1,721,265 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Exploiting the possibilities of simulators for driver training
No full textTraining in a simulator offers potential advantages compared to training in a non-simulated environment. Generally it is cheaper, safer, there is more control over the environment, and data collection is less complicated. These potential advantages give simulators the possibility to offer effective training. This thesis is divided into three parts, aimed at realizing cost-effective driver training and driver assessment using simulators. The first part focuses on driver performance in fixed-base simulators, the second part focuses on learning to drive in a simulator and the third part evaluates a newly developed simulator for the training and assessment of racecar drivers. Valid and reliable performance measures are required to analyze driver performance. Chapter 1 evaluates a large amount of measures for the task of braking and then stopping at a stop-sign, which is a common task for research into driver performance. A computer simulation was executed and also empirical data was used to study the performance measures. The main conclusions were that reliable and valid measures for the braking task are: speed and distance to the stop-sign at the start of braking, the stopping position with respect to the stop-sign, and a measure which indicates whether or not the deceleration was constant while the vehicle was slowed down. Chapter 2 tests eight low-cost non-vestibular acceleration and speed feedback systems: a tensioning seatbelt, a vibrating steering wheel, a motion seat, screeching tire sound, auditory beeps, a vibrating seat-pan in two configurations, and a pressure seat. For five systems, which provide longitudinal acceleration feedback, the measures of Chapter 1 were used to analyze the effect of the feedback systems on driver performance during the braking task. Chapter 2 concludes that vehicle acceleration cues can be fed back to the driver without a motion platform. The system which made the largest gain in making driver performance more realistic was the tensioning seatbelt system. Chapter 3 investigates the modality with which instructions are presented in the simulator. Generally, instructions in simulators are presented verbally. The auditory modality is a logical choice because car driving can be seen as a predominantly visual task. However, beginner drivers receive a lot of verbal instructions in a limited amount of time, and therefore it is interesting to investigate the effects of presenting the route instructions in a different modality. The experiment in the driving simulator showed that both visual and visual-auditory route-instructions resulted in less turning errors than the auditory route-instructions. The visual-auditory instructions also reduced indicator reaction times. The visual-auditory instructions were preferred by people who drove faster, and people who had low self-reported driving skill. Most people preferred the visual instructions over the auditory instructions. This experiment showed that even though the visual instructions interfere with the predominantly visual driving task according to the ‘multiple research theory’ (Wickens, 1999), they did result in better driving performance. The second part of this thesis focuses on learning to drive in a simulator. First, the didactical properties of four commercially available driving simulators are analyzed. A survey shows that the intelligent tutoring systems of current driver training simulators are mostly imitating the human instructor and that the “first principles of instruction” (Merrill, 2002a) are not implemented to their full potential. Hence, there is ample room for improvement of the didactical properties by fully exploiting the many visualization, demonstration, and performance-assessment opportunities provided by modern driving simulators. Furthermore, objective performance ratings of students can be used to provide accurate and consistent feedback-on-performance, something that is not possible in real cars, but which is often essential for effective skills training. It is recommended to use empirical experimentations to improve the instructional design of simulator-based driver training for specific learning outcomes and validate the use of the first principles of instruction to facilitate learning. The following three experiments investigate whether potential advantages which are offered by simulators can be used to teach driving skills to learner drivers. Some psychological principles concerning augmented feedback are studied and used to create a new learning environment. In the first experiment, seat vibrations which reacted to the lateral position in the lane were used to teach inexperienced drivers to drive in the middle of the right lane. There were four experimental groups: (a) on-target, receiving seat vibrations when the center of the car was within 0.5 m of the lane center; (b) off-target, receiving seat vibrations when the center of the car was more than 0.5 m away from the lane center; (c) control, receiving no vibrations; and (d) realistic, receiving seat vibrations depending on engine speed. During retention, all groups were provided with the realistic vibrations. Every participant drove five 8 minute sessions: three training sessions, one retention test directly after practice, and one retention test the following day. During practice, on-target and off-target groups had better lane-keeping performance than the nonaugmented groups, but this difference diminished in the retention phase. Furthermore, during late practice and retention, the off-target group outperformed the on-target group. The conclusion of this experiment is that off-target feedback is superior to on-target feedback for learning the lane-keeping task. During the following two experiments, the difficulty of the training was varied by changing the friction coefficient of the tire on the road. The first experiment deals with a normal road-car, while the second experiment deals with a racing car. Previous research in motor learning has shown that degrading the task conditions during practice can enhance long-term retention performance. Just like in the previous experiment, the driving task was keeping the car in the center of the right lane. The inexperienced drivers were divided into three groups: low grip (LG), normal grip (NG), and high grip (HG). All groups drove six sessions: four practice sessions, an immediate retention session, and a delayed retention session the following day. The two retention sessions were driven with normal-grip tires. The results show that LG drove with lower speed than NG during practice and retention. Transferring from the last practice session to the immediate retention session, LG’s workload decreased, as measured with a secondary task, whereas HG’s workload increased. This experiment also showed that it is possible to influence self-reported confidence level, which may have potential implications for the way drivers are trained. In the second experiment in which the tire-road friction coefficient is varied during training, we are not investigating normal car driving, but racecar driving. Now the goal is not to make people drive slower, but faster instead. Three groups of inexperienced racecar drivers were trained and tested on the same simple racetrack: low grip (LG), normal grip (NG), and high grip (HG). Just like in the previous experiment, LG drove slower than the other groups during training and the first retention session. The second retention session was driven in a different car than the training and the first retention session (Formula 1 car instead of a Formula 3 car), and in this session no differences in lap time were found between the groups. LG reported a higher confidence and lower frustration than NG and HG after each of the two retention sessions. In conclusion, practicing with low grip, as compared to practicing with normal or high grip, resulted in increased confidence but slower lap times. The third part of this thesis investigates the validity and controllability of a racing simulator. A modest validation study was performed by comparing the fastest lap times of 13 racing drivers during training sessions in the simulator to the fastest lap times these same drivers did on the same track in the real world. A correlation between the lap times was found, which indicates that the simulator has some degree of predictive value for performance in the real world. A (racing) simulator can be used for controlled experiments which are difficult to perform in reality. In different racecars, we have found large differences in gain and stiffness of the brake pedal. We assume that there exists an optimal stiffness and gain of the brake pedal for racecar drivers, but this is hard to investigate in reality. The expected performance differences are small, the time it takes to adapt the brake system is lengthy, and the environmental factors, such as grip of the tires and track, vary all the time. In two independent experiments the effect of the brake pedal stiffness on lap times is investigated. The expectations were that a softer brake pedal would be better in long brake zones, and that a stiff pedal would result in faster control inputs by the driver. The conclusions of the two experiments are that racing car drivers can deal with a large range of brake pedal stiffness, that a stiff pedal results in faster control inputs, and that the simulator is a useful tool for experiments concerning the human-machine interface which are difficult to perform in reality. To get a more detailed idea about which properties of the brake pedal are important for brake force control of racecar drivers, the gain of the brake pedal is investigated further in Chapter 9. During the last experiment participants did not drive on a virtual track, but performed a one dimensional control task. The test setup was a formula racing car cockpit fitted with an isometric brake pedal, which means that the pedal does not deflect under load and the pedal force determines the output. Four control-display gains, varying from very low to very high, were compared with two target functions; a step function and a multisine function. The control-display gain had only minor effects on root mean-squared error between output value and target value but it had large effects on build-up speed, overshoot, within-participants variability, and self-reported physical load. The results confirm the hypothesis that choosing an optimum gain involves balancing stability against physical effort.BioMechanical EngineeringMechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineerin
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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