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    Determinación de los parámetros óptimos de tostado de la semilla de copoazu para la obtención de chocolate de copoazu – Theobroma grandiflorum (Willd ex Spreng) Schum

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    El copoazú en Madre de Dios es uno de los cultivos de mayor importancia cabe destacar que en el Perú es el departamento con mayor producción, la semilla de copoazú sirve de materia prima para el chocolate de copoazú, por ello en el presente trabajo de investigación estudió el proceso de tostado el cual es una etapa importante para el desarrollo del aroma, color y sabor del chocolate, para ello es importante definir la temperatura y el tiempo óptimo de tostado de la semilla de copoazú. Se utilizó semillas con índices de fermentación bien fermentados 80% estas fueron sometidas a proceso de tostado utilizando tres temperaturas de 110 °C, 120°C y 130°C por tiempos de tostado de 20 min, 30 min y 40 min, la pasta de chocolate fue evaluada por un panel entrenado APPCACAO cuyo resultado indican que el mejor tratamiento de tostado es de 130°C x 20 min. Con un puntaje de 59. Asimismo este licor de copoazú tiene las siguientes características proximales: humedad: 1.66, proteína: 9.33, grasa: 56.40, ceniza: 1.45, fibra: 2.72, carbohidratos: 2916 y cadmio: 0.00

    Stremmende faktore wat inwerk op bestuursontwikkeling by vulstasies

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    ThesisThe scope of the investigation of elements that counteract management development at filling stations was very wide because a large number of elements had to be singled out and described in detail. Specific areas were identified for further study after which perceptions about entrepreneurs had to be tested and analysed statistically. These statistics are part of the research for this thesis and intended researchers of this and other related areas should be able to utilise these fruitfully. Specific problem areas came to the fore. Such elements are singled out briefly and recommendations regarding improved circumstances are made. In South Africa, filling stations and especially small businesses are not only faced with a crisis but also with challenges as a result of the unique business environment in this country. On the one hand, entrepreneurs experience an extensive shortage of schooled and well-trained employees who are suitable for employment. On the other hand, there is extensive unemployment among unschooled, (untrained) employees. It is this researcher's opinion that South Africa is being confronted with great challenges including the fact that, within the filling station enterprise, there should be serious attempts to increase productivity. In order to overcome this problem, employees should not only be trained and developed, there is also an extensive shortage of properly schooled entrepreneurs and supervisors. Training and development are the responsibilities of the relevant business management. During the research phase of this study, entrepreneurs were questioned on which of the following problems filling stations experience most often. A few problem areas were named and were identified through questionnaires after which respondents reacted to a five-point scale

    Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis

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    The present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed

    Variations on the Author

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    “Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship

    Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis

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    We provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis

    Multimorbidity of type 2 diabetes mellitus: characterization, impact and approach

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    [spa] La multimorbilidad, definida por la Organización Mundial de la Salud como la coexistencia de enfermedades crónicas en el individuo, representa un importante problema de salud en el mundo, ya que su prevalencia ha aumentado dramáticamente en parte como resultado del aumento de la longevidad y los cambios en los hábitos de vida. La multimorbilidad tiene consecuencias negativas para la persona y desafíos importantes para los sistemas de salud. El aumento de la mortalidad, la disminución de la calidad de vida o el uso inadecuado de los servicios de salud son algunos de los principales resultados negativos. La diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) representa en la actualidad un importante problema de salud pública en todo el mundo y ha sido descrita como una de las epidemias más importantes del siglo XXI debido a su prevalencia en constante aumento. La prevalencia de multimorbilidad también está aumentando y es la norma más que la excepción entre los pacientes con DM2. La diabetes representa una causa importante de mortalidad a largo plazo por sí misma, y este efecto aumenta cuando también se tienen en cuenta sus comorbilidades. Los impactos en la salud resultantes van más allá de la afección en sí, porque los pacientes con DM2 están sujetos a comorbilidades discapacitantes, que pueden generar costos muy altos para los servicios de salud. Según los estudios manejados en esta tesis, se sugiere que, a medida que aumenta la complejidad o el impacto de múltiples afecciones, también lo hace la necesidad de estrategias de manejo que tengan en cuenta específicamente las múltiples afecciones crónicas. En la actualidad, se han desarrollado varias intervenciones y modelos de atención para pacientes con multimorbilidad para abordar este problema, como los principios de Ariadne, la intervención MULTIPAP y la guía NICE para el manejo clínico de la multimorbilidad. Los modelos diseñados para satisfacer las necesidades de estos pacientes requieren un abordaje integral y la reorientación de los sistemas sanitarios. Las revisiones sistemáticas recientes destacan algunas áreas de mejora identificadas por los médicos, como la desorganización y fragmentación de la atención, la insuficiencia de las pautas específicas de enfermedades actuales, los desafíos en la prestación de atención centrada en el paciente y las barreras para la toma de decisiones compartida. En ausencia de un modelo de atención específico capaz de abordar el complejo desafío que representan los pacientes multimórbidos, JA-CHRODIS desarrolló recientemente el Modelo Integrado de Atención de la Multimorbilidad. Estos componentes se clasifican en cinco dominios: prestación de atención; apoyo a las decisiones; apoyo a la autogestión; sistemas y tecnología de la información; y recursos sociales y comunitarios. Los modelos de atención a pacientes con multimorbilidad como el Modelo Integrado de Atención de Multimorbilidad no deben quedarse dentro del marco teórico, siendo de gran interés analizar su potencial aplicabilidad en un hipotético caso de estudio de multimorbilidad con condiciones de alta prevalencia, como diabetes y condiciones de salud mental

    Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts

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    We conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more sophisticated methods

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