sol) in the solution. Further formation of lithium peroxide (Li₂O₂) was realized by the second electron reduction (surface pathway) or chemical disproportionation (solution pathway). In contrast, the charge reaction (OER) and catalysis mechanism remain elusive. This thesis aimed to develop fundamental understanding of the OER and catalysis mechanism for achieving highly efficient Li-O₂ batteries.The criteria for screening for stable electrolyte was investigated by examining the charging intermediates in high-donicity solvents (Me-Im/DMSO) and low-donicity solvents (TEGDME/DG) by exploiting thin-film rotating ring disk electrode (RRDE) and X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) technique. We found that the soluble intermediate LiO₂(sol) is preferentially generated in high-donicity solvents. This superoxide-generation behavior supports the solvent-dictated charging mechanism that the high-donicity solvents promote the solution OER pathway by preferentially generating soluble intermediate LiO₂(sol) while the low-donicity solvents promote solid-solution OER pathway via forming solid intermediate Li₂₋ₓO₂. Long time exposure of LiO2(sol) to the electrolyte could lead to serious decay in cell components which highlights strategies that alleviate or bypass the formation of LiO₂(sol).The decomposition behavior of Li₂O₂ particle was examined by identifying the reactive interface of OER via ¹⁸O₂ labelling coupling with time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) and online electrochemical mass spectroscopy (OEMS) technique. We constructed a special Li₂O₂ particle structure by discharging the Li-O₂ cell in ¹⁶O₂ followed by ¹⁸O₂ gas. ToF-SIMS demonstrates that the Li₂¹⁸O₂ was on the top surface and outer region of the discharge product. Upon charging via OEMS, the ¹⁸O₂ was firstly detected while pronounced signal of ¹⁶O₂ was observed after a quarter of capacity. These observations provide direct evidence that the Li₂O₂-oxidation occurs at the interface of Li₂O₂/electrolyte.Finally, the catalyst design strategy was proposed by investigating the properties of catalyst that dictate the catalyst effect and OER catalysis mechanism upon Li₂O₂-oxidation. OEMS coupling with solid-state cell show that the solid catalysts (Ru) effectively promote Li₂O₂-oxidation kinetics to evolve O₂. Upon charging, Ru catalyst is partially oxidized and formed a stabilizing-oxidation layer (e.g. Li₂₋ₓO₂(solid)-Ru) with Li₂O₂. These observations unambiguously prove that catalysts enhance the OER rate via direct solid-solid interaction instead of liquid phase mediations. The role of catalyst is to stabilize the intermediate by forming a stabilizing-oxidation layer Li₂₋ₓO₂(solid)-catalyst, from which to decrease the overpotential needed for Li ion extraction from the outer surface of peroxide. High affinity nano-catalyst is suggested to exploited to obtain more contact between Li₂O₂ and catalyst to realize highly efficient Li-O₂ battery.近年來，鋰-氧電池由於理論比容量遠高於鋰離子電池受到了較多關注。然而，鋰-氧電池存在壽命短、倍率性能差和能效低等缺點。開展基礎理論研究是解決這些問題的關鍵。放電時氧氣首先被還原為超氧化鋰，其或吸附在電極表面，或溶解在電解液裡，隨後再得一個電子或通過岐化反應生成過氧化鋰（Li₂O₂）。前者稱為表面反應路徑，後者稱為液相反應路徑。相較而言，充電反應和Li₂O₂的催化反應機理至今尚未有定論。本論文旨在為高效鋰-氧電池充電反應和催化機理的研究建立理論基礎。首先，我們採用旋轉環盤電極和X射線吸收光譜等技術檢測了強供電子能力和弱供電子能力溶劑中的充電中間產物，並提出了電解液的選擇標準。我們發現溶劑類型對充電反應路徑起著至關重要的作用。在強供電子能力溶劑中，Li₂O₂的氧化趨向液相反應路徑，中間產物為可溶性LiO₂(sol)；而在弱供電子能力溶劑中，Li₂O₂的氧化趨向固溶體反應路徑，中間產物為固态Li₂₋ₓO₂。LiO₂(sol)長時間暴露在電解液中會導致電池材料降解，故而提倡減緩或避免LiO₂(sol)生成的措施以提高鋰-氧電池的壽命。然後，我們採用同位素標記法結合飛行時間-二次離子質譜和在線電化學質譜揭示了Li₂O₂的氧化分解界面。通過先後在¹⁶O₂和¹⁸O₂中放電，我們巧妙地構造了核為Li₂¹⁶O₂壳層為Li₂¹⁸O₂的核壳結構。飛行時間-二次離子質譜表明，產物的最表層和外圍空間均為Li₂¹⁸O₂。在線電化學質譜表明，充電時¹⁸O₂最先產生，¹⁶O₂於充電1/4後產生。這表明Li₂O₂的分解從Li₂O₂/電解液界面進行。最後，我們通過研究決定催化性能的物理性質和Li₂O₂催化分解機理提出了催化劑的設計方法。在線電化學質譜和全固態鋰-氧電池模型表明，固相催化劑（Ru）確實能夠有效地提高析氧反應動力學，這也說明，非水析氧催化反應可通過固-固界面進行。充電時Ru被部分氧化，並與Li₂O₂形成一層穩定界面，其可有效降低脫鋰反應的過電位。綜上，催化劑通過與Li₂O₂之間形成穩定界面進而降低脫鋰所需能量而起到催化作用。因此，具有強親和力的納米催化劑有利於形成更多的接觸面積從而提高鋰-氧電池的效率。Wang, Yu.Thesis Ph.D. Chinese University of Hong Kong 2019.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 102-111).Abstracts also in Chinese.Title from PDF title page (viewed on 29, December, 2020).Wang, Yu
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