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Digestibility of whole ear corn silage for heavy pigs
No full textThe aim of this trial was to determine the digestibility of diets containing whole ear corn silage (ES) for pigs at different stages of growth during the heavy fattening cycle. The ES was included in experimental diets at two levels (15 and 30% on DM, ES15 and ES30 respectively) in substitution for corn meal (C) and six pigs were used in three digestibility trials performed at 35, 85 and 135. kg average live weight (LW, indicated as young, medium grown and heavy pigs, respectively). Each trial was divided into two 15. d experimental periods in a change-over design, with the total faeces collected in the last 5. d. During the first trial the total urine were also collected.The daily dry matter intake (DMI) was restricted to about 3.0-3.4% LW and a small amount of refusals (5% of the DMI) were found in the trial with the heavy pigs only for the ES30 diet. The substitution of C with ES increased the NDF content of diets from 12.7 to 14.0 and to 15.3% DM in diets C, ES15 and ES30. The DM content of faeces decreased regularly with the ES inclusion in all trials, but the reduction was statistically significant only in the trial with the medium grown pigs (33.4, 32.2 and 29.9% DM, respectively for C, ES15 and ES30, P< 0.05). In the trial with the young pigs, the inclusion of ES negatively affected the digestibility of organic matter (OM, 88.4, 87.0 and 84.5%, respectively for C, ES15 and ES30, P< 0.01) and NDF (48.9, 46.3 and 42.2%, respectively for C, ES15 and ES30, P< 0.05). The ES30 diet had a lower (P< 0.05) non structural carbohydrates (calculated as OM-NDF-ether extract-crude protein) digestibility than the other two diets (96.1 vs. 97.1-97.2%) and no differences in N retention or excretion were observed among the diets. Overall, the inclusion of ES in the trial with the young pigs caused a statistically significant reduction (-6%, P< 0.01) of the predicted DE content. In the subsequent trials with the medium grown and heavy pigs, both OM and NDF digestibility and DE content of diets did not change with ES inclusion. In conclusion, ES can be used at levels of 30% on DM at intermediate and final fattening cycle without appreciable decrease in digestibility
Weaning performance of Italian Simmental female calves
No full textThe objectives were (i) to compare the weaning performance of Simmental (S) and Holstein Friesian (H) female calves and (ii) to test a weaning scheme based on a standard milk replacer (MR) and whole S milk (SM). In a first trial two groups of S and H females (8 calves per group) were weaned with the same feeding programme based on milk replacer (150 g/L, 23% crude protein, 19% crude fat) and a concentrate mixture (compound feed : chopped alfalfa hay, 9:1). In a second trial, 20 S female calves were divided into two groups and weaned with the same feeding programme based on MR of the first trial or on SM. Both trials lasted 12 weeks and animals were reared in individual boxes, weighted at 3 weeks intervals with the milk fed till the 9 week of age. Blood samples were collected within 3 d after birth and analysed for haemoglobin (Hb) content. Data were analysed per trial, according to a one factor design y= + i + ij ( = overall mean; = breed and milk type effect for trial 1 and 2, respectively).
In the first trial both groups received a total of 41 kg of milk powder and consumed the same concentrate mixture (102 kg). The S calves had a higher initial live weight and Hb contents than H (45 vs. 39 Kg and 7.3 vs. 6.1 mmol/L, P<0.05). The average daily gains in the whole trial were similar between breeds (740 and 717 g/d for H and S, respectively). In the second trial, the two groups had comparable initial live weights (42.5 + 3.3 Kg) and Hb contents (7.8 + 1.4 mmol/L). The two groups received the same amounts of milk (271 L), with similar protein contents (3.6-3.5 %) and higher fat contents for the SM than the MR group (4.3 vs 2.9 %). The concentrate mixture intake and the daily gains during the whole trial were higher for the SM than the MR calves (110 vs 97 Kg and 810 vs 740 g/d, P<0.05).
In conclusion the S and H females have the same performances in standard weaning programmes and the use of whole Simmental bovine milk allows to increase daily gains of S female calves
Digestibility of whole ear corn silage used as ingredient of fattening diets for pigs
No full textFibrous feeds allow to increase satiety, health status and welfare of fattening pigs. Aim of the trial was to determine the digestibility of whole ear corn silage (ES) included at two levels (15 and 30 % DM, ES15 and ES30 respectively) in substitution of corn meal (C) in diets for pigs at different growth stages growth during the heavy fattening cycle. Six pigs were used in three digestibility trials, which were performed at 35, 85 and 135 kg average live weight of animals. Each trial was divided into two 14 d experimental periods, with the total faeces collected in the last 5 d. In each trial, during the first experimental period the pigs were grouped in three pairs, which received the three diets (C, ES15, ES30). In the second period the pigs of each pair were assigned to the two diets not received in the first period. Data were analysed per trial, according to a two period change-over design y= + i + j + k + ijk, ( = overall mean; = period, diet and animal effects, i, j and k, 2, 3 and 6, respectively).
