1,037 research outputs found
Running head: AGE OF ACQUISITION Age of Acquisition 1 Age of acquisition effects in reading aloud: Tests of cumulative frequency and frequency trajectory
No full textSeveral studies have reported that the age at which a word is learned affects skilled reading. This age of acquisition effect is potentially important for theories of reading and learning. The effect has been difficult to pin down, however, because the age at which a word is learned is correlated with many other lexical properties. Zevin and Seidenberg (2002) analyzed these phenomena using connectionist models that distinguished between cumulative frequency (the total number of times a word is experienced) and frequency trajectory (the distribution these experiences over time). The models prompted a reevaluation of the empirical literature on this topic. The present research tested and confirmed three behavioral predictions derived from these models. First, cumulative frequency has an impact on skilled word naming, more so than standard measures of frequency derived from norms such as Kucera and Francis (1967). Second, frequency trajectory affects age of acquisition: the timing of exposure to words affects how rapidly they are learned. However, frequency trajectory does not affect skilled reading aloud, because the consistencies in mapping between spelling and sound eventually wash out the effects of early differences in frequency of exposure. Thus, in skilled performance the timing of exposure to words is less important than the amount of exposure. The results clarify the conditions under which age-dependent learning effects occur in reading aloud. Age of acquisition effects in reading aloud: Tests of cumulative frequency and frequency trajectory The possibility that some aspects of language learning may be age dependent, in that they can only be fully mastered during a limited window of opportunity in early development, has been widely discussed (e.g., Doupe & Kuhl, 1..
Chapter 1: Introduction
No full textChapter 1 of
Library Technology Reports
(vol. 50, no. 5) “3-D Printers for Libraries” explains the mechanical process of a 3-D printer. Author Jason Griffey raises a few library-specific issues and makes an argument for libraries to implement 3-D printing
Domain General Change Detection Accounts for“Dishabituation” Effects in Temporal–Parietal Regions in Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies of Speech Perception
Get PDFLandslide risk reduction in Wasco County, Oregon
No full textby William J. Burns, Nancy Calhoun, Jon Franczyk, Jason D. McClaughry, and Katherine Daniel.Title from PDF cover (viewed on February 27, 2023).This archived document is maintained by the State Library of Oregon as part of the Oregon Documents Depository Program. It is for informational purposes and may not be suitable for legal purposes.Includes bibliographical references (pages 20-24).Mode of access: Internet from the Oregon Government Publications Collection.Text in English
Domain General Change Detection Accounts for "Dishabituation" Effects in Temporal-Parietal Regions in Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies of Speech Perception
No full textFunctional magnetic resonance imaging ( fMRI) studies of speech sound categorization often compare conditions in which a stimulus is presented repeatedly to conditions in which multiple stimuli are presented. This approach has established that a set of superior temporal and inferior parietal regions respond more strongly to conditions containing stimulus change. Here, we examine whether this contrast is driven by habituation to a repeating condition or by selective responding to change. Experiment 1 directly tests this by comparing the observed response to long trains of stimuli against a constructed hemodynamic response modeling the hypothesis that no habituation occurs. The results are consistent with the view that enhanced response to conditions involving phonemic variability reflect change detection. In a second experiment, the specificity of these responses to linguistically relevant stimulus variability was studied by including a condition in which the talker, rather than phonemic category, was variable from stimulus to stimulus. In this context, strong change detection responses were observed to changes in talker, but not to changes in phoneme category. The results prompt a reconsideration of two assumptions common to fMRI studies of speech sound categorization: they suggest that temporoparietal responses in passive paradigms such as those used here are better characterized as reflecting change detection than habituation, and that their apparent selectivity to speech sound categories may reflect a more general preference for variability in highly salient or behaviorally relevant stimulus dimensions
Geologic map of the Dufur area, Wasco County, Oregon
No full textReport -- Plate 1 -- Plate 2 -- Plate 3.Jason D. McClaughry, Heather H. Herinckx, Clark A. Niewendorp, Carlie J.M. Azzopardi, and Joshua A. Hackett.Title from PDF cover (viewed on May 19, 2021).This archived document is maintained by the State Library of Oregon as part of the Oregon Documents Depository Program. It is for informational purposes and may not be suitable for legal purposes.Includes bibliographical references.Mode of access: Internet from the Oregon Government Publications Collection.Text in English
Statistical learning of syllable sequences as trajectories through a perceptual similarity space
No full textLearning from sequential statistics is a general capacity common to many model systems. One form of statistical learning (SL) – learning to segment “words’ from continuous streams of speech syllables in which the only segmentation cue is ostensibly the transitional (or conditional) probability from one syllable to the next – has been studied in great detail. Typically, this phenomenon is modeled as the calculation of probabilities over discrete, featureless units. Here we present an alternative model, in which sequences are learned as trajectories through a similarity space. A simple recurrent network that coded syllables using representations capture the similarity relations among syllables correctly simulated the result of a classic SL study. We then used the simulations to identify a set of “words” that produces the reverse of the typical SL, i.e., part-words are predicted to be more familiar than words. Results from two experiments are consistent with simulation results
Native and non-native speech sound processing and the neural mismatch responses: A longitudinal study on classroom-based foreign language learning
No full textLearning a foreign language in a natural immersion context with high exposure to the new language has been shown to change the way speech sounds of that language are processed at the neural level. It remains unclear, however, to what extent this is also the case for classroom-based foreign language learning, particularly in children. To this end, we presented a mismatch negativity (MMN) experiment during EEG recordings as part of a longitudinal developmental study: 38 monolingual (Swiss-) German speaking children (7.5 years) were tested shortly before they started to learn English at school and followed up one year later. Moreover, 22 (Swiss-) German adults were recorded. Instead of the originally found positive mismatch response in children, an MMN emerged when applying a high-pass filter of 3 Hz. The overlap of a slow-wave positivity with the MMN indicates that two concurrent mismatch processes were elicited in children. The children's MMN in response to the non-native speech contrast was smaller compared to the native speech contrast irrespective of foreign language learning, suggesting that no additional neural resources were committed to processing the foreign language speech sound after one year of classroom-based learning
An Immigrant Defends America
No full textMany people in the United States feel hopeless about their future, arguing that capitalism, police brutality, and racism prevent them from reaching their goals. Some even suggest that the American Dream is a lie and that the game is rigged against African-Americans, in particular. Jason D. Hill challenges this skepticism. He argues that success is a personal choice and that the vast numbers of upwardly-mobile immigrants are all the proof one needs of boundless American potential. He also takes issue with Ta-Nehisi Coates and writers like him, claiming that their fame and wealth undermine their own charges of victimization.
Jason D. Hill is a Professor of Philosophy, member of the Honors Distinguished Faculty, and Director of Teaching Practicum at DePaul University. He is the author of four books, the most recent of which is the soon-to-be-released We Have Overcome: An Immigrant’s Letter to the American People, available for pre-order on Amazon.com
This is his second visit to Why? Radio. His first can be found here.https://commons.und.edu/why-radio-archive/1021/thumbnail.jp
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