1,722,283 research outputs found
The metaphorical meanings of hóng ‘Red’ and bái ‘White’ in Chinese / Zheng Jie
Full text linkColor is inhered in every aspect of human life and the perception of color is regarded as one of our most fundamental cognitive abilities. A color term may be used
actively for conceptualizing subjective experiences and denoting abstract concepts. In this regard, a color metaphor comes into being. In recent years, research on color metaphors has gradually been enhanced in China. There have been studies on basic color terms metaphors, non-basic color terms metaphors, specific one color metaphors from various perspectives. This dissertation seeks to analyze and specify the metaphorical meanings of two frequently used color terms hóng ‘red’ and bái ‘white’ in Chinese by using conceptual metaphor, in order to see how this the thoery based on English language can explain Chinese examples. By studying the collected data from dictionaries and a newspaper, first, the author identifies the senses of the color term hóng ‘red’ and bái ‘white’ into two kinds: the literal meaning and the metaphorical meaning. It is found that the literal meaning of hóng and bái is the color ‘red’ and ‘white’, respectively. In this case, both color terms are applied to denote the physical color of various objects in the world. On the other hand, the metaphorical meanings refer to the subjective experiences or abstract concepts associated with these two color terms. Second, through cognitive analysis, major conceptual metaphors for both color terms hóng ‘red’ and bái ‘white’ are put forward.
Third, through further examination of the meaning extensions of these two color terms, the author has discovered that metonymy is applied to structure and understand the abstract domains, which play an essential role in the metaphorical projection of color terms. That is to say, metaphor is based on metonymy. Metonymy and metaphor are a correlated system during the process of these two color terms’ meaning extension. This dissertation is a tentative study of color metaphors in Chinese. It reinforces and develops some theories of the contemporary cognitive approach to metaphor, providing a more scientific picture of color terms.
Key Words: color term, red, white, cognitive linguistics, conceptual metaphor, conceptual metonymy
Transport and Interactions of Nanoparticles in the Kidneys
No full textFull text access from Treasures at UT Dallas is restricted to current UTD affiliates (use the provided Link to Article).Kidneys are a major organ for blood filtration and waste elimination and thus play a key role in the transport and clearance of nanoparticles in vivo. The interactions of nanoparticles with different kidney compartments can be precisely regulated by modulating their size, shape and surface chemistry. The quantitative understanding of nanoparticle–kidney interactions at the molecular level is important for improving disease targeting, precisely controlling nanoparticle transport and clearance, and minimizing the potential health hazards of nanomedicines. In this Review, we summarize the glomerular filtration of macromolecules and nanoparticles in the kidney and survey kidney imaging techniques for the study of nanoparticle–kidney interactions ex vivo and in vivo. We investigate the different transport mechanisms of nanoparticles in the kidneys and discuss size, charge and shape dependencies in renal clearance. Nanoparticles are then investigated for the preclinical and clinical detection and treatment of diseases such as kidney dysfunction and cancer. Finally, challenges and opportunities for renal-clearable nanoparticles are highlighted. © 2018, Springer Nature Limited.National Institutes of Health (NIH R01DK103363 and R43DK116368), the Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas (CPRIT RP140544 and RP160866), and the Welch Research Foundation (AT-1974-20180324).School of Natural Sciences and Mathematic
Performance of a focused 2D anti-scatter grid for industrial X-ray computed tomography
No full textX-ray computed tomography (XCT) is increasingly being used for the measurement and inspection of large dense metallic engineering components. When scanning such components, the quality of the data is degraded by the presence of scattered radiation. In this work, the performance of a focused 2D anti-scatter grid (ASG) is investigated for scanning samples made from cobalt chrome and Inconel on a 450 kV cone-beam XCT system. The devised scatter correction method requires one additional scan of the sample, and for projections to be algorithmically processed prior to reconstruction. The results show that the ASG based scatter correction method increases the contrast-to-noise of the data by 14.5% and 61.5% for the cobalt chrome and Inconel samples, respectively. Furthermore, the method increases edge sharpness by 6% and 16.9% for outer and inner edges, respectively
Correcting the Hydrogen Diffusion Limitation in Rotating Disk Electrode Measurements of Hydrogen Evolution Reaction Kinetics
No full textPulsiher's PDFRotating disk electrode (RDE) method is widely employed in studies on the hydrogen oxidation/evolution reaction (HOR/HER) owing to its well-defined mass transport behaviors. While it is accepted that the measured HOR current is controlled by both the electrode kinetics and the diffusion of H2, HER is typically assumed to be free of diffusion limitation. Here we demonstrate that HER could also be diffusion limited when the electrode kinetics is fast, as evidenced by the rotation speed dependent HER current on Pt in acid (pH = 1) and the overlap of the HER polarization curve with the concentration overpotential curve. The HER diffusion limitation originates from the insufficient mass transport of produced H2 from the electrode surface to the bulk electrolyte and the highly reversible nature of HOR/HER. Kinetic analyses based on HER polarization curves on Pt in acid without correcting for the diffusion limitation could lead to inaccurate Tafel slopes and mechanistic interpretations, and significantly underestimated HER activities. A general data analysis protocol based on the reversible Koutecky-Levich equation is developed to obtain accurate kinetic information of HOR/HER even when electrode kinetics is facile. This new method is compared with other existing methods on Pt disk electrodes at different pHs and thin-film electrodes with different Pt loadings.University of Delaware. Center for Catalytic Science & Technology
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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