1,720,973 research outputs found
Aboveground impacts of a belowground invader: how invasive earthworms alter aboveground arthropod communities in a northern North American forest
No full textDeclining arthropod communities have recently gained a lot of attention, with climate and land-use change among the most frequently discussed drivers. Here, we focus on a seemingly underrepresented driver of arthropod community decline: biological invasions. For approximately 12 000 years, earthworms have been absent from wide parts of northern North America, but they have been re-introduced with dramatic consequences. Most studies investigating earthworm-invasion impacts focus on the belowground world, resulting in limited knowledge on aboveground-community changes. We present observational data on earthworm, plant and aboveground arthropod communities in 60 plots, distributed across areas with increasing invasion status (low, medium and high) in a Canadian forest. We analysed how earthworm-invasion status and biomass impact aboveground arthropod community abundance, biomass and species richness, and how earthworm impacts cascade across trophic levels. We sampled approximately 13 000 arthropods, dominated by Hemiptera, Diptera, Araneae, Thysanoptera and Hymenoptera. Total arthropod abundance, biomass and species richness declined significantly from areas of low to those with high invasion status, with reductions of 61, 27 and 18%, respectively. Structural equation models suggest that earthworms directly and indirectly impact arthropods across trophic levels. We show that earthworm invasion can alter aboveground multi-trophic arthropod communities and suggest that belowground invasions might be underappreciated drivers of aboveground arthropod decline
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Ist Bodenschutz gleichzeitig Naturschutz? Welche Rolle können Schutzgebiete spielen?
Full text linkDer Schutz von Böden ist in Deutschland bereits seit über 20 Jahren gesetzlich verankert, doch die Bodenbiodiversität und mit dieser verbundene Ökosystemfunktionen werden oft vernachlässigt. Gewährleistet der bestehende Naturschutz bereits einen ausreichenden Bodenschutz? Der vorliegende Beitrag fasst wesentliche Ergebnisse aus zwei Fallstudien zusammen, in denen zwei Forschungsteams die Bodenfunktionen innerhalb und außerhalb von Schutzgebieten miteinander verglichen und die Rolle von Böden im Schutzgebietsmanagement untersucht haben. Der Bodenschutz und die Erhaltung der Biodiversität und Funktionen von Böden sind bisher unzureichend. Es konnten keine positiven Effekte von Schutzgebieten auf Bodenfunktionen in Europa nachgewiesen werden. Die Sicht auf Böden im deutschen Schutzgebietsmanagement ist außerdem eingeschränkt. Dabei könnte das Wissen über Bodenprozesse und Interaktionen der Bodenorganismen bei der Wiederherstellung von Ökosystemen entscheidend sein, z. B. um Bodeneigenschaften zu verbessern und dadurch eine Wiederansiedlung von Pflanzen zu ermöglichen, wovon auch das Bodenleben profitiert. Gerade in Hinblick auf den Klimawandel und die Verschiebung von Verbreitungsgebieten, was auch Bodenorganismen wie Regenwürmer betrifft, wird schließlich dringend ein effektiver Schutz des Bodenlebens benötigt
Invisibly protected? Soil biodiversity in the spotlight of nature conservation
No full textSoils are critical to ecosystem functioning, yet soil biodiversity remains largely overlooked in the field of nature conservation. Soils are essential for ecosystem stability, nutrient cycling, and climate regulation; however, their biological diversity remains mostly overlooked in conservation policy and practice. This cumulative dissertation examines (1) the vulnerability of soil organisms in a case study on climate change effects on earthworms, (2) the effectiveness of existing protected area networks in conserving soil biodiversity and functioning, (3) strategies for and benefits of effectively communicating the importance of soil life to the public, and (4) priorities for nature conservation of soil biodiversity in Europe.
