239 research outputs found
Fiction on Nature
No full textJoseph Conrad’s ‘Youth’ is significant and considerable in that it is a novella which is built on the author’s personal experiences along with drawing on the interaction between Man and Nature. Conrad’s tenth story ‘Youth’ revolves round Marlow who is both a narrator and a central character. He undertakes a sea journey in which the adolescent Marlow becomes a man. ‘Youth’ is a story of discovery and development, of revelation and revolution vis-à-vis man and nature and their sociality. Conrad delineates this sociality through the English people and the sea. The direct engagement of natural elements, water and wind, as adversaries to man is revealed by the author. This engagement makes man not just an object of more or less accidental fate, but a protagonist, a fighter in the battles of his existence. What kind of a community gets surfaced in ‘Youth’ vis-à-vis Sea? Marlow starts his narrative by addressing five people at the beginning of the story. He says “between the five of us there was the strong bond of the sea, and also the fellowship of the craft” (69). Such beginning speeches direct us to get involved in a fiction which is a mirror of man and nature community.Keywords: Fiction; Joseph Conrad; ‘Youth’; Man; Nature; Sociality.Résumé: La «Jeunesse» de Joseph Conrad est importante et considérable en ce qu’elle est une nouvelle qui se construit sur des expériences personnelles de l’auteur ainsi que par le dessin sur l’interaction entre l’homme et la nature. «Jeunesse» dixième étage de Conrad tourne autour de Marlow qui est à la fois un narrateur et un personnage central. Il entreprend un voyage en mer dans lequel l’adolescent Marlow devient un homme. «Jeunesse» est une histoire de la découverte et le développement, de la révélation et la révolution vis-à-vis de l’homme et la nature et leur socialité. Conrad délimite cette socialité par l’intermédiaire du peuple anglais et de la mer. la participation directe des éléments naturels, l’eau et le vent, comme des adversaires à l’homme est mis en évidence par l’auteur. Cet engagement fait de l’homme n’est pas seulement un objet de sort plus ou moins accidentelle, mais un protagoniste, un combattant dans le batailles de son existence. Quel genre d’une communauté se fait surface dans vis-à-vis de «Jeunesse» de la mer? Marlow commence son récit en abordant cinq personnes au début de l’histoire. Il dit: «entre les cinq d’entre nous il y avait la forte discours des obligations de la mer, et aussi la communion de l’artisanat «(69). De commencer ces diriger nous de s’impliquer dans une fiction qui est un miroir de l’homme et de la communauté de la nature.Mots-clés: Fiction; Joseph Conrad; «Jeunesse»; L’homme; La Nature; La Socialité
A Comparative Study of Apocalyptic Concepts in Ahmad Shamloo’s »Journey« and William Butler Yeats’s »The Second Coming«
No full textApocalyptic literature appeared to disclose human’s anxieties in a complicated world. The present study aims at indicating roots of such a literature and displaying the so called Apocalyptic poetry at the Modern age. Hence, this study, while emphasizing American school of Comparative Literature, focuses on two patterns: one is genres and forms, and the other is motifs and types. It is attempted to reveal how Ahmad Shamloo (1925-2000) and William Butler Yeats (1865-1939) came across such a genre in their poetry, and what were their major attitudes toward it. Apocalyptic issues and concepts are various, but this study wished to concentrate on the most distinguished ones in Ahmad Shamloo’s »Journey« and William Butler Yeats’s »The Second Coming«; they are: revelation and poetic contemplation; prevision and exhortation; millennium and end of history; rough language. The results indicates that both poets were familiar with this genre, and far from being influenced or putting influences on each other, the motifs of Apocalyptic literature were strongly present in their selected poems
Discipline and Punish in Bayhaqi History: An Analysis of »Hasanak the Vizier« under Michel Foucault’s Theories
No full textThis study aims at discussing Bayhaqi’s History and the execution presented in the book under Michel Foucault’s patterns in Discipline and Punish: the Birth of the Prison (1977). Therefore, the major aim of this paper is to pursue torture, torment, power, and punishment in Bayhaqi’s History based on what Foucault expounded in his analytical book. In his writing of »The Execution of Hasanak the Vizier, Peace be upon him«, Abu’l-Fadl Bayhaqi attempts to present a dramatic history and to reveal an execution rite in Ghaznavid Period of Iranian history. Text analyses under the modern theories which are the products of the new world and its complicated societies never carry contemporary reader to the old time, but bestows new and fresh outlooks to the text and increases the pleasures of reading. Bayhaqi’s History, written by Abu’l-Fadl Muhammad ibn Husayn Bayhaqi (died in 1077), is a living and documentary book which enjoys literary and historical merits, and consequently demands social and sociological reviews and evaluations
Fiction on Revolution
No full textThe present study aims at showing Joseph Conrad’s Under Western Eyes as the author’s major deep concern about revolution and revolutionaries. Indeed the book is his memoire of both his past life and his mother country. The novel focuses on Razumov the central character and his unwanted involvement in political activities. Hence two worlds are depicted, one is the individual world of Razumov the student and the other is the communal world of the revolutionists. Under Western Eyes is a site for Conrad’s sentiments and inner responses where one comes across his obsessions about man and his society.Key words: Fiction; Joseph Conrad; Under Western Eyes; Revolutio
