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Self-conscious emotions and social functioning
No full textIntroduction Have you ever felt guilty about hurting a loved one, or been proud after achieving something that you always dreamed of? These emotions, but also embarrassment, shame, and hubris, are called self-conscious emotions. They are a special kind of emotions that cannot be described solely by examining facial movements (Darwin, 1872/1965) and that do not have clear, distinct elicitors (Lewis, 2000). Selfconscious emotions are cognitively complex and play a central role in the motivation and regulation of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors (Baumeister, Stillwell, & Heatherton, 1994; Leith & Baumeister, 1998; Tangney & Fischer, 1995). Until now, most research concerning the relationship between self-conscious emotions and social behavior has focused on their anticipation affects of what people do (e.g., Gruenewald, Dickerson, & Kemeny, 2007; Keltner & Buswell, 1997; Tracy & Robins, 2004). The anticipation of negative self-conscious emotions such as shame or guilt can motivate avoidance of immoral or asocial behavior (I will not do that, otherwise I will feel ashamed), and the anticipation of positive self-conscious emotions such as pride can stimulate compliance with social and moral norms (If I do that, I will be proud of myself). Also, actual experiences of self-conscious emotions may exert an influence. For example, when people feel ashamed, they do certain things because of that (e.g., hide or try to appease). The aim of the present chapter is to shed some light on how experiences of self-conscious emotions are regulated and as such influence social behavior. We will start with a discussion concerning the definition of self-conscious emotions and how they differ from so-called basic emotions. Then the focus shifts to existing research concerning the influences of self-conscious emotions on moral and social behavior. We will discuss how these often-contrasting findings can be interpreted using an emotion-specific approach. Finally, two self-conscious emotions, namely shame and guilt will be highlighted. We will explain how our approach can clarify the contrasting, empirical findings concerning the influences of shame and guilt on behavior (e.g., Gilbert & Andrews, 1998; Lewis, 1971, 1992; Tangney & Dearing, 2002; Tangney & Fischer, 1995)
Wasting a window of opportunity: Anticipated and experienced regret in intention-behavior consistency
Full text linkpreferences;voting;elections;regret theory
Cultural variation in the role of responsibility in regret and disappointment: The Italian case
No full textRegret and disappointment are decision-making related emotions. We examine the rela- tion between these emotions and responsibility for the decision outcomes in the Italian language. This is interesting because in Italian, there exist multiple words that refer to regret and disappointment. We base our research on earlier studies by Zeelenberg, Van Dijk, Manstead, and Van der Pligt (1998) and Zeelenberg, Van Dijk, and Manstead (2000) and by Ordóñez and Connolly (2000). The results show that several factors (terms, experimental situation and design) influence the relationship between responsibility on the one hand, and regret and disappointment on the other. As such we provide a demonstration of how emotion words and emotional experiences do not always have a one-to-one relationship. We suggest that it is important to take these factors into consid- eration when we investigate cognitive emotions such as regret and disappointment, which play a pivotal role in economic and consumer behavior
The use of crying over spilled milk: A note on the rationality and functionality of regret.
Full text linkAttachment, emotion regulation and adult crying
No full textItem does not contain fulltextAttachment serves to facilitate the contact with and proximity to the primary caregiver, in that way contributing to a safe exploration of the environment. However, due to inconsistencies in the reaction of the caregiver or her/his absence, insecure attachment styles may develop. This chapter summarizes attachment theory and assessment issues and describes how these attachment processes may exert a life-time influence on emotion regulation. While securely attached individuals can deal adequately with both positive and negative emotions, dismissively attached individuals develop a strong tendency to suppress or deactivate negative affect. In contrast, preoccupied attached individuals hyperactivate negative affect to get attention from their attachment figure. Since there is a close connection between emotion regulation and well-being, this may explain why securely attached individuals generally have more satisfying relationships and a better well-being than their insecurely attached counterparts
Beyond valence in customer dissatisfaction: A review and new findings on behavioral responses to regret and disappointment in failed services.
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