616 research outputs found
Focalisation et présupposition dans la compréhension des phrases
No full textEngelkamp Johannes, Zimmer Hubert D., Leclère Pierre. Focalisation et présupposition dans la compréhension des phrases. In: Bulletin de psychologie, tome 35 n°356, 1982. Langage et compréhension. pp. 621-626
Objekte im Kontext. Die neurokognitive Repräsentation, Bindung und Verarbeitung von Objekt- und Kontextmerkmalen im episodischen Gedächtnis - Ein elektrophysiologischer Ansatz
No full textIn a series of recognition memory experiments using event-related potentials (ERPs), some predictions of the multi-process Type-Token model of human object memory (Ecker, Groh-Bordin & Zimmer, 2004) were tested. In particular, it is claimed that intrinsic object features (e.g., object colour) and features of the extrinsic object context (e.g., background colour) are represented and processed differently. The binding of intrinsic object information does not require an intact hippocampus, but seems to rely on adjacent cortical structures. The respective representation (the "object token") is considered the basis of familiarity memory. Accordingly, perceptual study-test manipulations of intrinsic information affected mainly the ERP old-new effect associated with familiarity processing. On the other hand, the binding of contextual features necessarily requires hippocampal processing, and the respective higher-level representation (the "episodic token") is considered to support recollection. Perceptual study-test manipulations of contextual information thus selectively affected recollection and the associated ERP old-new effect. Taken together, the thesis supports the following conclusions: 1) ERP results offer strong support for dual-process models of recognition memory. 2) Familiarity is not a purely conceptual process, but can also be perceptually specific given certain constraints. 3) Familiarity is in principle an acontextual process (as far as local context is concerned; obviously, familiarity needs to be context-sensitive with regard to more global context, e.g., the study-phase of the experiment — otherwise it would not be episodic). 4) Familiarity is a rather automatic and holistic process, whereas recollection is more controlled and flexible — thus, subjects may to some extent control which aspects of the context they do or do not retrieve. 5) Episodic recognition is an iterative process, supported by interacting subprocesses (familiarity, novelty detection, recollection) that depend on different brain regions, and influenced by non-mnemonic processing (e.g., attention, control processes, biased competition in perception). Thereby, because objects are preferred units of the cognitive system in general, evaluation of intrinsic features usually occurs before the evaluation of context features.In einer Serie von episodischen Wiedererkennensexperimenten wurden mit Hilfe ereigniskorrelierter Potentiale (EKPs) einige Vorhersagen des multi-Prozess Type-Token Modells des Objekterinnerns (Ecker, Groh-Bordin & Zimmer, 2004) getestet. Insbesondere wird postuliert, dass intrinsische Objektmerkmale (z.B. Objektfarbe) und Merkmale des extrinsischen Kontexts (z.B. Hintergrundfarbe) unterschiedlich repräsentiert und verarbeitet werden. Die Bindung intrinsischer Objektinformation benötigt keinen intakten Hippocampus, sondern scheint auf angrenzenden Kortexarealen zu basieren. Die entsprechende Repräsentation (das "object token") wird als Basis des vertrautheitsbasierten Wiedererkennens angenommen. Dementsprechend beeinflusste die perzeptuelle Lern-Test-Manipulation intrinsischer Information im wesentlichen den EKP alt-neu Effekt, der mit Vertrautheit assoziiert ist. Auf der anderen Seite benötigt das Binden extrinsischer Kontextinformation notwendigerweise hippocampale Verarbeitung, und die entsprechende hierarchisch höhere Repräsentation (das "episodic token") wird als Grundlage der Rekollektion gesehen. Perzeptuelle Lern-Test-Manipulation kontextueller Information beeinflussten demnach selektiv Rekollektion und den assoziierten EKP alt-neu Effekt. Zusammengefasst unterstützt die Arbeit die folgenden Annahmen: 1) Die EKP Ergebnisse unterstützen deutlich die Zwei-Prozess-Modelle des episodischen Wiedererkennens. 