The four chapters integrate biological data with novel modelling approaches, and were complemented with policy reviews and communication research; they demonstrate that current conservation frameworks exhibit a bias towards visible, aboveground species, hence overlooking the majority of the life belowground. Successful and holistic nature conservation requires the incorporation of soil organisms into biodiversity monitoring, environmental education, and the management of protected areas. The dissertation concludes with suggestions for how to bridge research, policy, management, and public involvement to make sure that soil biodiversity, which remains invisible to most people, receives the care and protection it requires.:Einleitung ⬥ Introduction 5
NATURE CONSERVATION 5
A definition of “nature” 5
Nature vs. biodiversity 6
Defining nature conservation 9
Brief history of nature conservation 10
BENEFITS OF NATURE 12
The intrinsic value of nature 12
People and nature 13
Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning 14
Nature’s Contributions to People 18
Multifunctionality 19
WHY WE DO NATURE CONSERVATION - The Ongoing Global Change 21
Climate change 23
How climate change translates into biodiversity change 24
Human use & pollution: land-use change and intensification 26
How land-use change translates into biodiversity change 27
Biodiversity change 28
Invasions and homogenization 31
Evidence for biodiversity change 33
Multiple stressors 37
CONSERVATION PRACTICES 40
Management practices in nature conservation 40
Protected area networks 42
Protected area categories 43
Effectiveness of the protected area network 47
What we don’t know - The protection of neglected organisms 55
THE IMPORTANCE OF NATURE CONSERVATION OF SOIL BIODIVERSITY 56
Soil and geodiversity are part of nature 56
Soil nature conservation gap 58
Soil biodiversity and ecosystem services 67
Habitat function of soil 67
Role of soil organisms 70
NatureSoils for people 76
Drivers of soil biodiversity 80
Linking soil biodiversity loss to drivers of Global Change 84
Attempts to map the distribution of soil biodiversity 92
WHAT NOW? OBJECTIVES 97
Why we have to care 98
Species Distribution Models (SDMs) 99
Effects of climate on the distribution of European earthworms 105
How we make people care 108
Why we need science communication of soil biodiversity knowledge 109
Communicating soil biodiversity research to kids worldwide 109
What we currently do (is insufficient) 110
Quantitatively evaluating the effect of protected areas 110
The role of conservation areas to protect soil biodiversity and functioning 112
Where we could continue 114
Prioritization 115
Nature conservation priorities for soil biodiversity in two selected regions 118
REFERENCES (INTRODUCTION) 120
Kapitel ⬥ Chapters = Publications 137
Why we have to care 137
How we make people care 137
What we currently do (is insufficient) 137
Where we could continue 137
Diskussion ⬥ Discussion 222
SOIL BIODIVERSITY IS THREATENED 223
Earthworm distribution 224
Excurse on the quality of data from iNaturalist 225
Threats like climate change 227
Some conservation challenges cannot be overcome 228
NO SOILS WITHOUT PUBLIC AWARENESS 231
Barriers to soil conservation: from media coverage of life to academia 232
Communication ways to overcome unawareness for soil biodiversity 234
Evidence for science communication benefitting biodiversity conservation 237
EXISTING CONSERVATION STRATEGIES ARE INSUFFICIENT 240
Unclear protection of soil biodiversity and functioning 241
TOWARDS NATURE CONSERVATION OF SOIL BIODIVERSITY 242
Regional priorities for nature conservation of soil biodiversity 243
Some challenges in nature conservation 248
SYNTHESIS 251
Implications for communication 252
Implications for science 256
The need to foster Open Science practices 261
Implications for management and practitioners 264
Implications for policy and conservation 267
