5 research outputs found
Qualitative assessment of dextrose five percent intravenous infusion used in Lusaka
No full textThesisGood quality of Technetium 99m eluate (99mTc) as a radionuclide used in diagnostic imaging
procedures is important for proper diagnosis, to avoid patients’ unnecessary exposure to radiation
and to reduce the number of repeat nuclear imaging. However, presence of impurities in 99mTc eluate,
may produce radiolytic effects, bio-distribution and/or inadequate localization in organs of interest,
resulting in poor images. The impurities may interfere with diagnostic interpretation of the images
by masking and mimicking disease. The main objective of this study was to determine the quality
of 99mTc eluate, while specifically we determined the radionuclidic and radiochemical, chemical
impurity, pH and physical characteristics of 99mTc eluate.
A cross sectional study, was conducted at the University Teaching Hospitals (UTHs – Adult
Hospital) and National Institute of scientific and industrial research (NISIR) in Lusaka from
September 2016 to March 2017. Six 99Mo/99Tc generators that were available during the study period
were sampled from each generator collected at two time points (96 hours and 120 hours from the
time manufacture date). The radionuclidic purity, radiochemical purity, chemical purity, pH and
physical characteristics of the of the 99mTc eluate obtained from the Molybedenum-99/Technetium-
99 (99Mo/99Tc) generators were determined and results were compared with the British
Pharmacopeia standards and those set by the manufacturers. GraphPad Prism version 5 was used to
analyse the data with the p value of < 0.05 considered statistically significant.
The median for radionuclidic purity at 96 hours was 0.003 (0.002 – 0.005) and at 120 hours was
0.003 (0.00 – 0.015) p value=0.39. The median pH at 96 hours was 5.94 (5.79 – 6.05) and at 120
hours was 5.96 (5.82 – 6.09); p = 0.06. For radiochemical test at 96 hours it was 98.3 (97.5 – 98.9)
percent and at 120 hours was 98.8 (98.4 – 99.3) percent p = 0.06.
All the parameters that were analysed were within the acceptable ranges and hence met the British
Pharmacopeia standard
Fractionation method adaptation for methylene diphosphonate (MDP) radiopharmaceutical kit used in the diagnosis of infectious diseases Lusaka, Zambia.
No full textThesis of Doctor of Philosophy in Infectious Diseases.The global emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) highlights the urgent need for accurate diagnostic tools to combat infectious diseases effectively. Radiopharmaceuticals, such as the metastable state of Technetium-99m Methylene Diphosphonate (99mTc-MDP), are recognized as reliable diagnostic methods; however, challenges related to their storage persist especially in developing countries like Zambia because storage facilities are quite costly and maintenance is challenging particularly during power outages. While the literature has revealed that MDP aliquots kept at frozen and refrigerated conditions remain of good quality, this research explored the viability of MDP aliquots made from four different kinds of normal saline. The research enquired into the potential of ambientstored MDP radiopharmaceuticals to overcome the hurdles associated with cold-chain maintenance and storage infrastructure limitations. By addressing these challenges, the study aimed to contribute valuable insights that could pave way to a more sustainable and accessible deployment of nuclear medicine technologies, thereby improving diagnostic capabilities and patient outcomes in resource-challenged environments. The research was conducted at the University Teaching Adult Hospital (Nuclear Hot Laboratory) in Lusaka, Zambia from October 2022 to February 2023. A mixed methodology design was applied and data was collected from both the laboratory and biodistribution tests. In all, 80 MDP aliquots made with different types of normal saline were tested and biodistribution studies were done on staphylococcus aureus infected rat models. Data analysis using Stata 14 revealed that the Radiochemical Purity (RCP) for ambiently-stored MDP aliquots ranged from 98 to 99%, exceeding the World Health Organization’s expected required minimum of 90%. Furthermore, the efficacy of the radiolabeled MDP fractions using biodistribution animal models demonstrated accurate localization. The study concluded that MDP aliquots stored at ambient temperature demonstrated exceptional RCP and favorable biodistribution patterns, effectively localizing in regions of interest in infected rat models. This suggests potential application for ambient-stored MDP in low-resource countries facing challenges in maintaining cold chain storage, particularly during power outages
Qualitative assessment of dextrose five percent intravenous infusion used in Lusaka
No full textThesisGood quality of Technetium 99m eluate (99mTc) as a radionuclide used in diagnostic imaging
procedures is important for proper diagnosis, to avoid patients’ unnecessary exposure to radiation
and to reduce the number of repeat nuclear imaging. However, presence of impurities in 99mTc eluate,
may produce radiolytic effects, bio-distribution and/or inadequate localization in organs of interest,
resulting in poor images. The impurities may interfere with diagnostic interpretation of the images
by masking and mimicking disease. The main objective of this study was to determine the quality
of 99mTc eluate, while specifically we determined the radionuclidic and radiochemical, chemical
impurity, pH and physical characteristics of 99mTc eluate.
A cross sectional study, was conducted at the University Teaching Hospitals (UTHs – Adult
Hospital) and National Institute of scientific and industrial research (NISIR) in Lusaka from
September 2016 to March 2017. Six 99Mo/99Tc generators that were available during the study period
were sampled from each generator collected at two time points (96 hours and 120 hours from the
time manufacture date). The radionuclidic purity, radiochemical purity, chemical purity, pH and
physical characteristics of the of the 99mTc eluate obtained from the Molybedenum-99/Technetium-
99 (99Mo/99Tc) generators were determined and results were compared with the British
Pharmacopeia standards and those set by the manufacturers. GraphPad Prism version 5 was used to
analyse the data with the p value of < 0.05 considered statistically significant.
