1,720,955 research outputs found
Corruption of the Ottoman Inheritance System and Reform Studies Carried Out in the 17th Century
No full textThe Turkish nation is one of the nations who have founded many States in the history and ever continued its names. Today 45 countries have been founded in the lands under the sovereignty of the Ottoman State, 31 countries under its authority and influence. The Ottoman State, being parallel to its continuously growing and following active policies in the world politics, continuously renovated itself. Contemporary and modern historians starts the stagnation of the Otoman State from late 16th century. Long lasting wars brought the corruption of economy along and the regression became inevitable when also added incompetence of the Statesmen. The most important factor in the stagnation of the Ottoman State became the change in the inheritance procedure. The corruption in the inheritance system became effective in the corruption of the army and navy. That there were great problems in Timarli Sipahis, taxes increased more and villagers fell into the hands of usurers churned agricultural system deeply and the people escaped leaving their villages. As a result, the State started the struggle to make reforms as of 17th century to eliminate emerging disorders. 17th century reforms made based on the power and violence couldn’t find much development opportunity. The most characteristic speciality of this term reforms is that they were made depending on persons. There wasn’t the effect of Europe in renovations made and studies to bring the Ottoman State back to its previous powerful terms were made
Place of Reforms in Western Structuring Process of Ottoman State and Their Effect on Modernization (1718-1789)
No full textWhen the crackle sounds started to be heard after the middle of the 17th century, that this wasn’t a temporary sound was understood. In order to understood the reason of these illnesses, old laws and sources were being examined and these were being told to the sultans and statesmen who could take the State to a traditional structure. The Ottoman State fell in luxury and dissipation in the pursuit of a tulip in the 18th century. In this peace term, the Ottomans knew Europeans very closely. The Ottoman State’s widening policy gave shape to its State structure and inner order. The Ottoman administrators sent ambassadors to Vienna and Paris after the Treaty of Passarowitz and wanted them to inform themselves not only about politics and diplomacy but also about social and cultural events and interesting things. Europe, which was examined by Ottoman Statesmen with a new eye, was living “Enlightenment Age”. It was understood that in reform studies made in the 18th century the Ottoman remained behind Europe. The effect of the West is clearly seen in these innovation studies. The effect of the West is clearly seen in these innovation studies. Although reforms studies were tried to be made in every area in this term, especially military area reforms were given importance. The Ottoman State stopped its widening policy across Europe and shaped its inner order and State structure
Tuna'da Osmanlı hâkimiyetinin zayıflaması ve Adakale (1804-1923)
No full text15. yüzyılda Tuna kıyılarına varan Osmanlı Devleti bir müddet sonra Adakale'yi iskân etmiştir. Tuna Nehri, Osmanlı Devleti için siyasi, askeri ve ekonomik açılardan stratejik bir önem arzetmiştir. Avusturya-Macaristan İmparatorluğu, Romanya ve Sırbistan Krallıları hudutlarının kesişme noktasında yer alan Adakale, Tuna üzerindeki seyr ü seferi kontrol bakımından büyük önem taşımıştır. Bir anlamda doğu ile batıyı buluşturan Adakale, Osmanlı Devleti'nin Avrupa içlerine doğru yaptığı seferlerde ileri karakol durumunda olmuştur. Demirkapı Boğazı ve Tuna Nehri'nin geçiş güvenliğine hâkim olan Adakale, Osmanlı Devleti ile Avusturya-Macaristan İmparatorluğu arasında sık sık el değiştirmiştir. Adakale'ye hâkimiyet değişse de ada halkı Türklüğünden hiçbir şey yitirmeden uzun yıllar varlığını korumuş ve Osmanlı Devleti'ne olan bağlılığını kaybetmemiştir. Adakale, 1878 Berlin Antlaşması'nda unutulması nedeniyle Osmanlı hâkimiyetinde kalmaya devam etmiştir. Osmanlı Devleti ada üzerindeki hükümranlık hakkından feragat etmediğini nahiye müdürü göndermeye devam etmekle göstermiştir. Rusya, Sırbistan ve bilhassa Avusturya-Macaristan İmparatorluğu'nun Adakale üzerindeki hesapları ve faaliyetlerine karşı Osmanlı Devleti'nin tutumu da Adakale'nin ne kadar önemli bir yer olduğunu göstermesi bakımından oldukça önemlidir. Bu sebeple yapılan bu çalışmada Adakale'nin Osmanlı hâkimiyetine geçtiği tarihten elden çıktığı tarihe kadar fiziki, idari, iktisadi, sosyal ve kültürel yapısı ele alınmaya çalışılmıştır. 20 Kasım 1922-4 Şubat 1923 tarihleri arasındaki Birinci Lozan Görüşmelerinde Adakale'den hiç bahsedilmemiştir. Lozan Görüşmelerine ara verildikten sonra İsmet İnönü Ankara'ya dönmüş ve TBMM'de yapılan gizli oturumlarda Adakale gündeme gelmiştir. Daha sonra İkinci Lozan Görüşmelerinde Adakale üzerindeki Türk talepleri dile getirilmiştir. Bu durum Büyük Devletler ve Romanya temsilcileri tarafından şaşkınlıkla karşılanmıştır. 24 Temmuz 1923 tarihinde imzalanan Lozan Barış Antlaşması'nın hiçbir madde ve eklerinde yer almayan Adakale, alt komisyon tutanaklarıyla Romanya'ya terk edilmiştir. Adakale her ne kadar yeni kurulan Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'ne ait değilse de tarihi bağlardan dolayı ada halkı Türkiye'den kopmamıştır.In 15 century, the Ottoman Empire arrived up to the shores of the Danube and after for a while they had been inhabited Adakale. Danube River had had a vital importance in many aspects such as political, military, economic and strategic for the Ottoman Empire. Adakale, where had been placed at the junction of the borders of Austro-Hungarian Empire, Romania and Serbian Kingdoms, had great deal importance, especially in terms of control of the voyages on the Danube. In other words; Adakale in which joins east and west, had played an important role as frontward outpost for the Ottoman Empire in order to march into the interior of the European. Adakale, where has dominated the transition security both for Danube River and Iron Gates, had been changed hands many times between the Ottoman Empire and the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Although its ruler had changed the folk of the island continued their life for a long time without losing anything about their Turk origins and their commitment to the Ottoman Empire. Adakale, continued to be ruled by Ottoman Empire due to forgetting in the 1878 Berlin Treaty. By continuing to send a sub-district director, the Ottoman Empire showed that they did not forgive their right of sovereignty over the island. The attitude of the Ottoman Empire towards the plans and activities of Russia, Serbia, and in particular Austro-Hungarian Empire on the Adakale had showed how Adakale had been important. Therefore, in this study we trying to investigate physical, administrative, economic, social and cultural structure of Adakale until date of the Ottoman Empire had conquered and the date of its changed hand. Between 20 November 1922-4 February 1923 in the first Lausanne Negotiations Adakale had never been mentioned.After the Lausanne Negotiations had a break, Ismet Inonu had returned to the Ankara and than in the secret meetings in the TBMM it had began to spoke. After that in the second the Lausanne Negotiations Turkish demands on Adakale had been expressed. This occasion was met with grade amazement by representatives of the United States and Romania. Adakale had never mentioned in any of the on and adds of Lausanne Peace Treaty which was signed on 24 July 1923 and by the official reports of the sub-committee it has been abandoned to Romania. Although, Adakale wasn't a part of the newly founded Republic of Turkey due to their historical background the people of island had never been apart from the Turkey
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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