42 research outputs found
Seed system of Pakistan: Policy challenges and prospects
No full textThe seed industry in Pakistan has undergone significant developments since the 1950s and has transitioned from ‘Green Revolution’ to ‘Gene Revolution’. The 2015 amendment in the Seed Act, 1976, and the enactment of Plant Breeders’ Rights Act and Rules have provided long awaited intellectual property protection for proprietary seed. Notwithstanding this fundamental change, the challenge of effective enforcement of intellectual property rights remains. This paper presents how the seed industry has evolved over the years through evaluating the regulatory and institutional framework along with looking into the major challenges that still plague the seed system of Pakistan. It also explores how the private sector can be incentivized to invest in the seed sector while protecting the farmers’ rights. Findings reveal that there seems to be a lot of scope for strengthening the seed system of Pakistan via encouraging private sector participation mainly through developing proactive markets with strong institutional mechanism along with scientific and time bound regulatory approval framework. An appraisal of the international best practices divulges that technological backstopping, developing public-private partnerships, building institutional capacity for effective enforcement of regulatory regime and availability of information to farmers for selecting quality seed are equally vital for creating a well-functioning seed system in PakistanNon-PRIFPRI1; PACE; PSSP; 3; 3 Building Inclusive and Efficient Markets, Trade Systems, and Food Industry; 5 Strengthening Institutions and GovernanceDSGD; SA
Policy framework for contract farming: An alternate to Aarthi system in Pakistan
No full textGlobal agricultural production is undergoing a remarkable shift due to globalization and market liberalization (Setboonsarng et al., 2008). Food markets are transforming from a ‘non-programmed to programmed’ regime stemming from overwhelming changes in demand patterns happening concurrently with variations in production dynamics internationally (Oostendorp, 2018). This presents both the challenge and opportunity to change and adapt to this more structured world to reap benefits for both smallholder farmers and exporters (Setboonsarng et al., 2008).Non-PRIFPRI1; PACE; 3 Building Inclusive and Efficient Markets, Trade Systems, and Food Industry; 4 Transforming Agricultural and Rural EconomiesDSGD; SA
The economywide impacts of increasing water security through policies on agricultural production: The case of rice and sugarcane in Pakistan
No full textIncreasing demand for water juxtaposed with shrinking supplies will require a transfer of water resources out of agriculture into the domestic, industrial, and ideally environmental sectors. To examine the potential of policies to facilitate a release of water from agriculture, this paper uses IFPRI’s Computable General Equilibrium Model with a water extension, CGE-W, to assess the impact of commodity taxes on two highly water consumptive crops, rice and sugarcane, on water consumption and the overall economy. We find that land use grows by 1.56 million acres overall when the tax is imposed on both commodities, while 3.2-million-acre feet (MAF) of consumed water, equivalent to 6.35 MAF of water withdrawals, are released from agriculture. These outcomes are due to sugarcane’s reduced use of land over two cropping seasons and significant changes in cropping patterns. The study also examined releases of water from other possible policy measures and found that an even tax rate of 30% on sugarcane, rice and cotton yields 8.73 MAF of water from agriculture. However, with a hotter, drier climate virtually all these releases of water disappear because water must stay in agriculture due to higher evaporation and less precipitation, which raises irrigation demands. The needed policies will go beyond just taxation and might include changing cropping patterns and irrigation practices, as well as development of drought resistant varieties. Other approaches, such as buying tubewells from farmers, and developing markets for nonagricultural purchases of water, may have a role. The role of international trade in sugar and rice is shown to be significant and should be considered further in these analyses.Non-PRIFPRI1; 1 Fostering Climate-Resilient and Sustainable Food SupplyDevelopment Strategies and Governance (DSG); Natural Resources and Resilience (NRR); Transformation Strategie
A 2019-20 social accounting matrix for Balochistan, Pakistan
No full textThis paper documents the different steps followed to construct Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) for Balochistan for the year 2019-20. More precisely, it describes the estimation methods and the nature of the data used in developing the SAM at the subnational level. The Balochistan SAM includes 13 production activities, 4 factors of production, 4 household groups and rest of the world account, assessing linkages between production, factor income distribution, and households’ incomes and expenditures, and capturing distributional effects. The Balochistan SAM reveals that the shares of services and manufacturing sector remains lower than national average and there is an overwhelming contribution of the livestock and horticulture sector in the subnational economy which has the potential in boosting national livestock and horticulture exports. Further, the consumption pattern in Balochistan supports Engle’s law of consumption showing that with an increase in households’ income, the share of expenditure on food decreases and consumption of non-food items increases.