2) Vertrautheit ist kein rein konzeptueller Prozess, sondern kann unter bestimmten Voraussetzungen auch perzeptuell spezifisch sein. 3) Vertrautheit ist prinzipiell ein akontextueller Prozess (was lokalen Kontext angeht; offensichtlich muss Vertrautheit im globalen Sinne kontextabhängig sein, z.B. mit Bezug auf die Lernphase eines Experiments — ansonsten wäre Vertrautheit nicht episodisch). 4) Vertrautheit ist ein eher automatischer und holistischer Prozess, wohingegen Rekollektion eher kontrolliert und flexibel ist — d.h., Versuchspersonen können zu einem gewissen Grad kontrollieren, welche Kontextaspekte sie abrufen oder nicht abrufen. 5) Episodisches Wiedererkennen ist ein iterativer Prozess, der von interagierenden Teilprozessen (Vertrautheit, Neuheitsdetektion, Rekollektion) unterstützt wird, die auf unterschiedlichen Gehirnarealen beruhen, und wird dabei beeinflusst von nicht-mnemonischer Verarbeitung (z.B. Aufmerksamkeit, Kontrollprozesse, sog. biased competition in der Wahrnehmung). Da Objekte im allgemeinen die bevorzugten Einheiten des kognitiven Systems sind, erfolgt in der Regel die Evaluation intrinsischer Merkmale vor derjenigen extrinsischer Merkmale
Die Repraesentation von Handlungen im Gedaechtnis - Neuronale Korrelate und ein kulturvergleichender Ansatz
No full textIn my doctoral project, I have investigated the representation of object-directed actions in memory. The theoretical part is divided into two parts: In the first part, I review models and empirical findings on working and episodic long-term memory. In the second part, I introduce the specifics of action information processing and the involved brain regions.
Three experiments are then described. The first study (fMRI) aimed at finding domain-specific overlap in action information processing during a working and a long term memory task. We found a left-hemispheric network consisting in the ventral premotor/inferior frontal gyrus, supramarginal gyrus and middle temporal gyrus/superior temporal sulcus to be commonly activated during the retention of action information in working memory and its retrieval from long term memory. This overlap was domain-specific as, for a different informational category (size), overlap occurred in other brain regions. The data suggest that working and long term memory commonly rely on action specific processing regions.
In the second study (fMRI), we were interested in the details of action representations in memory. Based on previous studies, we postulated the existence of specific networks for the retention of means and end information about actions. We also manipulated the motor similarity between encoding and target stimulus. The results suggest that the pre-SMA and right prefrontal regions selectively contribute to the retention of means information in working memory whereas anterior temporal and (para)hippocampal structures show enhanced activation during the retention of end information in working memory. Interestingly, during target presentation, a main effect of motor similarity was observed in the inferior parietal lobe. Our findings suggest that participants use a motor imagery strategy during working memory retention of means information but they integrate the observed action features into an action episode during working memory retention of end information. Furthermore, the main effect of motor similarity in the posterior mirror neuron region suggests that this area is involved in the representation of the detailed interaction between an effector and an object.
In the third study (behavioral), we investigated whether familiarity influences how we represent action information in memory. We did this in a cross-cultural setting, taking advantage of the observation that some actions which are familiar in China are unfamiliar in Germany and vice versa. A significant interaction of the type of recognition test and the familiarity status of the action in the given sample (one Chinese, one German sample) on recognition accuracy emerged. Whereas ends were equally well represented for familiar and unfamiliar actions, means were better represented for familiar as compared to unfamiliar actions. There was no significant interaction with culture suggesting that, although the content differs between cultures, the action representation mechanisms are the same. This is in line with a hierarchical model of action representation which posits that end is superordinate to means information.
