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AI & Smart Tunnel: Improving road tunnel resilience by dynamic and predictive risk analysis
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Improving road tunnel resilience by dynamic risk analysis
No full textDue to the accidental events occurred in Mont Blanc, Tauern and St. Gotthard tunnels, the European political response and the engineering technique, safety in tunnels has become a central and complex issue involving: users’ behavior, infrastructure characteristics (construction typology, escape routes, portals), and operational characteristics, such as type and functioning of the equipment installed, including safety measures (fire prevention, ventilation, lighting).
The complexity of an underground structure – environment, planning and construction, safety design, operation and management procedures – and the fast technological advancement have led to the concept of the “tunnel system”. Technological innovations have led to the tunnel concept evolution from civil works to technological infrastructure, where the installed technology overcomes the geometric-functional limits, increasing its operating capacity.
The Smart Tunnel idea comes from the achievement of Industry 4.0, in which there is a strong industrial automation that integrates the most innovative technologies in order to improve the operating and safety conditions and increase the equipment productivity and quality. Smart Tunnel allows optimal tunnel management during operation and in emergency situations thanks to the installation of traditional and technological sensors and the real-time assessment of tunnels’ safety level, as a function of climatic conditions, traffic data and equipment state, in accordance with the European and Italian law.
The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the fundamental principles of SCADRA (Supervisory Control Acquisition and Dynamic Risk Analysis) system, developed and implemented thanks to EURAM methodology and software, which assessed the risk of over 600 Italian road tunnel tubes
Smart Tunnels and Dynamic Risk Analysis
No full textItaly has an extraordinary formation of its terrain varying from mountains to plains. In order to have an accessible land connection throughout the country that will facilitate the flow of people and goods, the importance of tunnels in road transportation network enters the scene.
After the accidents occurred between 1999 and 2001 in Mont Blanc tunnel, Tauern tunnel and St. Gotthard tunnel, safety started to be contemplated as a holistic approach. These events have become a critical issue for politicians and for public, pushing the European Commission to establish the Directive 2004/54/EC, that specifically tackles the safety in road tunnels in TERN (Trans-European Road Network) and aims to guarantee a minimum level of safety to the tunnel users.
In Italy, the European Directive was implemented through the Legislative Decree n.264 of the 5th October 2006, with the purpose of guaranteeing a minimum and sufficient safety level for users in all TERN tunnels, defining a series of minimum safety requirements to be implemented in all tunnels longer than 500 m.
The complexity of an underground structure – environment, planning and construction, safety design, operation and management procedures, etc. – and the fast technological advancement have led to the concept of the “tunnel system”.
Due to the accidental events, the European political response and the engineering technique, safety in tunnels has become a central and complex issue involving:
-Users’ behavior in emergency situations;
-Infrastructure characteristics (construction typology, escape routes, portals, etc.);
-Operational characteristics, such as type and functioning of the equipment installed, including safety measures (fire prevention, ventilation, lighting, etc.).
Technological innovations have led to the tunnel concept evolution from civil works to technological infrastructure, where the installed technology overcomes the geometric-functional limits, increasing its operating capacity.
The Smart Tunnel idea comes from the achievement of Industry 4.0, in which there is a strong industrial automation that integrates the most innovative technologies (integrated memories, wireless sensors, integrated actuators and intelligent software), in order to improve the operating and safety conditions and increase the equipment productivity and quality.
The Smart Tunnel allows optimal tunnel management during operation and in emergency situations thanks to the installation of traditional and technological sensors and the real-time assessment of tunnels’ safety level, as a function of climatic conditions, traffic data and equipment state, in accordance with the Legislative Decree 264/06.
The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the fundamental principles of SCADRA (Supervisory Control Acquisition and Dynamic Risk Analysis) system, developed and implemented thanks to EURAM methodology and software, which assessed the risk of over 600 Italian road tunnel tubes according to the Legislative Decree 264/06.
The SCADRA system was installed in three Italian road tunnels, executing over 130,000 instantaneous risk analyses in real situations and this report illustrates the main results and the considerations that can be drawn for a correct tunnel management during normal operation and emergency situations.
SCADRA system continuously monitors the tunnel state by collecting the variables that can influence the tunnel safety conditions (equipment and structures state, traffic data and environmental parameters) and performing a dynamic risk analysis, quantitative and probabilistic, at regular intervals or due to sudden change in the gathered data. If the level of risk grows towards the unacceptability threshold or in case of anomalous situations (traffic flows increase, equipment deterioration, etc.), SCADRA envisages activating or signaling the safety measures necessary to achieve the safety level required.
This paper aims to present and comment the most significant results obtained and to identify possible future developments, in terms of tunnels’ safety improvement and conservation and tunnels’ maintenance and management.
The SCADRA system is therefore a supplementary prevention and safety measure for the tunnels management, both during normal operation and in emergency conditions, capable of guaranteeing real-time monitoring of the tunnel risk level
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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