1,720,961 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
The Changing Policies on the Protection and Management of Archaeological Sites in Turkey: an Overview
No full textThe earliest legislation in Turkey on the protection of antiquities was devised by the Ottomans, the forerunner of modern Turkey, issued in 1869 specifically to protect archaeological sites and regulate the archaeological excavations that were taking place in various parts of the Empire. The Ottoman antiquities law continued to be in force after the foundation of the Turkish republic, and revised as late as 1973 to accord with approaches that took place in Europe. The main concern of the legislation was to establish rigid control over archaeological excavations, discouraging new projects, thus hindering the availability of new data on cultural history. It was only in the late 1990s that the government decided on a new policy to encourage tourism by encouraging new tourist routes based on coastal areas and selected ancient ruins, such as Ephesus and Pergamon. This new approach opened up fresh pathways; a concern about cultural assets, among them archaeological sites that had been overlooked. Meanwhile, priority was given to enrich Turkey's place in the UNESCO World Heritage List by proposing archaeological sites that can readily fulfil UNESCO's requirements. Thus, currently 13 out of 18 World Heritage Sites in Turkey are archaeological. Even though tourism is presently considered as the prime indicator of economic development and cultural heritage as a matter of national pride, the viability of government policies on archaeological heritage is rather questionable. This is mainly the result of inconsistencies and bureaucratic obstacles (red tape). The system has additional weaknesses, such as a shortage of experts in museology and conservation and inadequate tenders, resulting in a lack of consultation with experts and inappropriate architectural restorations. This article will present an Overview assessing how the government implements conserving and managing archaeological sites in relation to the Valletta and Faro Conventions. The other two components of the subject, namely the behaviour of archaeologists and public opinion, will also be discussed
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Antalya Kaleiçi Ömer Lütfü Lülü House Restoration Project
No full textTez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2015Thesis (M.Sc.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 2015Türkiye'nin güneyinde, Akdeniz kıyısında bulunan Antalya kenti, Helenistik dönemden günümüze farklı uygarlıkların yaşadığı bir liman kentidir. Antalya' nın bugünkü tarihi çekirdeğini oluşturan Kaleiçi, Roma, Bizans, Selçuklu ve Osmanlı dönemlerinden günümüze kalan kültür varlıklarını barındırmaktadır. Bugünkü Kaleiçi'nin sınırlarını, şehri savunma amaçlı inşa edilmiş surlar belirler. Helenistik dönemde yapımı başlayan surlar, Roma, Selçuklu ve Osmanlı dönemlerinde bazı eklemeler ve onarımlarla günümüze kadar gelmiştir. Kaleiçi'nin günümüzdeki tarihi konut dokusu bütünüyle 19. - 20. yüzyıla aittir. Teze konu olan Ömer Lütfü Lülü Konağı, Kaleiçi 19. yüzyıl sivil mimari mirasına örnektir. 19. yüzyıl sonunda Antalya belediye başkanlığı yapmış olan Ömer Lütfü Lülü tarafından yaptırıldığı düşünülmektedir. Ömer Lütfü Lülü Konağı, Antalya İli, Muratpaşa İlçesi, Kaleiçi, Kılınçarslan Mahallesi, 115 ada 10 parselde bulunmaktadır. Yapı, Kaleiçi kentsel ve III. derece arkeolojik sit alanında bulunmaktadır. Yapı bahçesine 115 ada 13, 15 ve 16 parseller dahil olup, 15 parselde sur duvarı ve burç yer almaktadır. Konak, Antalya Kültür ve Tabiat Varlıklarını Koruma Kurulu'nun 13.05.1992 gün ve 1442 sayılı kararı ekindeki Korunması Gerekli Taşınma Kültür Varlığı olarak KV(2) müdahale türünde tescil kaydı devam eden taşınmazlara ait listede yer almaktadır. Ömer Lütfü Lülü Konağı, yıllar içerisinde farklı işlevlerde kullanılmış, bazı müdahaleler görmüştür. Ancak günümüzde kullanılmayan yapı, özgün detaylarını büyük ölçüde korumaktadır. Görkemli biçimlenişiyle Kaleiçi silüetinde ve şehir dokusunda dikkat çekici görünümü olan sivil mimari örneği bu konağın, çağdaş restorasyon ilkelerine göre restorasyon projesinin hazırlanması, böylece kültür mirasımızdan bir örneğin, gelecek kuşaklara güvenilir şekilde aktarılması tez çalışmasının temel hedefidir.Turkey's southern city of Antalya on the Mediterranean coast is a port city where different civilizations live from the Hellenistic period to the present day. Antalya