The Sociolinguistics of Persian SMS: Ways to Identify Age Limits
No full textA kind of social system which eases communication is language. Any form of language is very important for different types of communication: interpersonal and inter-group. A form of this social system is short messaging system (SMS) or texting which has been used increasingly since 1990’s. Text messaging, as a language style, is used in everyday life to maintain social networks, to regulate events and to help entertain oneself in the open moments of one’s day. This paper thus examines the SMS style of language communication between two groups of young and middle-aged people. Thirty messages are taken randomly from 10 cell phones (five from each group). Then we analyze the effects of the writers’ characteristic (age) on message length (number of words), dialogue structure (with or without an opening and a closing), and message function (informative vs. relational) to investigate variations among these two age groups. The paper concludes that a significant difference is found between young and middle-aged texters’ linguistic properties
Power Relations: Mario Vargas LIosa’s The Feast of the Goat
No full textThe notion of ‘power’ is one of the most debatable notions in sociological studies, and this is because of its inevitable presence in social relations and interactions. In all his relations within the society, man can feel the influence of power, either as the one in power or as the powerless one. Power does not exist in vacuum and it should be considered in relation with other social concepts such as class, race, gender, space, etc. Along with these concepts, different embodiments of power in the society can be revealed and different models of exercising of power will be formed. One of the most directly related notions to power is the notion of ‘politics’. What allows politicians to use different policies is power and what gives them power to fulfill their will and impose their own desire and interests on the other is politics. The other concept which serves these two notions is ‘discourse’. It is obvious that without ‘discourse’ and ‘language’ the existence of ‘power’ and ‘politics’ is only a probability, because ‘discourse’ is the means of exercising the power and applying the politics. Thus, here is a triangle of ‘power’, ‘politics’, and ‘discourse’. In this regard, a very brief historical overview of power is given. The base of discussion and analysis in this article is the different forms of power according to S. Westwood’s Power and the Social. This article explores the relation between the three angles of the mentioned triangle in Liosa’s The Feast of The Goat, a dictator–historical novel set in Dominican Republic. This study investigates various shapes of power exercised by Dominican dictator Rafael Leónidas Trujillo through politics and discourse.Key words: Power; Race; Class; Gender; Space; Vision; S. Westwood; Mario Vargas LIosa; The Feast of the Goa
Power in R. K. Narayan’s Malgudi Days
No full textThe present study aims to consider Foucauldian ‘Power’ and its dimensions in the select short stories of R. K. Narayan’s Malgudi Days (1982). To that end, Foucauldian ‘Hegemony’ and ‘Resistance to Power and Limits of Power’ are discussed in these select short stories: “The Blind Dog”, “Forty-Five a Month”, “A Willing Slave”, “Leela’s Friend”, and “Selvi”. The study further shows the way the clusters in turn are related to each other and at the same time contribute to the Foucauldian concepts. Furthermore, Foucauldian ‘Hegemony’ and ‘Resistance to Power and Limits of Power’ are created through ‘Power’ which exists in various forms.Key words: Michel Foucault; Power; Resistance to power; Limits of power; HegemonyRésumé La présente étude vise à examiner la “Puissance” foucaldienne et ses dimensions dans les histoires courtes de certains jours Malgudi RK Narayan (1982). À cette fi n, «L’hégémonie» foucaldienne et la «Résistance au pouvoir et les limites de la puissance» sont discutés dans ces histoires courts sélectionné:“le chien aveugle’’, “Un mois de la Quarante-Cinq”, “Un esclave volontaire”, “Ami de Leela”, et le “Selvi”. L’étude montre en outre la façon dont les grappes à leur tour sont liés les uns aux autres et en même temps contribuer à des concepts foucaldiens. En outre, «L’hégémonie» foucaldienne et «Résistance au pouvoir et limites de la puissance» sont créés par “Power” qui existe sous diverses formes.Mots clés: Michel Foucault; Puissance; La résistance au pouvoir; Les limites de la puissance; L’hégémoni
Pedagogical and Colonial Power Discourses in William Shakespeare’s The Tempest
No full textThis paper aims at exploring the relationship between pedagogy and colonial power as discourse instances in Shakespeare’s The Tempest which dates back to the early seventeenth century. A brief historical study is given focusing on the variety of forms and purposes in pedagogical life of England during 1540 to 1560 and emergence of the Reformation period. It is revealed, for example, that The Tempest is recognized as a model of colonial relationship and as a metaphor of educational history. The concept of power discussed in The Tempest, is not shaped just by supreme authority of the kingdom, but is infl uenced by its relationship with knowledge as an instrument of power in Foucaultian eye. The paper seeks to investigate how Prospero, the master of the colonial prison of his island, makes use of his magical books, the symbols of knowledge, so as to teach all the characters dramatized in the story as all classes of the society, from aristocrats to commoners. In particular, it focuses on Prospero’s reliance on his colonized power presented by verbal and physical punishment toward