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    Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis

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    The present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed

    Optimization of interlayer adhesion in multi-polymer 3D printing to improve mechanical properties from spatially damped structures

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    Au cours de cette thèse, des solutions innovantes ont été étudiées afin d'améliorer l'adhésion interfaciale entre du PLA et un TPC lors du procédé d'impression par dépôt de fil fondu. Deux solutions ont été proposées : (i) l'utilisation d'additifs promoteurs d'adhésion et (ii) la synthèse de copolymères incorporant des blocs PLA comme éléments constitutifs. Dans le premier cas, différents additifs issus de la biomasse ont été incorporés individuellement dans la formulation du PTC. Des conditions de fabrication des filaments ont été optimisées pour obtenir des filaments sans défaut et de diamètre constant. L'évaluation de l'adhésion a été faite en utilisant une version modifiée du test T Peel de pelage. L'amidon 2-hydroxyéthyle a présenté la plus forte amélioration de l'adhésion avec de faibles variabilités des résultats. Elle prouve que les additifs peuvent être utilisés comme promoteurs d'adhésion dans des systèmes où l'adhésion est faible, par exemple entre des polymères incompatibles comme un PLA et un TPC. De plus, cette formulation n'a pas modifié le comportement d'amortissement et de filtrage des vibrations du TPC. Par conséquent, il a été possible d'imprimer à l'aide d'un FFF multi-polymère un prototype d'équipement de protection combinant un PLA et le TPC formulé, comme une genouillère. En parallèle, la deuxième solution testée consiste à synthétiser par extrusion réactive de nouveaux copolymères multiblocs via des réactions de transestérification entre le PLA et le PBT. Différentes expériences ont été réalisées pour optimiser les conditions de la réaction de transestérification. Bien que les résultats obtenus par FTIR, RMN 1H, DSC et DMA confirme la formation du copolymère en petites quantités, le matériau présentait une faible imprimabilité et une délamination des couches. Par conséquent, l'évaluation de l'adhésion n'a pas été réalisée avec ce matériau.Solutions for improving multi-polymer FFF interlayer adhesion between PLA and a TPC were studied. Two solutions were proposed: (i) the use of adhesion promoter additives and (ii) the synthesis of copolymers incorporating PLA as building blocks. In the first one, different biosourced additives were individually incorporated into the formulation of the TPC. Filament fabrication conditions were optimized to achieve filaments with no defects and a constant diameter. Evaluation of adhesion was done using a modified version of the T-peel test. Only 2-hydroxyethyl starch presented the highest adhesion enhancement with low variabilities. Findings demonstrate the strategic potential of using modified biosourced additives to boost interfacial adhesion between two incompatible polymers. Furthermore, this formulation did not change the vibration-damping and filtering behavior of the TPC. Therefore, it was possible to print a prototype of protective equipment combining a PLA and the formulated TPC, such as a knee pad, using a multi-polymer FFF. The second solution refers to the synthesis through transesterification reactions of PLA and PBT new multiblock copolymers with a reactive extrusion process. Different experiments were done to optimize the transesterification's conditions. Although FTIR, 1H NMR, DSC and DMA results evidence the presence of the copolymer in small amounts, material had low printability presenting layer delamination. Therefore, the evaluation of adhesion was not achieved with this material

    Variations on the Author

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    “Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
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