This paper is organized as follows. The first section presents an overview of Balochistan province of Pakistan. The second Section highlights the background of Social Accounting Matrix and its key features. The third section review the literature and various efforts made to develop Pakistan SAM with varying features. The fourth section describes the process and the methodology used to develop SAM. The fifth section presents the structure of Balochistan SAM, accounts, and data sources and elaborates the process and techniques used to balance Balochistan SAM. The sixth section highlights the structure of Balochistan’s economy and an evaluation of value addition. The seventh section underscores the key findings of Balochistan SAM. The final section underlines how the SAM Balochistan can contribute to evidence-based policy making that helps in economic growth and reducing poverty in Balochistan.Non-PRIFPRI; Pakistan Agricultural Capacity Enhancement Program (PACE); 3 Building Inclusive and Efficient Markets, Trade Systems, and Food Industry; 5 Strengthening Institutions and Governance; Capacity StrengtheningDevelopment Strategies and Governance (DSG); Transformation Strategies; SA
طاہرہ اقبال کی ناول نگاری کا تہذیبی و ثقافتی مطالعہ ’’نیلی بار‘‘، ’’گراں ‘‘اور ’’ہڑپا ‘‘: CIVILIZATION AND CULTURAL STUDY OF DR. TAHIRA IQBAL NOVEL "NEELI BAR" "GIRAAN" AND "HARPA"
No full textDr. Tahira Iqbal is an important name among woman fiction writers of the 21st century. She gained special recognition in a very short time due to her specific themes and unique style of her fictional stories are representative of rural background and culture and reflect historical socio political issues. Civilization guarantees the identity of man and his survival. Cultural awareness is as essential to any society as breathing for life. Civilization is a system of thought of human personality according to which man express his ideas, beliefs and thoughts which space the personality of man.
Tahira Iqbal's First Novel Is "Neeli Bar" Which Was published in 2017 by Dost Publisher Islamabad .In this novel she has described the Civilization and Culture of Punjab.
Tahira Iqbal's novel "Neeli Bar" covers many topics she has also written on religious extremism in the novel. "Gran" is the second novel of Tahira Iqbal. Its theme is also prominent. In the novel the author has shown the reflection of "Pathwari Culture" and shows different faces of female characters. "Harappa" is her third novel after "Neeli bar" and "Graan". "Harappa" has been published in 2023 book corner Jhelum. In this novel, she describes the "Harappan culture", Language, Society and Traditions. Tahira Iqbal brutally criticizes the feudal system. This novel has been divided into three parts titled, "Fitrat Harappa", "khandar harappa", "Abad Harappa". This Novel is a tragedy of women's helplessness, Obligation, agony and their inferior status in societ
Masses of light flavor mesons using Bethe–Salpeter approach
No full textAbstract This work employs the approach based on the Bethe–Salpeter and Dyson–Schwinger equations to study the light meson spectrum. The Dyson–Schwinger equation of the quark propagator is truncated using the Maris–Tandy model for the dressed gluon propagator, which incorporates both the infrared enhancement and the perturbatively correct ultraviolet behavior. Additionally, for the dressed quark-gluon vertex, we apply its bare form and the Ball–Chiu model, which minimally satisfies the constraint imposed by the gauge symmetry through its Ward–Green–Takahashi identity. Consistent truncation of both Bethe–Salpeter and Dyson–Schwinger equations requires that axial-vector Ward–Takahashi identity, arising from chiral symmetry of the Lagrangian of quantum chromodynamics, must not be violated. We utilize this identity as an additional constraint to truncate the Bethe–Salpeter equation and examine the impact of two choices of quark-gluon vertex, along with the application of the Maris–Tandy model on the light meson spectrum. To extract the masses of flavored and unflavored light mesons, we solve the inhomogeneous Bethe–Salpeter equation using the Padé approximation, which enables us to locate the poles of the Bethe–Salpeter amplitude without requiring a numerical solution in the timelike region of momentum space. We find that truncations of the Bethe–Salpeter equation based on bare and Ball–Chiu vertices, coupled with the Maris–Tandy model, yield consistent results
ISLAM DAN PENDIDIKAN YANG MENCERAHKAN: Telaah Surat Al-‘Alaq dan Sejarah Pra Nubuah