Caliban, the colonized misshapen creature on the one hand, and homeschooling of Miranda, Prospero’s daughter, on the other hand. The article ends by resembling Prospero’s magical power and his god-like control into a Foucaultian reading of history as he argues that power will inevitably result in some form of resistance. The Tempest suggests an expanding threat of disruption, treason and rebellion as the reaction to the power.Key words: Colonial power; Pedagogy; Discourse; Foucault; William Shakespeare; The TempestRésumé Cet article vise à explorer la relation entre la pédagogie et de la puissance coloniale comme des instances de discours dans La Tempête de Shakespeare, qui remonte à début du XVIIe siècle. Une brève étude historique est donné en se concentrant sur la variété des formes et des buts dans la vie pédagogique de l’Angleterre au cours de 1540 à 1560 et l’émergence de la période de la Réforme. Il est révélé, par exemple, que la tempête est reconnu comme un modèle de la relation coloniale et comme une métaphore de l’histoire éducative. Le concept de pouvoir discuté dans La Tempête, n’est pas en forme juste par l’autorité suprême du royaume, mais est influencée par sa relation avec la connaissance comme un instrument de pouvoir dans l’oeil foucaldien. Le document vise à étudier comment Prospero, le maître de la prison coloniale de son île, fait usage de ses livres magiques, les symboles de la connaissance, de sorte que d’enseigner à tous les personnages en scène dans l’histoire comme toutes les classes de la société, des aristocrates aux roturiers. En particulier, il met l’accent sur le recours Prospero sur son pouvoir colonisé présenté par la punition verbale et physique envers Caliban, créature difforme du colonisé d’une part, et l’enseignement à domicile de Miranda, la fille de Prospero, d’autre part. L’article se termine par ressembler à un pouvoir magique de Prospero et son dieu-comme le contrôle dans une lecture foucaldienne de l’histoire comme il fait valoir que le pouvoir va inévitablement entraîner une certaine forme de résistance. La Tempête suggère une menace croissante de la perturbation, la trahison et la rébellion comme une réaction à la puissance.Mots clés: Puissance Coloniale; La pédagogie; Du discours; Foucault; William Shakespeare; La Tempêt
The Effect of Etymology Instruction on Vocabulary Learning of Upper-Intermediate EFL Iranian Learners
No full textThe present study mainly focused on the impact of etymology instruction on vocabulary learning of Iranian EFL upper-intermediate learners; secondly, it aimed to find out whether there is any significant difference between the performance of male and female learners in learning vocabulary through etymology strategy or not. To accomplish the study, 60 EFL learners studying English as their major within the age range of 20 to 28 of both males and females at SabzevarTarbiatMoallem University and SabzevarPayam-e-Noor University, Iran participated in this experiment.Their language proficiency was determined by the TOEFL test. In order to determine their homogeneity in vocabulary knowledge, a vocabulary test was given to them. Then they were randomly assigned to one control group and one experimental group, each including thirty students. Only the experimental group received the treatment. The control group followed its normal educational program. After completing the treatment sessions a posttest was administered to determine the effect of etymology instruction. To determine the statistical significance of the difference between the means of the two sets of scores, t-test was employed. The results of the study revealed that the students receiving treatment in the experimental group outperformed those in the control group. To test the second hypothesis another t- test was used to analyze the data, the results of which indicated that male and female EFL learners in experimental groupdiffered in their performance.Key words: Etymology strategy; Affix; Vocabulary learning; Vocabulary learning strateg
Peran Komunitas Moslem Youth Creative Terhadap Penguatan Aqidah Pemuda Di Desa Batang Kuis Pekan
No full textNow humans are creatures filled with various visible temptations. Thus, humans must have something that guides their lives, namely aqidah. The application of aqidah in today's youth is very important as it is expected to be a balance and control for the behavior of mankind, now it seems that it has not been able to play a role as desired. For this reason, the role of the Moslem Youth Creative Community is very much needed in instilling aqidah values in today's youth so that they will be able to become good and quality national shoots.Departing from these problems, the author has the initiative to conduct research on the role of the Moslem Youth Creative Community towards strengthening the aqidah of youth in Batang Kuis Pekan Village. The problem of this research is how the role of the Moslem Youth Creative Community in strengthening the youth aqidah includes instilling the values of aqidah, worship and morals. This study uses a field research method that uses observation data collection methods, interviews involving the Moslem Youth Creative Community, the community, preachers and several youth members of the village mosque, and documentation. While the method of data analysis using descriptive methods, and phenomenological methods.The descriptive method aims to describe the situation, and is used to determine the interests and aspirations of the Moslem Youth Creative community towards youth strengthening in Batang Kuis Pekan Village. While the phenomenological method is an approach that studies the symptoms of the Moslem Youth Creative community found from experience and reality in the field
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