1,720,973 research outputs found
Organizational stress in competitive sport
Get PDFOrganizational stress continues to generate interest and research attention in sport psychology. This is largely because anecdotal and research evidence continues to highlight that the organizational environment in which sport performers, coaches, sport scientists, and other personnel operate is a breeding ground for experiencing stress. Although some individuals may interpret, respond, and cope well with the varying demands that they encounter in their sport teams and organizations, for others, this may have negative outcomes for their sport relationships, well-being, performance, and desire to continue participating in sport. For these reasons, research continues to be conducted to understand the concept of organizational stress in sport, and how it may be best managed to support the well-being and performance of individuals. This chapter will outline key concepts and theory relating to the concept of organizational stress. In addition, a summary of the origins of organizational stress in sport along with discussions of contemporary research in this area will be provided. Finally, a series of practical implications and future research recommendations will be outlined
Motivation in Coaching: Promoting Adaptive Psychological Outcomes
Get PDFThe purpose of this chapter is to identify theoretically driven, practical strategies that can be used to support promotion of an adaptive psychological environment for athletes.Given the influence that coaches in sport can have upon the motivational outcomes and well-being of an individual (Cronin & Allen, 2015; 2018;Keeganet al., 2014), the strategies are focused on the actions and interactions of the coaching practitioner. We begin the chapter by providing a brief overview of some of the dominant theoretical frameworks that that have underpinned research into psychological environments. Having described the theoretical foundations to the research, we will review that work, and then, based on the implications,discuss strategies that could support the promotion of adaptive psychological environments. <br/
Understanding the Influence of Gender and Psychological Factors on College Students’ Exercise Behavior
Get PDFObjective: The purpose of this research was to explore the relations between gender, basic psychological needs satisfaction (autonomy, relatedness, perceived competence), autonomous regulation, perceived variety in exercise, and exercise behavior among college students. Methods: 116 participants were recruited. Data was collected by means of an online questionnaire. Statistical tests consisted of hierarchical multiple regression analyses, partial correlation analysis, Pearson correlation analysis, and an independent samples t-test. Statistical significance was set at p .05. Results: Gender (men) was a positive predictor of aerobic exercise totals after controlling for autonomous and controlled regulations. Autonomous regulation and competence were also positive predictors of exercise behavior. Competence was the strongest predictor of the basic psychological needs. Autonomous regulation and attraction were found to have positive significant relationships with the basic psychological needs, perceived variety in exercise and exercise behavior. Conclusion: Gender is a predictor of aerobic exercise totals and competence is a predictor of both aerobic and resistance exercise frequency. Further research is needed to determine if gender differences exist in exercise behavior and the effect of competence on the duration of physical activity. Additionally, attraction is one variable that warrants further research in the physical activity domain as it showed a significant positive correlation with multiple variables (i.e., autonomous regulation and needs satisfaction) that are known to predict exercise behavior
Individual differences in affect and vagal tone in response to moderate- and high-intensity interval exercise: A preliminary model
Get PDFBackground. Evidence suggests regular exercise, amongst other healthy lifestyle choices, promotes enhanced quality of life and longevity. However, the majority of adults (>85%) do not meet the requirements suggested by the U.S. Physical Activity Guidelines, thus missing out on potential benefits. Some researchers have proposed the lack of continued exercise behavior is a result of negative affective responses associated with exercising, and suggest individuals must feel good (e.g., experience pleasure) during and following (e.g., enjoyment) exercise in order to increase the likelihood of future engagement. Promising evidence to support the application of the exercise-affect-adherence relationship has emerged. However, a conundrum exists: high-intensity training programs have gained, and are maintaining, popularity, even though these often result in negative feeling states, which should decrease likelihood of adherence to such regimens. It is possible some individuals are more suited for high-intensity exercise; that is, they are predisposed to experience more pleasure or less displeasure during high-intensity exercise leading to a desire for continued future engagement. Purpose. To examine affective and vagal tone reactivity to and recovery from an acute bout of moderate-intensity (MIIE) and high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE), and to consider how individual differences (e.g., personality, biological dispositions) influence these responses. Methods. Participants (N= 25, 13 females, 23.3±4.0 yrs, BMI= 25.7±4.1 kg·m-2, HRrest= 68.12±11.66 b·min-1, VO2peak= 41.57±9.42 ml·kg-1·min-1) completed 4 sessions at the same time of day on different days, with at least 24-hours between each session. Refraining from exercise (24-hours prior), caffeine (8-hours prior), and alcohol (12-hours prior), participants completed a baseline session to record resting affect and cardiac vagal tone. Personality, regulation-style, and emotional complaints (i.e., Anxiety, Depression, and