1,720,962 research outputs found
The onset, prevalence, and developmental course of personality disorders: Towards assessing and fostering personality functioning
Get PDFBackground: Personality disorders (PDs) are among the most severe forms of mental disorders, characterized by an enduring, pervasive, and inflexible pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates distinctly from general cultural expectations and causes significant distress or impairment. Yet, cumulative findings clearly challenge this notion, suggesting considerable improvement over time. In addition, the conceptualization of PDs is currently in transition, shifting from a categorical to a dimensional approach. As such, research is lagging behind, and clinical translation has yet to take place.
Aims: This thesis adds to the heterogenous body of literature by looking at the prevalence, onset, and course of PDs and PD symptoms over time. Moreover, the current thesis adds to the conceptualization of PDs by examining the extent to which impaired personality functioning mediates the pathogenic effect of childhood maltreatment. In line with the current shift in paradigm, this thesis incorporates both the categorical (Studies 1 and 2) and the dimensional model of PDs (Study 3).
Method: Following a systematic review and meta-analysis of the stability of PDs and PD symptoms over time (Study 1), the current thesis investigates data from a high-risk sample of young adults with a history of child welfare and juvenile-justice placements in Switzerland to examine a) the prevalence, onset and stability of PDs and PD symptoms from adolescence into adulthood (Study 2) and b), to investigate the pathogenic effect of impaired personality functioning between different types of childhood maltreatment and self-reported mental health problems (Study 3).
Results: Findings from Study 1 revealed that PDs, either assessed categorically or in terms of more dimensional symptom counts, decrease significantly over time, thus suggesting a notable trend towards improvement. Nevertheless, between-study heterogeneity is high, and stability itself depends on several methodological factors. Findings from Study 2 indicated that prevalence rates significantly increased from adolescence into adulthood, the onset of PDs occurred in late adolescence, and the stability of PD and PD symptoms was comparable to that in adulthood. Findings from Study 3 finally suggested overall childhood maltreatment and emotional neglect to be particularly relevant in the context of personality functioning, especially in relation to self-functioning. As such, impaired personality functioning, predominantly self-functioning, was found to significantly mediate the pathogenic effect of overall childhood maltreatment and emotional neglect.
Discussion: The stability of PDs and PD symptoms depends on multiple factors which challenge our methodological understanding for capturing stability over time considerably. Future work should, thus, focus on how to redefine ‘stability’ in the context of PDs, and whether the new conceptualization will clarify some of the issues related to the stability of PDs. Nevertheless, it is of the utmost importance to acknowledge that a symptomatic remission is not necessarily accompanied by a full recovery, with most PD patients never managing to fully participate in society despite considerable remission. Specifically targeted intervention methods are, therefore, needed to enable participants to fully engage in society. In addition, more sophisticated analyses, especially person-centered approaches, hold promise for improving our understanding of individual patterns of change and, thus, elucidate the complex nature of mechanisms of change by focusing on protective factors. From a developmental lens, maladaptive PD traits already manifest in early childhood, although the more severe forms of PDs only become clinically apparent in (late) adolescence when adolescents become emotionally, cognitively, and socially able to integrate knowledge about themselves and others into a coherent whole. PDs should, thus, be diagnosed prior to the age of 18 in order to provide the best possible outcomes. The new conceptualization enables clinicians to target unique difficulties by drawing an individualized picture of the patient. This might contribute to developing specifically targeted prevention and treatment methods. Children and adolescents involved in the child welfare and/or juvenile-justice system should, moreover, be systematically assessed for childhood maltreatment, personality functioning, and other mental health problems. Combining interventions designed for personality functioning with trauma-informed practices might counteract the psychopathological outcomes.
Conclusion: The present thesis argues in favor of the new conceptualization by leaving the rather artificial PD categories behind and reintroducing the idea of self and interpersonal functioning as the core feature of PDs. This may enable clinicians to perceive the patient more holistically, with specific traits helping to identify individual problems. This, eventually, may contribute to more personalized and tailor-made treatments. As a matter of fact, we have ignored the individual for far too long and it is time to look at the patient behind the disorder by bringing back into focus the original meaning of personality, namely “the subjective experience of what it means to be human” (Sharp & Wall, 2021, p. 1)
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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