Get PDFThis paper will discuss about the Islam as a big religion and brighten education. Then, this study based on surah al-‘Alaq and History of Muhammad before tobe a Messenger of God. As for the result of the study signed to Muslim that the surah al-‘Alaq taken the basics of Islamic education. The Signal is detectable from the key wordsin this surah, for example; iqra’, rabb, khalaqa, akram, ‘allama and insan. Afterwards, in history of Muhammad lifetime pre a messenger given us the evidence about the implementation of education for Muhammad by Allah SWT as the teachers, that it is the meaning of rabb word realized to sharp Muhammad's soul to be a teacher for his accompanion and ummah thereupon that we known as the Mecca and Madinah phases
Exchange rate volatility: A forecasting approach of using the ARCH family along with ARIMA SARIMA and semi-structural-SVAR in Turkey.
Get PDFThe ability to predict the volatility of Exchange rate is an enormous challenge when it comes to economic and financial considerations. In this context, it is important to be able to predict the exchange rate volatility in financial markets and the world economy. This paper proposes a heightened approach to modeling and forecasting of exchange rate volatility in Turkey. For past recent years, Turkey experienced political turbulence that the possibility of effecting exchange rate, thus create uncertainty volatility of exchange rate. Therefore daily exchange rate data have been taken from 2005-2017 and applied autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity ARCH and GARCH families (EGARCH, IGARCH, and PARCH) to forecast exchange rate volatility. The proposed methodology able to calculate the breakpoint by including dummy variables. The result is more confined after including dummy that EGARCH (1,1) is best performing to forecast exchange rate volatility and successfully overcome the leverage effect on the exchange rate. Moreover, this paper also investigates the monthly data forecasting by applying ARIMA SARIMA along with SVAR technique for next few months. And Exchange rate pass-through also encounter it, which indicates the pass-through is more pronounced in PPI than CPI. The forecast result of SARIMA and SVAR distribute the same direction of fluctuation in the exchange rate that is declining of the current exchange rate in the future. However, ARIMA’s forecast tends to increase and different with two models
Utilizing Cubic B-Spline Collocation Technique for Solving Linear and Nonlinear Fractional Integro-Differential Equations of Volterra and Fredholm Types
No full textFractional integro-differential equations (FIDEs) of both Volterra and Fredholm types present considerable challenges in numerical analysis and scientific computing due to their complex structures. This paper introduces a novel approach to address such equations by employing a Cubic B-spline collocation method. This method offers a robust and systematic framework for approximating solutions to the FIDEs, facilitating precise representations of complex phenomena. Within this research, we establish the mathematical foundations of the proposed scheme, elucidate its advantages over existing methods, and demonstrate its practical utility through numerical examples. We adopt the Caputo definition for fractional derivatives and conduct a stability analysis to validate the accuracy of the method. The findings showcase the precision and efficiency of the scheme in solving FIDEs, highlighting its potential as a valuable tool for addressing a wide array of practical problems
An efficient and intelligent solar charge controller: Design and prototyping
No full textDemand for alternative energy sources has increased incredibly due to the energy crisis in Pakistan. Photo voltaic system is one of the best solutions to cope with this crisis. Battery is a component of primary importance in these applications specifically in solar systems and it requires robust and efficient charging. This paper presents the design of Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) based solar charge controller that prevents battery from damage. It controls flow of charges to the battery and the load such that scenarios like battery over charging, under charging and over voltages are avoided while providing power to the load. It also prevents the system from abnormal conditions such as over-current. The proposed system also displays state of battery on a LCD with two LEDs indicating the position of the system. Furthermore, a data acquisition system is also built to view state of the system on a computer. Results collected from the in-house fabricated prototype demonstrate effectiveness of the proposed system