Stress) were also assessed via questionnaire. Participants completed a graded exercise test on a stationary bike (cycle ramp protocol 25 W·min-1) to volitional exhaustion during the second session, where peak oxygen consumption, peak heart rate, and oxygen consumption at ventilatory threshold (VT) were determined. Based on individual workload at VT, a relative high- (5% below relative load at VT) and moderate-intensity (25% below relative load at VT) load was determined for sessions 3 and 4. Participants then completed a high- (HIIE) and moderate-intensity interval exercise (MIIE) session (5 intervals of 3-min of exercise to 1-min of rest) where affect and vagal tone were recorded prior to, during, and up to 30-minutes post exercise. The HIIE and MIIE sessions were randomized and counterbalanced in order to control for pre-exercise states. In addition, participants were blinded to the condition intensities. Results. Participants reported more negative feeling states and experienced greater vagal tone withdrawal during the HIIE session compared to the MIIE session, but these states recovered similarly as early as 5-minutes post-exercise. In addition, individual characteristics (i.e., fitness), traits (e.g., Extraversion, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism), emotional complaints (i.e., Depression, Anxiety, and Stress), and biological dispositions (e.g., tonic vagal tone) provided predictive variance on affective reactivity (i.e., valence) during the HIIE session. This suggests some individuals are predisposed to respond more positively to high-intensity exercise. Conclusions. These findings indicate that some individuals may thrive (i.e., initiate and adhere) in a high-intensity exercise program, while others are more likely to experience displeasure and potentially drop-out. In order to optimize exercise programming, or simply encourage exercise behavior, it is important to consider each individual’s unique set of characteristics at exercise initiation.Submission original under an indefinite embargo labeled 'Open Access'. The submission was exported from vireo on 2019-11-26 without embargo termsThe student, Allyson Box, accepted the attached license on 2019-07-07 at 07:38.The student, Allyson Box, submitted this Thesis for approval on 2019-07-07 at 07:51.This Thesis was approved for publication on 2019-07-09 at 16:58.DSpace SAF Submission Ingestion Package generated from Vireo submission #14184 on 2019-11-26 at 12:51:28Made available in DSpace on 2019-11-26T20:33:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2
BOX-THESIS-2019.pdf: 2244362 bytes, checksum: 6d101734e2a0a033301b1f9c445fe672 (MD5)
LICENSE.txt: 4208 bytes, checksum: 2bf704b3d5188a30b17a9d0cd51f8c98 (MD5)
Previous issue date: 2019-07-0
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Comparative validity of measures of implicit exercise associations
Get PDFResearchers in the broad domain of public health are becoming increasingly interested in the study of implicit exercise associations (IEA), which are theorized to be predictive of exercise behavior. Interventions designed to improve IEA may enhance exercise promotion, and accounting for differences in IEA may help explain exercise behavior. Despite increasing interest in IEA, researchers are unable to justify their measurement choices because the comparative validity is unknown. No investigation has compared the validity of measures of IEA within the same sample. Purpose: The primary purpose of this dissertation was to compare the validity and reliability of nine measures of IEA for the first time. The secondary purpose was to explore if rational thought-processing styles moderate the relation between IEA and exercise behavior or explicit attitudes. Methods: University community members (N = 95) completed three laboratory visits. First, participants underwent exercise testing to identify their ventilatory threshold (VT). One week later, the participants returned for a session that consisted of 15 minutes on a recumbent cycle ergometer with the last 10 minutes at the intensity corresponding to their VT, in an effort to create maximum variability in affective responses. Experienced pleasure-displeasure during exercise was measured using the Feeling Scale (Hardy & Rejeski, 1989). Remembered pleasure of the exercise session (“recalled affect”) was measured 5 min postexercise using the Empirical Valence Scale (Lishner, Cooter, & Zald, 2008). One week later, participants returned for an Implicit Measurement Session. Participants completed nine measures of IEA in random order. Participants also responded to questions about their explicit affective attitudes and exercise behavior, and completed tasks to assess their rational-thought processing styles. Experienced pleasure-displeasure, recalled affect, affective attitudes, and exercise behavior served as validation criteria. Validity was assessed with a series of bivariate correlation analyses between each implicit measure and the validity criteria.
Results: Eight tasks had acceptable-to-high internal consistency. Only the Approach-Avoidance Task was significantly related to any of the validity criteria after adjustment for multiple comparisons. Exploratory analyses revealed the possibility that validity estimates deteriorated as tasks were performed later, meaning that the most valid measure could not be identified conclusively. Implications and recommendations based on these results are discussed. Moderation analyses indicated that no measure of rational thought-processing capacity or tendency moderated (a) the relation between IEA and exercise behavior, or (b) the relation between IEA and explicit attitudes. Conclusions: Based on the entire sample, these data suggest the Approach-Avoidance Task is the most valid measure of IEA. This must be interpreted judiciously, however, due to the unexpected importance of task order. A research agenda to improve upon the limitations of this dissertation is proposed.</p
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
- …