The EU Soil Strategy for 2030 269
Bridging science, policy, and conservation actions 274
FAZIT ⬥ CONCLUSION 284
REFERENCES (DISCUSSION) 284
Zusammenfassung ⬥ Abstract 295
ENGLISH VERSION 295
GERMAN VERSION 300
Danksagung ⬥ Acknowledgement 305
NUTZUNG VON AI-HILFSMITTELN ⬥ USE OF AI TOOLS 307
FINANZIERUNG ⬥ FUNDING 307
Anhang ⬥ Supplement 308
ONGOING INITIATIVES REGARDING THE MONITORING OF CHANGE IN SOILS 308
Soil monitoring activities in Germany 308
International soil monitoring efforts 311
SOIL (BIODIVERSITY) INDICATORS 313
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS OF CHAPTER FOUR 317
Lebenslauf ⬥ CV 337
BILDUNGSWEG ⬥ EDUCATION 337
AUSZEICHNUNGEN ⬥ AWARDS 337
BERUFSERFAHRUNG ⬥ JOB EXPERIENCES 338
LEHRE ⬥ TEACHING 339
PROJEKTE und AKTIVITÄTEN ⬥ PROJECTS and ACTIVITIES 339
SUPERVISION-ERFAHRUNG ⬥ SUPERVISION EXPERIENCES 341
Verzeichnis der wissenschaftl. Veröffentlichungen & Vorträge ⬥ List of publications & lectures 342
VERÖFFENTLICHUNGEN ⬥ PUBLICATIONS 342
PUBLIKATION VON DATENSÄTZEN ⬥ DATA PUBLICATIONS 343
WEITERE WISSENSCHAFTLICHE BEITRÄGE ⬥ ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 344
GUTACHTEN ⬥ REVIEWS 344
VORTRÄGE ⬥ TALKS 345
Wissenschaftliche Fachvorträge ⬥ Scientific talks 345
Sonstige Konferenzbeiträge ⬥ Other contributions at conferences 345
Nutzungsrechte ⬥ Right of use 346
Selbstständigkeitserklärung ⬥ Declaration of independence 347
Bestätigung über alleinige Urheberschaft ⬥ Certification of exclusive authorship 34
Invisibly protected? Soil biodiversity in the spotlight of nature conservation
No full textSoils are critical to ecosystem functioning, yet soil biodiversity remains largely overlooked in the field of nature conservation. Soils are essential for ecosystem stability, nutrient cycling, and climate regulation; however, their biological diversity remains mostly overlooked in conservation policy and practice. This cumulative dissertation examines (1) the vulnerability of soil organisms in a case study on climate change effects on earthworms, (2) the effectiveness of existing protected area networks in conserving soil biodiversity and functioning, (3) strategies for and benefits of effectively communicating the importance of soil life to the public, and (4) priorities for nature conservation of soil biodiversity in Europe.
The four chapters integrate biological data with novel modelling approaches, and were complemented with policy reviews and communication research; they demonstrate that current conservation frameworks exhibit a bias towards visible, aboveground species, hence overlooking the majority of the life belowground. Successful and holistic nature conservation requires the incorporation of soil organisms into biodiversity monitoring, environmental education, and the management of protected areas. The dissertation concludes with suggestions for how to bridge research, policy, management, and public involvement to make sure that soil biodiversity, which remains invisible to most people, receives the care and protection it requires.:Einleitung ⬥ Introduction 5
NATURE CONSERVATION 5
A definition of “nature” 5
Nature vs. biodiversity 6
Defining nature conservation 9
Brief history of nature conservation 10
BENEFITS OF NATURE 12
The intrinsic value of nature 12
People and nature 13
Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning 14
Nature’s Contributions to People 18
Multifunctionality 19
WHY WE DO NATURE CONSERVATION - The Ongoing Global Change 21
Climate change 23
How climate change translates into biodiversity change 24
Human use & pollution: land-use change and intensification 26
How land-use change translates into biodiversity change 27
Biodiversity change 28
Invasions and homogenization 31
Evidence for biodiversity change 33
Multiple stressors 37
CONSERVATION PRACTICES 40
Management practices in nature conservation 40
Protected area networks 42
Protected area categories 43
