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Psychological and Brain Mechanisms of Moral Reasoning for Individuals With Autism
No full textDeficits in communication are one of the main symptoms for individuals with autism, and studying their mode of moral reasoning might help us explain this phenomenon. Previous research has shown differences in moral reasoning between individuals with autism and normal individuals. For example, people with autism could distinguish moral violation from conventional violation, but they often judged those actors who hurt others without intention deliberately. On the other hand, they were not sensitive to the victim's emotional cues and could not understand what others felt. Such studies suggest that the ability to mind-read and to show empathy with others might be some of the key psychological mechanisms required to complete moral reasoning tasks. Furthermore, other research suggests that there is a relationship between the moral reasoning and language development of individuals with autism. People with autism often explain their moral reasoning by repeating story details and declaring concrete outcomes, but their explanations lack descriptions of abstract moral rules. Brain imaging studies show that there are significant differences between people with autism and typically-developing individuals in the activation in the orbito-frontal cortex (OFC), amygdala, insula, inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), anterior cingulate cortex(ACC), medial prefrontal cortex(mPFC), default-mode network(DMN) and right temporo-parietal junction (RTPJ) in moral reasoning. These locations are also vital brain regions for theory of mind or empathy. Further studies have shown that when completing sentence processing tasks, people with autism also showed different activation in the verbal functional association areas by contrast with nounal individuals, and this might be the internal basis for their explanation mode of moral reasoning. Future research should consider the interaction of the influence of theory of mind, empathy and verbal ability in moral reasoning for individuals with autism, and adopt more non-verbal methods. In addition, future studies could incorporate brain damage technology and hormone level analysis to examine the physiological mechanism of moral reasoning for people with autism comprehensively
人类记忆的所有权效应及其认知神经机制
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Individuals perform better when remembering and recognizing items that belong to themselves other than those belong to others, even if the ownership association between objects and subjects is only transient and imaginary. This is called the ownership effect in memory. This effect occurs also in young children and individuals with cognitive deficits. There is also cross-cultural difference in the appearance of this effect between individuals in Eastern and Western culture. Researchers have explored some internal mechanism of this effect, such as semantic organization, attention, self-choice and physical actions. At the time subjects watch items belong to themselves, there is an enhanced P300, which supplies an electrical proof that attention plays an important role in the ownership effect in memory. When subjects are to recognize items that are classified as their own in the prior ownership classification task, some brain regions in cortical midline structure, such as medial prefrontal cortex, cingulate cortex supramarginal gyri and parietal cortex, are activated. Future studies should consider the role of some other processing (such as reward learning) in this effect, and to explain this phenomenon from an evolutionary perspective by conducting studies with primates. Tapping the brain mechanism of individuals with cognitive impairment will be helpful to enrich studies in this field.</p
The Human Altruistic Punishment: From The Perspective of Cognitive Neuroscience
No full textAltruistic punishment is very common in human life, which is an effective mechanism enforcing group cooperation and social norm. From perceiving the transgressions to administering costly punishment, potential punishing requires a series of cognitive and affective processes, including fairness judgment, reward processing, self-control, mentalizing, etc., and their underlying neurophysiological mechanisms. Cognitive neuroscience provides alternative perspective and paradigm for understanding human punishment behavior. Based on the latest findings, the neurophysiological mechanisms of altruistic punishment are reviewed and discussed in this article
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Language Development and The Brain Mechanisms of Preterm Children
No full textLanguage development in preterm children is quite special. Behavioral studies found that preterm children were lagging behind their full term peers in areas such as vocabulary, syntax, and semantic verbal fluency. The effect of preterm birth on language development may last till early adulthood, and the degrees of such lags were influenced by biological and social factors. With the development of brain imaging, studies began to examine the brain development of premature children. Researchers have found group differences in white matter (WM) structures, subcortical gray matter (GM), and the cerebellum among preterm adolescents and their full term peers; yet the brain mechanism of language development in preterm children needs further researches to confirm. The paper describes the latest progress of behavior and neuron studies on preterm children's language development, thus to explore the law of language development and cognitive neuroscience mechanism in preterm children. Research suggests that behavior study and brain research should be combined to extend their advantages, thus to explore the mechanism of the language development of premature children, and to provide unique evidence of language acquirement of normal children
Supplemental Material—Relationship Between Serum Uric Acid and Carotid Plaque in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease by Sex and Blood Pressure Status
No full textSupplemental Material for Relationship Between Serum Uric Acid and Carotid Plaque in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease by Sex and Blood Pressure Status by Guangwei Pan, Yijia Liu, Lu Yu, Rongrong Yang, Tong Yang, Yang Wang, Jinyu Su, Zhu Li, Qi Cheng, Sheng Gao, Lin Li, and Chunquan Yu in Angiology.</p
Supplemental Material - Association of Serum γ-Glutamyltransferase With C-Reactive Protein Levels in Patients With Coronary Heart Disease
No full textSupplemental Material for Association of Serum γ-glutamyltransferase With C-Reactive Protein Levels in Patients With Coronary Heart Disease by Yuanyuan He, Mengnan Huang, Zhu Li, Qi Cheng, Yijia Liu, Xiaoxue Xue, Yilan Xu, Yanchao Zheng, Lin Li, Shan Gao, and Chunquan Yu in Angiology</p
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
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