Based on these data, I introduce a neurocognitive model of action information processing in the final part of my dissertation. This model makes a distinction as to the action information type which is preferentially processed during perception and during representation in memory. I conclude with the major brain regions being involved in the representation of action information in memory.In meiner Dissertation habe ich mich mit der Repraesentation von objektbezogenen Handlungen beschaeftigt. Die theoretische Einleitung ist in zwei Teile unterteilt: Im ersten Teil gebe ich einen Ueberblick ueber Modelle und empirische Befunde zum Arbeitsgedaechtnis und episodischen Langzeitgedaechtnis.Im zweiten Teil gehe ich auf spezifische Eigenschaften von Handlungsinformationsverarbeitung ein sowie die daran beteiligten Gehirnregionen.
Ich stelle drei Experimente vor. Im ersten Experiment (fMRT) waren wir an der domaenenspezifischen Ueberlappung von Handlungsinformationsverarbeitung waehrend einer Arbeits- und einer Langzeitgedaechtnisaufgabe interessiert. Ein linkshemisphaerisches Netzwerk bestehend aus dem ventral praemotorischen/ inferior frontalen Cortex, dem Gyrus supramarginalis und dem mittleren temporalen Gyrus/superior temporalen Sulcus war sowohl beim Halten von Handlungsinformation im Arbeitsgedaechtnis, als auch beim Abruf aus dem Langzeitgedaechtnis aktiviert. Diese Ueberlappungen waren domaenenspezifisch: Fuer eine andere Informationskategorie (Groesse) fanden wir Ueberlappungen in anderen Gehirnstrukturen. Die Daten legen nahe, dass Arbeits- und Langzeitgedaechtnis fuer Handlungen gemeinsame domaenenspezifische Regionen nutzen.
Im zweiten Experiment (fMRT) waren wir an den Details von Handlungsrepraesentationen im Gedaechtnis interessiert. Basierend auf vorherigen Arbeiten postulierten wir die Existenz spezifischer Netzwerke fuer die Retention von Methode- und Zielinformation ueber Handlungen im Arbeitsgedaechtnis. Wir manipulierten weiterhin die motorische Aehnlichkeit zwischen Lern- und Testreiz. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die prae-SMA und rechtshemisphaerische praefrontale Areale am Halten von Methodeinformation selektiv beteiligt sind, wohingegen der anteriore temporale und parahippocampale Cortex erhoehte Aktivation beim Halten von Zielinformation im Arbeitsgedaechtnis aufzeigen. Waehrend der Target-Praesentation wurde ein Haupteffekt von motorischer Aehnlichkeit im inferior parietalen Cortex gefunden. Unsere Befunde suggerieren, dass Probanden motorisches Imaginieren nutzen um Methodeinformation im Arbeitsgedaechtnis zu halten und dass sie fuer das Halten von Zielinformation beobachtete Eigenschaften der Handlung in eine Handlungsepisode integrieren. Weiterhin kann, basierend auf dem Haupteffekt motorischer Aehnlichkeit im posterioren Spiegelneuronenareal, geschlossen werden, dass diese Region an der genauen Repraesentation der Interaktion von Effektor und Objekt beteiligt ist.
Im dritten Experiment (behavioral) untersuchten wir, inwieweit die Vertrautheit der Handlung beeinflusst, wie wir sie im Gedaechtnis repraesentieren. Wir nutzten eine kulturvergleichene Versuchsanordnung fuer diese Fragestellung basierend auf der Beobachtung, dass es einige Handlungen gibt, welche vertraut in China aber unvertraut in Deutschland sind und umgekehrt. Wir erhielten eine signifikante Interaktion der Art des Rekognitionstest und des Vertrautheitsstatus der Handlung in der Stichprobe (eine chinesische, eine deutsche Stichprobe) auf die Korrektheit des Wiedererkennens. Waehrend die Handlungsziele fuer vertraute und unvertraute Handlungen gleich gut repraesentiert wurden, wurde die Handlungsmethode fuer vertraute Handlungen besser repraesentiert als das Handlungsziel. Es gab keine signifikante Interaktion mit der Kultur. Obwohl der Inhalt zwischen Kulturen variiert, sind die Mechanismen zur Repraesentation von Handlungen scheinbar dieselben. Diese Befunde passen zu einem hierarchischen Modell von Handlungsrepraesentationen, wonach Zielinformation Methodeinformation uebergeordnet ist.
