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Ansar in political history of İslam
No full textİlk dönem İslâm siyasî tarihinde önemli rol oynayan topluluklarından birini Ensar oluşturur. Mekke'de İslâm'ı tebliğ etmeye imkân kalmayınca Hz. Peygamber (s) ve ashabı Medine'ye hicret etti. Medinelilerin İslâm'a gösterdikleri büyük ilgi onları kısa sürede yeni dinin en büyük destekçilerinden biri haline getirdi. Mekkelilere ve İslâm'a gösterdikleri büyük yardımseverlikten dolayı Ensar olarak adlandırıldılar. Ensar, Hz. Peygamber'in (s) hayatta olduğu dönemde siyasî ve idarî hayatta etkin roller üstlendi. Savaş zamanında asker ve komutan, barış zamanında da zekât amili, vali, din muallimi gibi vazifelerle İslâm toplumuna katkı sağlamışlardır. Hz. Peygamber'in (s) vefatıyla birlikte Sakife toplantısı ile Ensar'ın siyasî hayatta etkinliğinin azaldığı yeni bir dönem başlamıştır. Ensarîler, Hulefa-i Raşidin Dönemi olarak adlandırılan bu yeni dönemde daha çok idarî görevlerle ön plana çıkmışlardır. Ancak yine de siyasî olarak danışılan, görüşlerine itibar edilen kimseler olmaya devam etmişlerdir. Özellikle Hz. Ömer döneminde pekçok idarî görev Ensar tarafından yerine getirilmiştir. Fethedilen yeni beldelerde zaman zaman yönetici olarak zaman zaman da devletin çeşitli kademelerindeki memurlar olarak hizmet etmişlerdir. Ensar, Hz. Osman'ın katliyle sonuçlanan Hz. Osman dönemi hadislerinde çeşitli sebeplerle pasif kalmışlardır. Hz. Ali döneminde Ensar pek çok merkezde valilik görevlerine getirilmiştir. Ancak devletin içinde bulunduğu kargaşa ortamından dolayı bu görevlerinde istikrar sağlayamamışlardır. Hz. Ali'nin şehid edilmesiyle son bulan Hz. Ali-Muaviye mücadelesinde Ensar'ın büyük kısmı tercihini Hz. Ali'den yana kullanmış, Cemel ve Sıffin savaşlarında onunla birlikte savaşmışlardır.The Ansar was one of the communities which play key role in the political history of early Islamic civilizations. Once the notification of Islam became impossible in Mecca, Prophet Muhammad and his companions migrated to Medina. Owing to the great interest in the Islam, Medinese people became one of the biggest supporters of the new religion in a short time. Medinese people were called as the Ansar in view of their great help to the Muhajirs and Islam. The Ansar took an active role in political and administrative matters when the Prophet was alive. They contributed to the Islamic civilization as soldiers and commanders in wartime; and as tax officers, governors, teachers of religion in peacetime. After the death of Prophet Muhammad, Sakif meetings initiated a new era during which the Ansar's influence on the political life of the Islam decreased. In this new era called as the Rashidun Caliphate, the Ansar mostly took part in administrative tasks. Nevertheless, they were the ones who were consulted and whose ideas were appreciated. Especially in the era of Caliph Omar, many administrative duties were fulfilled by Ansar. In the towns recently conquered, they served as either the governors or the officers in various levels of the government. For various reasons, the Ansar remained passive in the events which happened in the era of Caliph Othman and resulted in the murder of Caliph Othman. They were appointed as governors in many places during the era of Caliph Ali; however, they could not become stable in these duties due to the disorder from which the state suffered. The great majority of the Ansar have preferred to support Caliph Ali in his fight with Muawiyah, as a result of which Caliph Ali was killed as a martyr. They also fought in collaboration with Caliph Ali at wars of Jamal and Sıffin
The Islamization of Medina
No full textBu çalışmada Hz. Muhammed (SAV) döneminde gelişen en önemli
olaylardan birisi olan Medine halkının İslâm’a girişi konu edilmektedir.
Çalışmanın girişinde İslâm’ın ilk olarak muhatap olduğu kesim yani
Mekke şehri ele alınmıştır. Böylece Medine’ye uzanan yolda hangi merhalelerden
geçildiği gösterilmeye çalışılmıştır. Birinci bölümde Medine şehrinin İslâm’dan
önceki siyasi, sosyal ve ekonomik yapısı incelenmiştir. İkinci bölüm “Medine’nin
İslâmlaşması” adını almaktadır. Bu bölümde hangi gelişmelerin Medinelileri
İslâm’a sevk ettiği ve ne gibi tarihi olayların yaşandığı anlatılmıştır.This study discusses the Islamization process of Medina (the process of Medina’s entering into Islamic religion), which is the one of the most significant events occurred in the Islamic period of Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him). The introductory part of the study illustrates the city of Mecca, which is the first place in which Islamic religion was born and spread. In this way, it is aimed to demonstrate what kinds of stages have been performed before the Islamisation period in Medina. Part I examines the political, economical and social structure in Medina prior to Islamic period. Part II is entitled “Medina’s Contact with Islam”, and in this part analyses the factors and developments which canalize the people of Medina into Islamic religion, and deals with the other historical events occurred in Medin
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Kur'an kursu öğrencilerinin "Cami" ve "Din Görevlisi" kavramlarına ilişkin metaforları
No full textBu çalışmanın amacı yaz Kur’an kursu öğrencilerinin cami ve din görevlisi (imam-müezzin) kavramları hakkındaki algılarını metaforlar aracılığıyla ortaya çıkarmaktır. Araştırmanın çalışma grubunu, 2018 yılında Elâzığ̆ ilinde farklı camilerden seçilen 467 öğrenci oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmanın verileri katılımcıların, “cami.... gibidir, çünkü̈.....”, “din görevlisi (imam-müezzin)...gibidir, çünkü.....” cümlelerini tamamlamaları yoluyla elde edilmiştir. Verilerin analizinde frekans, yüzde ve içerik analizi kullanılmıştır. Araştırmada, yaz Kur’an kursu öğrencileri cami kavramına ilişkin 38 metafor, din görevlisi kavramına ilişkin 62 metafor üretmişlerdir. Öğrencilerin cami kavramıyla ilgili oluşturdukları metaforlar beş kategoriye ayrılmıştır. Din görevlisi hakkında ürettikleri metaforlar ise 6 kategori altında toplanmıştır. Öğrencilerin oluşturduğu metaforlar sonucunda oluşturulan kategorilere göre cami kavramı öğrenciler tarafından en çok ibadet ve eğitim yeri olarak, din görevlisi ise eğitimci ve ibadetleri yapan/yaptıran biri olarak algılanmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda cami kavramıyla ilgili bütün metaforların olumlu özellik taşıdığı belirlenmiştir. Din görevlisi kavramına ilişkin üretilen bazı metaforların ise (düşman, gardiyan) olumsuz olduğu saptanmıştır
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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