The median for radionuclidic purity at 96 hours was 0.003 (0.002 – 0.005) and at 120 hours was
0.003 (0.00 – 0.015) p value=0.39. The median pH at 96 hours was 5.94 (5.79 – 6.05) and at 120
hours was 5.96 (5.82 – 6.09); p = 0.06. For radiochemical test at 96 hours it was 98.3 (97.5 – 98.9)
percent and at 120 hours was 98.8 (98.4 – 99.3) percent p = 0.06.
All the parameters that were analysed were within the acceptable ranges and hence met the British
Pharmacopeia standard
Adherence to treatment by patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus at Monze Mission Hospital,Monze,Zambia
No full textTHESIS MSCDiabetes mellitus is one of the most common non-communicable diseases and one of the
leading cause of disability, morbidity and mortality globally (Jackson et al., 2014). The
aim of the study was to assess adherence to treatment by type 2 Diabetes mellitus patients
aged 20 years and above at Monze Mission Hospital in Monze district. It sought to answer
the research questions: (1) What is the level of adherence to treatment by patients with type
2 Diabetes mellitus receiving care from Monze Mission Hospital? (2) What factors
influence adherence to treatment by patients with type 2 Diabetes mellitus?
A cross-sectional study design was used at Monze Mission Hospital in Monze district.
Simple random sampling method was used to select 138 patients who sought medical
services from the Out-patient medical clinic as well as admitted patients in the hospital. A
structured interview schedule was used to collect data. Data was entered and analyzed
using the IBM® Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS®) for Windows version 22
to predict levels of adherence to treatment as well as to identify factors which influenced
adherence among type 2 DM patients. Chi – Square (X2) test was used to test the
associations between variables. The binary logistic regression was used for multivariate
analysis to determine true predictors of adherence.
The findings showed that, 56.5% patients had poor adherence to treatment while 44.2%
had good adherence to treatment. More than half of the patients (55.6%) had knowledge
about Diabetes mellitus treatment. About 65.2% of patients indicated that distance to the
hospital and financial challenges were a hindrance to seeking regular medical reviews. The
study results showed a statistically significant association between adherence and
knowledge of type 2 Diabetes mellitus treatment (p = 0.024). Distance to the hospital,
health care services and attitude to self-care management were statistically insignificant
despite influencing adherence to Diabetes mellitus treatment (p > 0.05)
The study showed that poor adherence to treatment reduced as knowledge about Diabetes
mellitus increased. However, distance to hospital impacted negatively to adherence as
vii
patients‟ adherence to treatment reduced as distance to the hospital increased. There is
need to consider educational programs to strengthen adherence to dietary advice, regular
exercise and follow up, to achieve normal glycemic levels as opposed to adhering to either
oral hypoglycaemic drugs or insulin or both, to improve the management of type 2
Diabetes mellitus patients at Monze Mission Hospital.
Adherence to type 2 Diabetes mellitus; Treatment; Patients
Knowledge, perceptions and practices regarding schistosomiasis among women living in a highly endemic rural district in Zimbabwe: implications on infections among preschool-aged children
No full textAbstract
Background
Schistosomiasis primarily affects poor and neglected communities due to their lack of safe water and sanitation facilities. In an effort to improve intervention strategies, the present study investigated the association of socio-demographic characteristics of women with their existing knowledge, perceptions and practices (KPP) in five urogenital schistosomiasis endemic rural communities in Zimbabwe.
Methods
In February 2016, a cross sectional study was conducted in which 426 women in rural Madziwa area, Shamva District were interviewed using a pretested structured questionnaire seeking their KPP and socio-demographic characteristics. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify socio-demographic factors associated with the KPP variables.
Results
Among the 426 participants, 93.7% knew about schistosomiasis, while 97.7 and 87.5% understood the disease transmission and methods for prevention, respectively. A significantly higher percentage of women aged ≥ 30 years compared to those < 30 years indicated that infertility is a complication of untreated chronic schistosomiasis (OR: 1.7, 95% CI: 0.9–3.0). Compared to women who had no history of infection, those who had been infected before were more likely to think that they were currently infected (OR: 3.7, 95% CI: 2.4–6.0). Bathing in unsafe water sources was more common in non-apostolic compared to apostolic followers (OR: 2.1, 95% CI: 1.2–3.7). Sole use of unsafe water for domestic purposes was significantly higher in uneducated women compared to the educated (OR: 1.8, 95% CI: 1.0–3.1). Compared to women of the Chakondora community, those in Chihuri, Nduna and Kaziro were more likely to know that dysuria is a symptom of schistosomiasis while those in Chihuri were also likely to allow young children to perform water contact activities (OR: 2.9, 95% CI: 1.5–5.5).
Conclusions
Despite the high level of schistosomiasis awareness, some women had inadequate knowledge about the mode of transmission and preventive measures for schistosomiasis. Socio-demographic characteristics were associated with the KPP of women. Thus, disease control efforts should consider socio-demographic factors, which may influence the knowledge, perceptions and practices of occupants in a given setting.Copyright © The Author(s) 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/ publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. The attached file is the published version of the article.NHM Repositor