Auf der Grundlage dieser Daten, stelle ich im letzten Teil meiner Dissertation ein neurokognitives Modell der Handlungsinformationsverarbeitung vor. In diesem wird zwischen einer Wahrnehmungs- und einer Gedaechtnisrepraesentationsphase unterschieden bezueglich der praeferiert verarbeiteten Handlungsaspekte. Ich ende mit einer Uebersicht ueber die wesentlichen Gehirnstrukturen, welche an der Repraesentation von Handlungsinformation im Gedaechtnis beteiligt sind
Robust Monitoring of Time Series with Application to Fraud Detection
No full text© 2018 The Author(s) Time series often contain outliers and level shifts or structural changes. These unexpected events are of the utmost importance in fraud detection, as they may pinpoint suspicious transactions. The presence of such unusual events can easily mislead conventional time series analysis and yield erroneous conclusions. A unified framework is provided for detecting outliers and level shifts in short time series that may have a seasonal pattern. The approach combines ideas from the FastLTS algorithm for robust regression with alternating least squares. The double wedge plot is proposed, a graphical display which indicates outliers and potential level shifts. The methodology was developed to detect potential fraud cases in time series of imports into the European Union, and is illustrated on two such series.sponsorship: The work of Peter Rousseeuw and Mia Hubert was supported by project C16/15/068 of Internal Funds KU Leuven. Peter Rousseeuw, Marco Riani and Mia Hubert gratefully acknowledge support from the CRoNoS project, with reference CRoNoS COST Action IC1408. This research benefits from the High Performance Computing facility of the University of Parma. The work of Domenico Perrotta was supported by the Project "Automated Monitoring Tool on External Trade Step 5" of the Joint Research Centre and the European Anti-Fraud Office of the European Commission, under the Hercule-III EU programme. In this paper, references to specific countries and products are made only for purposes of illustration and do not necessarily refer to cases investigated or under investigation by anti-fraud authorities. (Internal Funds KU Leuven|C16/15/068, CRoNoS project|IC1408, Project "Automated Monitoring Tool on External Trade Step 5" of the Joint Research Centre, European Anti-Fraud Office of the European Commission under the Hercule-III EU programme)status: Publishe
The influence of expertise and of physical complexity on visual short-term memory consolidation
No full textWe investigated whether the expertise of a perceiver and the physical complexity of a stimulus influence consolidation of visual short-term memory (VSTM) in a S1-S2 (Stimulus 1-Stimulus 2) change detection task. Consolidation is assumed to make transient perceptual representations in VSTM more durable, and it is investigated by postexposure of a mask shortly after offset of the perceived stimulus (S1; 17 to 483ms). We presented colours, Chinese characters, pseudocharacters, and novel symbols to novices (Germans) or experts of Chinese language (Chinese readers). Physical complexity was manipulated by the number of strokes. Unfamiliar material was remembered worse than familiar material (Experiments 1, 2, and 3). For novices the absolute VSTM performance was better for physically simple than for complex material, whereas for experts the complexity did not matterChinese readers memorized Chinese characters (Experiment 3). Articulatory suppression did not change these effects (Experiment 2). We always observed a strong effect of SOA, but this effect was influenced neither by physical complexity nor by expertise; only the length of the interstimulus interval between S1 and the mask was relevant. This was observed even with short stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) of 100ms (Experiment 2) and in comparing colours and characters (Experiment 5). However, masks impaired memory if they were presented at the locations of the to-be-memorized items, but not beside themthat is, interference was location-based (Experiment 6). We explain the effect of SOA by the assumption that it takes time to stop encoding of information presented at item locations with the offset of S1. The increasing resistance against interference by irrelevant material appears as consolidation of S1
Carolyn Spivey with Jimmy Haynie on guitar