Kaleiçi, which is the core of today's historic, accommodates the remaining cultural heritage from Roman, Byzantine, Seljuk and Ottoman periods to the present day. The limits of today's Kaleiçi are determined by the city walls, built for defense. The walls, which started construction in the Hellenistic period, had some additions and repairs on Roman, Seljuk and Ottoman periods. Housing tissue of Kaleiçi is dated 19. - 20. century. The subject of the thesis, Ömer Lütfü Lülü House, is the example of Kaleiçi 19. century civil architecture heritage. Ömer Lütfü Lülü House is in Antalya city, the town of Muratpaşa, Kaleiçi, Kılınçarslan Quarter, 115 block, 10 layout. The building is in Kaleiçi urban and III. degree archaeological site. 115 block 13, 15 and 16 layout are included in house garden. City wall and constellation are located in 15 layout. Ömer Lütfü Lülü House is situated in the list of protected cultural heritage of Antalya Cultural and Natural Heritage Preservation Commission's 13.05.1992 day and 1442 numbered decision. It is believed to have been built at the end of the 19. centıry by Ömer Lütfü Lülü who served as the mayor of Antalya. Ömer Lütfü Lülü has came to Antalya with the invitation of II. Abdülhamit. He was famous timber merchant. Timber which is used on building construction was transfered from Antalya to Egypt by Ömer Lütfü Lülü. Ömer Lütfü Lülü House plan typology does not fix to Antalya Houses' plan typology because Ömer Lütfü Lülü was not from Antalya and he has political position. Therefore, the house's plan typology similar with 19.-2. century İstanbul House plan typology. The house is situated at the nortwest corner of the garden at the point of junction of Mermerli banyo Street and Kaledibi Street. Two facade of the building looks the street, other two facade looks the garden. There is 3 meters elevation difference between north and south facade because, topography of the land where the house is situated is sloping. Gardens were cretated in two plane by terracing. The garden was surrounded by 5 meter height rubble stone wall. There are garden entrances on the north, south and west sides of garden. Today, garden entrances from street were closed. There are ten date palm tree, five palm tree, seventeen medlar tree, twenty citrus and two olive tree in the garden. There are also a water well and a pool on the upper level garden . Three annex building is located on the garden. City wall and a constellation is located on the upper level of garden. There are ancient column pieces, marble block and collecting material pieces on the wall pattern of constellation. North facade of the constellation looks Ömer Lütfü Lülü House garden and the entrance of constellation is from garden. There is acces from Mermerli Banyo Street to the yard with stairs. There are four rooms and a yard on the ground floor. The yard is the entrance hall of the house and circulation to upper floors and the rooms is from the yard. There are wooden pillars which carry the upper floor, on the east side of the yard. A sustaining wall was built at the south of the yard because of difference of levels between yard floor and garden. Stone stairs, which supplies the acces to the upper floors, exists on the south of the yard. There is a fountain under the stone landing on the south of the yard. Appendix building which has two storey was built after main building was constructed. Ground floor of the appendix building is he same level with garden. North side of appendix building adjacent tothe main building and the west side adjacent to garden wall. South wall of appendix building is wood, west wall is rubble stone. The appendix building has three rooms and one of the rooms is kitchen. The building block relation between stairs, landing and garden. Acces of the room on the half floor is supplied by gateway from wooden stairs. Headway of the half floor room is lower than other rooms. The half floor room was used as store, janitor room or winter room. There are thirteen rooms on the first floor. The hall on the first floor has four iwan but nothern iwan was closed with a wall. Acces of other rooms is supplied from the hall. The rooms which has oriel are located on the north side of the hall and these rooms are symmetrical. There is a door which supplies access to additional building on the south iwan of the hall. First floor of appendix building is the same level with first floor of main building. There are kitchen, bath and toilet in the appendix building part. It is observed