Effectiveness of the protected area network 47
What we don’t know - The protection of neglected organisms 55
THE IMPORTANCE OF NATURE CONSERVATION OF SOIL BIODIVERSITY 56
Soil and geodiversity are part of nature 56
Soil nature conservation gap 58
Soil biodiversity and ecosystem services 67
Habitat function of soil 67
Role of soil organisms 70
NatureSoils for people 76
Drivers of soil biodiversity 80
Linking soil biodiversity loss to drivers of Global Change 84
Attempts to map the distribution of soil biodiversity 92
WHAT NOW? OBJECTIVES 97
Why we have to care 98
Species Distribution Models (SDMs) 99
Effects of climate on the distribution of European earthworms 105
How we make people care 108
Why we need science communication of soil biodiversity knowledge 109
Communicating soil biodiversity research to kids worldwide 109
What we currently do (is insufficient) 110
Quantitatively evaluating the effect of protected areas 110
The role of conservation areas to protect soil biodiversity and functioning 112
Where we could continue 114
Prioritization 115
Nature conservation priorities for soil biodiversity in two selected regions 118
REFERENCES (INTRODUCTION) 120
Kapitel ⬥ Chapters = Publications 137
Why we have to care 137
How we make people care 137
What we currently do (is insufficient) 137
Where we could continue 137
Diskussion ⬥ Discussion 222
SOIL BIODIVERSITY IS THREATENED 223
Earthworm distribution 224
Excurse on the quality of data from iNaturalist 225
Threats like climate change 227
Some conservation challenges cannot be overcome 228
NO SOILS WITHOUT PUBLIC AWARENESS 231
Barriers to soil conservation: from media coverage of life to academia 232
Communication ways to overcome unawareness for soil biodiversity 234
Evidence for science communication benefitting biodiversity conservation 237
EXISTING CONSERVATION STRATEGIES ARE INSUFFICIENT 240
Unclear protection of soil biodiversity and functioning 241
TOWARDS NATURE CONSERVATION OF SOIL BIODIVERSITY 242
Regional priorities for nature conservation of soil biodiversity 243
Some challenges in nature conservation 248
SYNTHESIS 251
Implications for communication 252
Implications for science 256
The need to foster Open Science practices 261
Implications for management and practitioners 264
Implications for policy and conservation 267
The EU Soil Strategy for 2030 269
Bridging science, policy, and conservation actions 274
FAZIT ⬥ CONCLUSION 284
REFERENCES (DISCUSSION) 284
Zusammenfassung ⬥ Abstract 295
ENGLISH VERSION 295
GERMAN VERSION 300
Danksagung ⬥ Acknowledgement 305
NUTZUNG VON AI-HILFSMITTELN ⬥ USE OF AI TOOLS 307
FINANZIERUNG ⬥ FUNDING 307
Anhang ⬥ Supplement 308
ONGOING INITIATIVES REGARDING THE MONITORING OF CHANGE IN SOILS 308
Soil monitoring activities in Germany 308
International soil monitoring efforts 311
SOIL (BIODIVERSITY) INDICATORS 313
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS OF CHAPTER FOUR 317
Lebenslauf ⬥ CV 337
BILDUNGSWEG ⬥ EDUCATION 337
AUSZEICHNUNGEN ⬥ AWARDS 337
BERUFSERFAHRUNG ⬥ JOB EXPERIENCES 338
LEHRE ⬥ TEACHING 339
PROJEKTE und AKTIVITÄTEN ⬥ PROJECTS and ACTIVITIES 339
SUPERVISION-ERFAHRUNG ⬥ SUPERVISION EXPERIENCES 341
Verzeichnis der wissenschaftl. Veröffentlichungen & Vorträge ⬥ List of publications & lectures 342
VERÖFFENTLICHUNGEN ⬥ PUBLICATIONS 342
PUBLIKATION VON DATENSÄTZEN ⬥ DATA PUBLICATIONS 343
WEITERE WISSENSCHAFTLICHE BEITRÄGE ⬥ ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 344
GUTACHTEN ⬥ REVIEWS 344
VORTRÄGE ⬥ TALKS 345
Wissenschaftliche Fachvorträge ⬥ Scientific talks 345
Sonstige Konferenzbeiträge ⬥ Other contributions at conferences 345
Nutzungsrechte ⬥ Right of use 346
Selbstständigkeitserklärung ⬥ Declaration of independence 347
Bestätigung über alleinige Urheberschaft ⬥ Certification of exclusive authorship 34
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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