The substitution of C with ES increased the NDF content of diets from 12.8 to 16.0 and to 19.2 % DM in diets C, ES15 and ES30. The DM content of faeces decreased regularly with the ES inclusion in all trials, but the reduction was statistically significant only in the third trial (29.9, 27.0 and 26.4 % DM, respectively for C, ES15 and ES30, P<0.05). In the first trial, the inclusion of ES affected negatively the digestibility of organic matter (88.9, 86.3 and 84.8 %, respectively for C, ES15 and ES30, P<0.01) and NDF (50.6, 45.5 and 41.2 %, respectively for C, ES15 and ES30, P<0.01). In the two subsequent trials, digestibility was not modified by ES inclusion. In conclusion, ES can be used at levels of 30% DM at intermediate and final fattening cycle without appreciable depressions of digestibility and with a reduction of faecal DM content. Further investigation have to asses the impact of ES on fattening and slaughter performances of heavy pigs
Technical aspects of intestinal transplantation.
No full textPURPOSE OF REVIEW:
Intestinal transplantation includes an heterogeneous group of procedures in which different compositions of organs are transplanted. The current classification includes four groups according to the inclusion of the liver and/or the stomach in the graft: isolated intestinal transplantation, liver-intestinal transplantation, multivisceral transplantation, and modified multivisceral transplantation. Variants exist, the technical evolution having been slow, yet constant over years.
RECENT FINDINGS:
The most relevant early technical improvements were aimed at achieving better feasibility and safety of the most difficult aspects of the different procedures, such as removal of the recipient's diseased organs, performing of vascular reconstructions and prevention of complications as with retention of the donor's duodenum and pancreas in liver-intestine transplantation. More recently, apart from a clear definition of the classification of the procedures, progress has been more directed in a conservative direction such as the preservation of the native spleen with and without the pancreas in multivisceral transplants.
SUMMARY:
After achieving consistent satisfactory short-term results, the technical interest in intestinal transplantation is now moved to solutions that, in spite of a possible increased difficulty, may offer better opportunities of mid-term and long-term successes, both in terms of survival and quality of life
Effect of nitrogen fertilisation on chemical composition and rumen fermentation of different parts of plants of three corn hybrids
No full textThe experiment compared reductions in the level of N fertilisation of corn crop (i.e., no N fertilisation; 0-N, or 150. kg of N/ha; 150-N) with those currently adopted in the Po valley of North Italy (i.e., 300. kg of N/ha; 300-N) on chemical and nutritional characteristics of grain, stalks and leaves in corn hybrids selected for whole plant silage production (i.e., FAO 700 maturity). Grain composition and starch availability for digestion was examined at three stages of maturity of the kernels (i.e., 1/2 milk line, 1/2 milk line and black layer). One hybrid had a lower grain yield (15.2 versus 16.0-16.8. tonnes. DM/ha; P<0.05), while all hybrids were similar in whole plant yield. Levels of N fertilization of 150-N and 300-N resulted in similar yields of grain and whole plants, which were 17 and 33% higher, respectively (P<0.01) than 0-N plots. Hybrids were similar in chemical composition. Reduction of N fertilisation from 300-N to 0-N lowered (P<0.01) the crude protein content in grains, leaves and stalks (P<0.05 in apical part of stalks) and reduced the zein content in grains from 43 to 33. g/kg DM (P<0.01). Vitreousness of grains was not influenced by N fertilisation, while the highest (P<0.01) gas production was at the short incubation time of 2. h for grains with 300-N. Reduction of fertilisation levels (i.e., 150-N and 0-N versus 300-N) lowered (P<0.01) NDF degradation in the basal stalks (0.385 and 0.392 versus 0.412) and leaves (0.604 and 0.620 versus 0.622). Stage of maturity of grain did not interact with the N level of fertilization, and advanced maturity was associated with a marked increase (P<0.01) in zein content from 36 to 49. g/100. g CP and in grain vitreousness from 31 to 40. g/100. g endosperm and with a reduction of the gas production, which had the lowest values at 2 and 48. h (P<0.01) of incubation. Overall, reductions in N fertilisation of corn crop slightly lowered the crude protein content and fiber degradation of different part plants. In grains, the lowest N fertilisation (i.e., 0-N) reduced the zein contents and increased rumen fermentability
Efecto de differentes inòculos ruminales de vacuno lechero en la reproducibilidad de la digestibilidada in vitro (Daisy II) dela materia seca y la fibra neutro detergente
No full textDestino di 15N da residui colturali, reflui zootecnici e urea
No full textLa ricerca ha l‟obiettivo di studiare il destino dell‟azoto derivante dall‟interramento di residui colturali, dalla distribuzione di reflui zootecnici e dalla concimazione con urea. Utilizzando l‟isotopo stabile 15N si è effettuato il monitoraggio dell‟elemento nei comparti coltura, suolo, acque e atmosfera in esperimenti lisimetrici, allo scopo di approfondire le conoscenze sull‟impatto ambientale di tali tecniche agronomiche e di ricavare parametri per la modellizzazione della dinamica dell‟azoto nell‟agroecosistema
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
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