that there is deflexion on the eastern iwan of the hall. It is considered that the reason of deflexion is intervention to ground floor wooden pillars. The main door of the building is on the middle axis of the north facade which is located on Mermerli Banyo Street. The main door differentiate with material, ornamentand relief and the doorway is arched. There are two oriels on the north facade and an oriel on the west facade. The oriel which is located on the south facade is supported by wooden pillars. There is also an additional building on the south facade. Wooden pillars are closed by a wall on the east facade. The roof was tempered to appendix building on the south part of the roof. Ground floor and first floor windows are bigger than half floor windows on the facades. There are in built cupboards in the rooms especially on the first floor. It is seen plaster ornaments above the windows and niches. Hand-drawn ornaments exist on the walls of some rooms on the first floor but these hand-drawn ornaments is not original. Ceiling and floor of the rooms are wooden material. One of the rooms on the ground floor has plaster ceiling. Yard's floor is screed concrete material. Construction techniques of the house is similar with Turkish House construction techniques. Foundation, ground floor and half floor are built stone masonry, first floor is built wooden frame. Rubble stone and cut stone is used on the walls. Cut stone is used on the chamfered corner of the buildings. Exterior surface of buildings is plastered. Ömer Lütfü Lülü House used for different functions over the years and it was seen some interventions. Additional building was built on the south facade of the house in the first half of the 20. century. It is considered that the additional building which has wc, bath and kitchen in it, was built because of requirements of the house owners. The bearing system was interfered in the second half of the 20. century. Therefore, there is structural problems in the house today. Changes on original plan typology was made by interventions on the walls, door and windows. The house is also exposed to external conditions beside user interventions. The damages of the house are classified as material damages, structural damages, biological damages and damages occured by user interventions. Chronological analyses is maded before restitution work. First period which is the original situation of the house is worked as restitution. It is used signs from building, typologic study and source study. Original plan typology of the building, original facades and original details were analyzed. It is used traces of building and typologic analyses while restitution project. It could nort reached any visual material but oral sources was used. It was enough traces of building and typologic analyses while restitution of Ömer Lütfü Lülü House. However, itcould not said strong conclusion on the restitution of garden because of less of source about Antalya houses' gardens. The garden of Ömer Lütfü Lülü House is also different from other houses' gardens. It is classified functional suggestions and repairment suggestions while restoration project. Social balance was changed where the house is located, because of the tourism. It is considered that Ömer Lütfü Lülü House could not maintain original function anymore because Kaleiçi region has tourism function. First, it is considered that the function of house can be a museum. Because of existence of other buildings which has museum function, the idea was given up. Most of old buildings' function is changed as otel in Kaleiçi because of tourism. Ömer Lütfü Lülü House's function also changed as otel on restoration decisions. Our ambition is being a good instance for old building otel projects. It is also offered long term repairment and continuous maintenance of building. The house is documented with surveying, material and damage analyses were made, restitution and restoration projects of the house were prepared. The problems because of wrong interventions, damages on structural elements and material threaten existence of the building. Therefore, it is offered suitable intervention which does not affect original properties. The building, which is unused nowadays, remains the original details. Preparing restoration project of Ömer Lütfü Lülü House which has remarkable appearance of the region, according to the principles of contemporary restoration is the main target of thesis.Yüksek LisansM.Sc
