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The path of a pathfinder : Walker's route to California in 1833
Get PDFJoseph Reddeford Walker conducted
a party of men across the Sierra Nevada to the
Pacific coast of California in 1833. Previous
interpretations of the portion of the route
from Humboldt Sink, Nevada, to the San Joaquin
River, California, are not satisfactory. A
body of descriptions of the terrain traversed
exists in the narrative of Zenas Leonard, and
is sufficient to reconstruct the route with
more precision. Coincidence of the distributions
of specific aspects of the physical
geography of the area results in identification
of major points of passage. The distributions
of pumice, highly alkaline lakes, and Ephydrahians lead to the conclusion that Walker
passed near Mono Lake, California. The distribution
of canyons and of vegetation similarly
identifies the dividing ridge between the
Tuolumne and Merced rivers, California, as a
point of passage. Further refinement of the
route by correlation of the descriptions with
the actual terrain provides a detailed route
Recommended from our members
ZernelJohnJoseph.pdf
No full textJoseph Reddeford Walker conducted
a party of men across the Sierra Nevada to the
Pacific coast of California in 1833. Previous
interpretations of the portion of the route
from Humboldt Sink, Nevada, to the San Joaquin
River, California, are not satisfactory. A
body of descriptions of the terrain traversed
exists in the narrative of Zenas Leonard, and
is sufficient to reconstruct the route with
more precision. Coincidence of the distributions
of specific aspects of the physical
geography of the area results in identification
of major points of passage. The distributions
of pumice, highly alkaline lakes, and Ephydrahians lead to the conclusion that Walker
passed near Mono Lake, California. The distribution
of canyons and of vegetation similarly
identifies the dividing ridge between the
Tuolumne and Merced rivers, California, as a
point of passage. Further refinement of the
route by correlation of the descriptions with
the actual terrain provides a detailed route
Recommended from our members
Plate1.jpg
No full textJoseph Reddeford Walker conducted
a party of men across the Sierra Nevada to the
Pacific coast of California in 1833. Previous
interpretations of the portion of the route
from Humboldt Sink, Nevada, to the San Joaquin
River, California, are not satisfactory. A
body of descriptions of the terrain traversed
exists in the narrative of Zenas Leonard, and
is sufficient to reconstruct the route with
more precision. Coincidence of the distributions
of specific aspects of the physical
geography of the area results in identification
of major points of passage. The distributions
of pumice, highly alkaline lakes, and Ephydrahians lead to the conclusion that Walker
passed near Mono Lake, California. The distribution
of canyons and of vegetation similarly
identifies the dividing ridge between the
Tuolumne and Merced rivers, California, as a
point of passage. Further refinement of the
route by correlation of the descriptions with
the actual terrain provides a detailed route
Recommended from our members
John Wesley Powell : science and reform in a positive context
Get PDFJohn Wesley Powell worked actively for public land system
reform while a director of geographical and geological surveys in
the West from 1869 to 1894. Although this has won him acclaim as a
conservationist, the basis of Powell's linkage of reform with
scientific work is poorly understood.
A study of the intellectual aspects of Powell's survey work to
about 1884 shows his linkage of science and reform had both practical
and philosophical foundations. While working in the West Powell
found applications of his geological and ethnological studies useful
in treating problems that had arisen for settlement in the region.
Powell's study of Indian culture reflected ethnologist Lewis Henry
Morgan's emphasis on social organization. It taught Powell that the
government's approach to Indian problems was ineffective because it
misunderstood their social organization and their institutions.
Powell emphasized physical aspects of the geological problems
he studied. He focused on structure, on processes of upheaval and
erosion, and on the historical record those agencies left in
topography. Powell found this work provided geographical and other
physical information useful in planning the large-scale irrigation
systems that he believed were necessary for continued growth in the
West. He also found his survey's work valuable for administrative
and policy-making needs in the General Land Office. Powell's Report
on the Lands of the Arid Region in 1878 reflected his advocacy of
better and more systematic methods in classifying and surveying the
public lands. It also keynoted his involvement in efforts to
abolish the government's contract land survey system and replace it
with a permanent system of geographical and geological surveys.
Philosophical foundations for Powell's involvement in reform
are revealed in his ideas on evolution. These combined L. H.
Morgan's appreciation of cooperative social institutions with
Herbert Spencer's view of evolution as an increasing differentiation
and integration of matter. Human evolution for Powell was multidimensional
and included intellectual, industrial, and institutional
elements.
Powell believed his survey's work for science and for land
system reform was consistent with his evolutionary scheme. His
intellectual heritage shows that he was acting out the commitment of
nineteenth-century positivism to the empirical methods of science
and to their use in achieving social progress
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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