No full textThis 1951 photograph shows Carolyn Spivey performing on CBS WTOP in Washington, D. C. with Jimmy Haynie on guitar. Founder and director of the Mountain Youth Jamboree, Hubert H. Hayes (1901-1964) auditioned and directed youth to perform in folk dance, music, and folk and ballad singing. The jamboree was held in the Asheville City Auditorium (now known as Thomas Wolfe Auditorium) from 1948 to 1973, and Hayes’ wife, Leona Trantham Hayes (1913-1989) continued to direct the program after his death in 1964. Hubert Hayes was an author, playwright, and alumni of Duke University
Verwendung des Sprecherblicks zur syntaktischen Strukturierung beim Sprachverstehen
No full textKreysa H, Knoeferle P. Verwendung des Sprecherblicks zur syntaktischen Strukturierung beim Sprachverstehen. In: Frings C, Mecklinger A, Wentura D, Zimmer HD, eds. Beiträge zur 52. Tagung experimentell arbeitender Psychologen. Lengerich: Pabst Science Publishers; 2010: 165
BIOFUELS, AGRICULTURE AND CLIMATE CHANGE
No full textIn the context of ever-increasing petroleum prices combined with concerns about climate change, timing of adoption and rate of diffusion of land-based fuels and backstop technologies for transportation use are examined in this paper. A global model of land allocation joined with a Hotelling model has been developed. Using this framework, effects of climate and energy policies on world agricultural and energy markets have been explored. Further, their regional impacts are also analyzed. Whereas mandatory blending bio-fuels have substantial effects on world food prices and do not succeed in curbing down carbon emissions fluxes, carbon targets are expected to speed up date of adoption of backstop technologies. Then, sensitivity scenarios with regards to technological parameters reveal that higher is the rate of technological change, earlier backstop technologies are adopted and lower is the stock of carbon accumulated into the atmosphere. Finally, interplay between land-based fuels and deforestation has been studied. Results show that land-based fuels production speeds up world deforestation and causes substantial carbon emissions due to conversion of forests into agricultural lands.Ricardian rents, land use, biofuels, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy,
Supply and Demand
No full text"Supply and Demand" by Hubert D. Henderson serves as a foundational guide that conveys general principles of economic thought to both the ordinary reader and the uninitiated student. Rather than aiming for original contributions to knowledge, the work focuses on expounding the most significant elements of economic method to intelligent readers unfamiliar with the subject, while anxiously avoiding obscurity. The book comprehensively covers essential topics ranging from the general laws of supply and demand, utility, and the margin of consumption, to the complexities of land, labour, capital, and risk-bearing enterprise.Hubert D. Henderson tarafından kaleme alınan "Supply and Demand", sıradan okuyuculara ve henüz başlangıç aşamasındaki öğrencilere ekonomik düşüncenin genel ilkelerini aktarmayı amaçlayan temel bir eserdir. Kitap, bilgiye özgün katkılar yapmaktan ziyade, ekonomik yöntemin en önemli unsurlarını karmaşık ifadelerden kaçınarak, konuyla daha önce tanışmamış zeki okuyuculara açıklamaya odaklanmaktadır. Eser; arz ve talep genel yasaları, fayda ve tüketim marjı gibi temel konuların yanı sıra toprak, emek, sermaye ve risk üstlenen girişimcilik gibi daha karmaşık ekonomik kavramları da kapsamlı bir şekilde ele almaktadır
"Overwriting", not "Competing", characterizes the visual working memory consolidation
No full textVisual working memory (VWM) consolidation is the process to transfer a fleeting perpetual representation into a durable WM representation that can survive the presentation of new sensory inputs. It is investigated by post-exposure of a mask shortly after offset of memory array (S1). The memory performance increases as stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) between S1 and mask array increases and finally reaches a asymptote level not influenced by the mask. It is considered that masks interfere the memory items representation into VWM in short SOA and that causes the consolidation phenomenon. Nevertheless, the question leaves open: how do masks interfere with this consolidation process. In this study, we tested whether masks overwrote the perceptual representation of memory items or competed with them for VWM representation. Masks interfered only when they appeared in the same location as memory items. We concluded that "overwriting", not "competing", characterized the VWM consolidation. Using the model "boost and bounce theory of temporal attention"[1], we gave the explanation to that conclusion. 
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