Propsed Modalities To Preserved Kars Railway Heritage And The Conservation Project Of Old Powdered Milk Factory
No full textTez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2015Thesis (M.Sc.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 2015Kars İli, tarihöncesi dönemlerden bu yana pek çok topluma ev sahipliği yapmıştır. 1534 yılında Osmanlıların eline geçen kentte, imar çalışmaları başlamış ve Urartular döneminde inşa edilmiş kalenin eteğinde ilk yerleşim gelişmeye başlamıştır. ‘93 Harbi olarak bilinen 1877-1878 Osmanlı-Rus Savaşı sonrasında Ruslar, 1918 yılına kadar bölgede egemenliklerini sürdürmüşlerdir. Ruslar, kale eteğindeki Osmanlı kentine dokunmamış, kalenin eteğindeki nehrin güneyinde ızgara planlı yeni bir kent kurmuşlardır. Rusya ve Osmanlı Devleti arasında bir sınır kent olan Kars, Ruslar için askeri nitelikli bir garnizon kent olmuştur. Kurulan yeni kentte, birbirine paralel geniş caddeler üzerinde tek ya da iki katlı taş yapılar inşa edilmiştir. Rus yönetimindeki Kars’ta, meydana gelen önemli gelişmelerden birisi de demiryolunun inşa edilmesi olmuştur. Batum-Tiflis-Bakü arasındaki bağlantıdan ayrılan bir kol, Gümrü’ye oradan da Kars’a ve Erivan’a bağlanmıştır. 1895 yılında başlanan demiryolu inşaatı, 1899 yılında tamamlanmıştır. Demiryolu ile birlikte, menfez, köprü ve durak noktalarında idari, teknik ve konaklama yapıları inşa edilmiştir. Kale eteğindeki Osmanlı kenti, Rus yönetimi ile birlikte yaşanan göçler nedeniyle boşalmaya başlamıştır. Konut dokusunun, büyük bir çoğunluğu boş kalmış, bakımsızlık nedeniyle yapılar haraplaşmıştır. Kalenin güneyinde Rusların kurduğu yeni kentte, inşa edilen yapıların çoğu, işlevleri değiştirilerek kullanılmaya devam etmiştir. Hem yapıların kullanılması hem de dayanıklı bazalt taşı ile inşa edilmesi, yapıların günümüze kadar ulaşmasını sağlamıştır. Ancak, günümüzde tarihi doku içerisindeki boş alanlara yeni yapıların inşa edildiği ve bunların çoğunun kentin tarihi dokusuna aykırı olduğu görülmektedir. Tez çalışması kapsamında, demiryolu hattı ve çevresinde gelişen Rus dönemi mimarisi ile hattın yanında yer alan Eski Süt Tozu Fabrikası incelenmiştir. Endüstri mirasının önemli bir öğesi olan demiryolu ve ihtiyaç doğrultusunda çevresinde gelişen yapılaşma, sit ölçeğinde değerlendirilmiştir. Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Devlet Demiryolları (TCDD)’na ait yapılar ile birlikte, hattın yanındaki Toprak Mahsulleri Ofisi (TMO) ve Karayolları Genel Müdürlüğü (KGM)’ne ait yapılar da incelenmiştir. Sit ölçeğinde değerlendirilen alanda, sadece Rus yapıları değil Cumhuriyet döneminde, demiryolu ile bağlantılı olarak inşa edilen diğer kurum yapıları da incelenmiştir. Yapılar, işlevlerine göre ayrılmış; idari, teknik ve konaklama yapıları olarak üç başlıkta ele alınmıştır. Yapıların tescil durumu saptanmış, özgün işlev ve güncel işleve yönelik bilgi derlenmiş, koruma amaçlı envanter fişleri doldurulmuştur. Ayrıca, farklı tipteki yapıların planları çizilmiştir. Tez kapsamında incelenen diğer konu ise Eski Süt Tozu Fabrikası yapısı olmuştur. Yapı, Yeni Mahalle 196 ada 3 parsel üzerinde yer almaktadır. Mülkiyeti TCDD’ye ait olan yapının içerisinde bulunduğu parsel yaklaşık 12.000 m2’dir. Fabrika parselin güneybatı ucunda yer almakta olup, demiryoluna paralel konumlanmıştır. Aynı parsel içerisinde yapının doğusunda TCDD’ye ait bir lojman yapısı vardır. Fabrika ve lojman 2008 yılında tescillenmiştir. Halk tarafından Süt Tozu Fabrikası olarak bilinen yapının, Rus döneminde inşa edildiği bilinmektedir. Yapının ilk inşa edildiğinde, bir demiryolu yapısı olarak yapıldığı ileri sürülmektedir. Ancak yapılan alan çalışması ve analojik çalışmalar doğrultusunda yapının askeri amaçlı inşa edilen bir yapı olabileceği üzerinde yoğunlaşılmıştır. Rusların bölgeden çekilmesi sonrasında yapının ne olarak kullanıldığı bilinmemekle birlikte, mülkiyetinin TCDD’ye devredildiği anlaşılmaktadır. Yapı, 1934 yılında özel sektör tarafından fabrika olarak kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. 1969 yılında kentte açılan Süt Endüstri Kurumu’na bağlı Süt Fabrikası ile birlikte, Süt Tozu Fabrikası’nda üretim azalmaya başlamış, bir süre sonra da durmuştur. Yapı günümüze kadar boş kalmış, bu nedenle büyük zarar görmüştür. Eski Süt Tozu Fabrikası, tek katlı, T biçimli, kagir bir yapıdır. Cepheleri düzgün kesme bazalt taşından yapılmıştır. Günümüzde tavan döşemesi olan ancak çatısı olmayan yapı, nitelikli cephe taş bezeme programı ile dikkat çekmektedir. Yapının kapı ve pencereleri tümüyle kaldırılmış, yalnızca pencerelerin demir kasaları günümüze ulaşmıştır. Eski Süt Tozu Fabrikası, kentteki diğer Rus yapıları arasında, mimari biçimlenişi, malzeme ve yapım tekniği açısından farklılıkları olan bir yapıdır. Geniş açıklıklı pencerelerde hatıl görevini, çelik I profiller üstlenmiştir. Pencerelerde demir doğrama kullanılmıştır. Tavan döşemelerinin, çelik profillerin arasının iri agregalı beton ile doldurularak yapıldığı görülmektedir. Bir mekanın üstü de çelik kirişlerin arası beton dolgu ile oluşturulmuş tonoz ile örtülüdür. Tez kapsamında, yapının ayrıntılı belgeleme çalışmasından sonra, koruma kararlarını verebilmek için yapıdaki bozulmalar saptanmış ve nedenleri araştırılmıştır. Ardından, yapının özgün durumunu anlatan restitüsyon projesi hazırlanmıştır. Yapıdaki izler, analoji çalışmaları, yapı ile ilgili eski fotoğraflar, elde edilen belgeler ve sözlü kaynakların anlattıkları doğrultusunda restitüsyon kararları verilmiştir. Yapılan belgeleme ve analiz çalışmaları sonrasında endüstriyel alanın ve Eski Süt Tozu Fabrikası’nın korunması için öneriler geliştirilmiştir. Sit ölçeğinde çalışılan alan ile tek yapı ölçeğinde çalışılan Eski Süt Tozu Fabrikası’nın korunması için geliştirilen öneriler ayrı başlıklar altında değerlendirilmiştir. Kars demiryolu hattı çevresinde gelişen ve çalışma sınırları içerisinde kalan alan, tarihi endüstriyel sit alanı olarak önerilmektedir. Alanın sit olarak tescillenmesiyle, alan içerisinde gerçekleşecek yeni yapılaşma denetim altına alınacak ve alan bir bütün olarak korunacaktır. Sit ölçeğinde çalışılan alanın korunmasına yönelik öneri geliştirilme aşamasında, Kars’ta yakın gelecekte demiryolu ile ilgili yapılacak gelişmeler dikkate alınmıştır. Bunlardan birisi Ankara-Kars arasında inşa edilecek hızlı demiryolu hattı projesidir. Tamamlanması uzun zaman alacak olsa da, hem demiryolunun etkin kullanılmasına hem de kente önemli katkıları olacaktır. Bir diğer önemli proje ise Tiflis-Gümrü-Kars demiryolu hattı projesidir. ‘Demir İpek Yolu’ olarak adlandırılan proje ile Çin’den Avrupa’ya bağlantı kurulması hedeflenmektedir. Yakın gelecekte tamamlanacak olan bu proje ile, Kars demiryolu hattının yeniden canlanması beklenmektedir. Yapılacak bu projelerle, hem yolcu hem de yük taşımacılığında hattın etkin olarak kullanılacağı düşünülmektedir. Hattın gelişmesi ile birlikte alanda kullanılmayan yapıların da kullanılabilir olması öngörülmektedir. İdari ve konaklama birimlerine olan ihtiyacın artacağı düşünülmektedir. İncelenen Rus dönemi yapılarının plan ve yapısal özellikleri, bu kullanımlar için uygundur. Bu nedenle yapıların söz konusu işlevler doğrultusunda kullanılması önerilmektedir. Kentin lojistik bir merkez olacağı düşünülürse, depo yapılarına ihtiyaç duyulacaktır. Bu nedenle yeni yapılaşmanın olması beklenmektedir. Ancak alanda boş bir açık alanın bulunmaması nedeniyle, hattın çevresine taşımacılık firmaları tarafından inşa edilen yapıların depo olarak kullanılması ya da firmaların kullandığı bu alanlarda yeni yapıların inşa edilmesi önerilmektedir. Bununla birlikte, TMO ve KGM tarafından kullanılan yapıların, işlevlerini devam ettirmesi öngörülmüştür. Tek yapı ölçeğinde çalışılan Eski Süt Tozu Fabrikası’nın ayrıntılı belgeleme çalışmaları sonrasında, müdahale yöntemleri belirlenmiş ve bu doğrultuda koruma önerileri geliştirilerek restorasyon projesi hazırlanmıştır. Günümüzde kullanılmayan yapının korunması ve yaşatılması için, yapıya yeni bir işlev vermek bir araç olarak düşünülmüştür. Yapının özgün durumuna en az müdahaleyi gerektirecek bir işlev seçilmiştir. TCDD, yaklaşık 40 senedir boş olan yapının korunması ve yeniden işlevlendirilmesi için bir çalışma yapmamıştır. TCDD’nin, yapı ile ilgili bir planın ve talebinin olmaması yapıya yeni bir işlev verme konusunda serbestlik sağlamıştır. Yapının konumu ve TCDD’ye uzak bir noktada yer alması, sit ölçeğinde verilen kararlar ve kentin gereksinimleri doğrultusunda yapıya ‘Kent Müzesi’ işlevi uygun bulunmuştur. Müzede, kentin tarihsel geçmişi ile birlikte, Süt Tozu Fabrikası ve işleyişi, demiryolu tarihi ve gelişimi, toplumsal tarihe yönelik görsellere yer verilecektir. Bununla birlikte, yapının içerisinde bulunduğu 12 dönümlük parselde peyzaj düzenlemesi yapılarak alanın ‘Kent Parkı’ olarak değerlendirilmesi önerilmiştir. Parsel içerisindeki TCDD mülkiyetindeki lojman yapısı da, müzenin bir parçası olarak işlevlendirilmiştir. Eski Süt Tozu Fabrikası’na verilen Kent Müzesi işlevi ve parselin Kent Parkı olarak düzenlenmesi, günümüzde pek fazla insanın uğramadığı bu alanın kullanılmasını ve canlanması sağlayacaktır. Hem sit ölçeğinde hem de tek yapı ölçeğinde geliştirilen öneriler bir bütünlük içerisinde değerlendirilmiştir. Endüstriyel sit alanı duyarlılığı ile, geçmişe saygılı öneriler geliştirilmeye çalışılmıştır. Döneminin mimarisini ve endüstri anlayışını sunan yapıların korunması, hem tarihi kimliğin yansıtılması hem de geleceğe aktarılması için önemlidir.Kars has hosted many communities since prehistoric times. The Ottomans conquered the city in 1534 and started to construction works. The first settlement started to develop circumference of the castle which was constructed by Urartians. After, 1877-78 Ottoman-Russian war, Russians had dominated the region until 1918. Russians established a new city which has a grid plan on the south of the river which is on the around of the castle. Kars, which was a border town between the Ottoman Empire and Russia, was a military qualified garrison town for Russian. The city consisted of the parallel streets and one or two storeys stone buildings were built on these streets by Russians. The other important development was the construction of the railway. The railway line, which was separated from Batumi-Tbilisi-Baku’s railway line, was connected to Gyumri, Kars and Yerevan. Construction of the railway began in 1895, was completed in 1899. With railway, culvert, bridge and administrative, technical and accommodation buildings on the stop points was built. Population of the Ottoman city was dropped because of the migration because of Russian administration. The majority of the residences remained empty and lack of maintenance caused destruction. Many of the buildings, which were built by Russians, have continued to be used after changing functions. Both used of the buildings and constructed with the durable basalt stone has provided to reach the buildings until today. However, the new buildings has built on the empty areas on the historical texture and it is observed that most of them to be contrary to historical texture. In the thesis, railway line and Russian architecture which developed on this line and Old Powdered Milk Factory was investigated. The railway which is an important part of industrial heritage and structuring around the railway were evaluated in a urban scale. Together with, structures of The State Railways of the Turkish Republic (TCDD), structures of Turkish Grain Board (TMO) and structures of Republic of General Directorate of Highways (KGM) were analyzed. Not only Russian structures but also structures which were built during Republic period were investigated. The structures were divided into three chapters according to their functions which are administrative, technical and accommodation structures. The registration status of the structures was determined, information about original functions and current functions was complied, inventory for the conservation of cultural property were filled. Besides, plans of the different types of structures were drawn. The other subject of the thesis is Old Powdered Milk Factory. The Factory is located on 196 block, 3 parcel in Yeni quarter of Kars. The area of which ownership belongs to TCDD is approximately 12.000 m2. The factory is located southwest of the parcel and parallel to the railway line. On the same parcel, There is a structure of which ownership belongs to TCDD and is located the east of the parcel. Factory and residence were registered in 2008. The structure, which is known as Powdered Milk Factory by the public, was built in Russian period. It is alleged that that building was built as a railway structure. But, field survey and analogous studies showed that building may be built for military purposes. After the Russians withdrew from the region, it wasn’t known building’s function but it is understood that the property assigned to TCDD. The structure was started to use as a factory by private sector at 1934. After, a new Milk Factory was opened at 1969 by Dairy Industry Authority, Powdered Milk Factory’s production was declined, after a while the production was stopped. The building was empty from 1970’s to the present day. So, it has been seriously damaged. Powdered Milk Factory is single storey, T-shaped and masonry building. Fine cut stone was used on facades and facades made of basalt stones. There is no roof but ceiling come until today. It is notable for its quality stone facade decoration program. Building’s doors and windows were completely removed, just only iron frames have reached the present day. It has differences about architectural style, material and construction technique among the other Russian buildings. Iron I profiles was used as a beam for wide span windows and window profiles are made of iron. Ceiling was formed from the steel profiles filled with coarse aggregate concrete. One of the rooms of the factory is covered with a vault which was formed from the steel profiles filled with coarse aggregate concrete. After the detailed documentation was made, deteriorations of structure were determined and the causes of deterioration were investigated for the decisions of conservation. Then, restitution project, which was described the original state, was prepared. Traces on the structure, the analogy studies, old photographs related to the structure and oral sources have been developed the restitution project. Following the documentation and analysis studies, conservation modalities were proposed for industrial area and Old Milk Powdered Factory. The modalities of conservation for industrial area and factory were considered under the separate headings. The area which developed near the Kars railway and is in the field of study, is recommended as a historic industrial sites. After the area is registered as a protected area, new construction in the field will be taken under control and the area will be protected in integrity. New projects related to the Kars railway were taken in consideration when recommendations were developed for protection. One of these projects is high speed train project between Kars and Ankara. Although it will take a long time to be completed, when it is finished, it will make an important contribution to the city. The other important project is Tbilisi-Gyumri-Kars railway project. It is referred as a ‘Iron Silk Road’ and with this project, it is aimed to establish a connection between China and Europe. This project will be completed near future. After that, it is expected to revive the railway line. With these projects, railway line will be used effectively both passengers and freight transport. With the development of the line, it is foreseen that unused buildings will be used for some functions. It is likely to increase the need for the accommodation and administrative buildings. Plans and structural characteristic of the studied Russian period structures are suitable for accommodation and administrative functions. So they can use for these usage. If the city will be a logistics center, storage structures will be needed. Therefore, it is expected that new buildings will be built in this area. But, there is no empty area. Some storage was built on some empty areas of which ownership belongs to TCDD by transportation firms. If the new buildings are built, it is recommended to be done in these areas. In addition to this, it is expected that TMO and KGM’s buildings are used for the current function in the future. After detailed documentations of the factory, interventions methods were defined and restoration project was prepared. A new function is given to the structure for the conservation of the structure. It is considered that there will be at least intervention when it is chosen a function for the building. TCDD hasn’t done anything for conservation and giving a new function for 40 years. There is no plan and TCDD hasn’t a idea for the structure. So, it has provided a freedom in making a new function. So ‘City Museum’ function is suitable for the structure because of the location and takes place in a remote location from the other TCDD’s buildings, urban scale decisions and requirements of the city. The history of the city, Milk Powdered Factory and its operation, history and development of the railway, social history will be presented with the visual and some videos at the museum. Additionally, it is recommended that 12 decare parcel will be proposed ‘City Park’ after the landscape designs. The other building on the parcel, of which ownership belongs to TCDD, is suggested as a part of the museum. ‘City Museum’ and ‘City Park’ functions will provide the area which people don’t come a lot will be visited by public and revitalization. The proposal modalities developed in urban scale and Old Powdered Milk Factory were evaluated in integrity. With industrial sites sensitivity, proposals modalities which are respectful to history are developed. Conservations of buildings which are showed architecture and industry of Russian period is important for reflecting the historical identity and carrying to the future.Yüksek LisansM.Sc
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