1,720,979 research outputs found
The role of familiarity in implicit memory effects: The case of exemplar activation
No full textThe present study investigates how person-based representations stored in memory can influence subsequent information processing, depending upon subjective states during
recollection of those representations. The experiment consisted of two phases. In the first phase, participants incidentally learned the gender category membership of various exemplars. Exemplars were presented in the form of forename-surname associations. In the second phase, the same surnames were used as primes in a name-completion task. Results showed that the influence of the primes diered in relation to the exemplars'
status in memory, as assessed by a recognition memory task. Only when the surnames looked familiar, but were not identifiable, an implicit eect of the exemplars' original category membership emerged, selectively influencing gender congruent name-completions. Results are discussed in terms of attribution processes underlying the importance of the feelings of familiarity, and the need to devote more attention to the study of phenomenological factors in human memory
La misurazione di costrutti impliciti attraverso l'Implicit Association Test
No full textQuesto lavoro rappresenta una revisione critica dell’Implicit Association Test (IAT), a sette anni dalla prima presentazione di questo strumento (Greenwald, McGhee e Schwartz, 1998). Nel
corso della trattazione, lo IAT viene proposto nell’ambito degli strumenti di misurazione di associazioni implicite e ne vengono delineati i più importanti vantaggi e le caratteristiche psicometriche. Vengono descritte le principali spiegazioni formulate in letteratura relativamente ai meccanismi di funzionamento di questo strumento e alla natura delle associazioni cognitive che esso permette di indagare. Uno spazio speciale viene dedicato alle indicazioni di variabilità contestuale
negli indici IAT e viene discusso il significato assunto da tale variabilità. Particolare attenzione viene dedicata, infine, alle possibilità e ai limiti di utilizzo dello IAT nella psicologia sociale applicata
Exemplar activation and interpersonal behavior
No full textThis study investigates the effects of exemplar activation on the verbal responses of participants. Two-hundred people were sent a clearly miss-addressed e-mail message. The name of the sender was manipulated so that he could have the same name as a famous positive exemplar or as a famous negative exemplar. Replies (15%) showed no effect on the number of responses. However, effects emerged on the content of the responses. Overall, participants were much more friendly when the sender had the same name as a positive exemplar. Thus, it is demonstrated that assimilation effects might occur when a social target shares some irrelevant feature (i.e., the name) with a famous exemplar. Results are consistent with recent models that underlie the importance of exemplar activation on social perception and behavior
Perceiving ingroup members who use stereotypes: Implicit conformity and similarity
No full textPrevious studies have shown that people subtly conform more to ingroup members who use stereotype-consistent rather than stereotype-inconsistent information when describing an outgroup member (Castelli, Vanzetto, Sherman, & Arcuri, 2001). In the present article, we will address two important issues. First, we will examine whether this subtle conformity toward stereotypers is related to individuals’ prejudice level (Study 1). Second, we will examine one of the processes that underlie the perception of ingroup members who use stereotype-consistent information, hypothesizing that individuals implicitly feel more similar to such sources than to ingroup members who use stereotype-inconsistent information (Study 2). Both hypotheses were confirmed and results are discussed in terms of the distinction between implicit and explicit attitudes and their implications in the maintenance of social stereotypes
Implicit ingroup metafavoritism: Subtle preference for ingroup members displaying ingroup bias
No full textThe current article investigated how individuals evaluate
ingroup members displaying either ingroup bias or egalitarian
intergroup behaviors. The hypotheses predicted
that on explicit responses a preference for the egalitarian
ingroup member would emerge; in contrast, on more
spontaneous and uncontrolled responses, a preference
for the ingroup favoritist would result. Across four studies
these hypotheses were confirmed for both minimal
groups (Studies 1 and 2) and ethnic groups (Studies 3
and 4). Despite a verbal preference for those who
behaved in an egalitarian way, an implicit ingroup
metafavoritism was found. Overall, results indicated the
presence of dual attitudes in the perception of ingroup
members and the strict interconnection between intergroup
behaviors and intragroup perception
Reducing gender economic inequality: Exploring the role of emotions and gender hierarchy
No full textResearch has shown that economic inequality and gender inequality go hand in hand. According to Oxfam (2024), Italy has a high level of economic inequality: the richest 1% of the population is 84 times richer than the poorest 20%, which is mainly composed of women. This article presents an experimental study (N = 478) exploring an integrated model in which both emotional and cognitive mechanisms explain the effect of economic inequality on salary requests, among Italian women and men. Results showed that the salience (vs. control) of economic inequality motivated women (but not men) to advance higher salary requests because it (a) increased negative emotions, which, in turn, (b) reduced perceptions of the stability of gender hierarchy (i.e., perceptions that gender-based disparities are unchangeable). These findings provide evidence for novel theoretical insights about the interdependence of emotions and cognitions and potential pathways to reduce gender economic inequality, thereby facilitating social change. Implications and avenues for future research are discussed
A tale of two primes: Contextual limits on stereotype activation
No full textRecent research has questioned the automaticity of stereotypical thinking by identifying factors that moderate the elicitation of this process. Extending this general line of inquiry, the present experiments investigated the effects of contextual factors on stereotype activation. It was anticipated that the manner in
which triggering categorical cues are encountered would moderate the activation of stereotypical thinking. Specifically, it was predicted that briefly presented primes (i.e., difficult-to-process items) would not activate sex stereotypes when they were intermixed with primes that were easy to process (i.e., items presented for longer times). The results of two experiments supported this prediction. In addition, Experiment 2 showed that stereotype activation following the presentation of easy-to-process primes is moderated by individual differences in the endorsement of stereotypical beliefs. These findings are noteworthy because they demonstrate that contextual factors
modulate stereotype activation at even the very early stages of social information processin
On the automatic evaluation of social exemplars
No full textThe present article focuses on the automatic evaluation of exemplars whose category membership has been learned in the past. Studies 1 and 2 confirmed the hypothesis that once an exemplar has been encoded as a member of a given group, at a later encounter the evaluation associated with the group will
be unintentionally retrieved from memory, even when no perceptual cue indicates the exemplar’s category membership. Study 3 extended the results to the domain of in-group/out-group differentiation. In addition, Studies 4 and 5 confirmed the hypothesis that stored evaluations can be retrieved and affect responses even when the semantic information on which the evaluations were originally based is no
longer available for retrieval. Finally, Study 6 investigated spontaneous approach–avoidance behavior tendencies. Overall, results demonstrate the pervasive effects of person-based representations, and they are discussed in terms of recent models of person perception and out-group discrimination
The impact of loyalty and equality on implicit ingroup favoritism
Full text linkExtending recent investigations into the malleability of implicit ingroup favoritism, three experiments examined the role of indirect activation of equality and loyalty. Results showed that
priming equality decreased implicit favoritism, measured through the Implicit Association Test and Go/No-Go Association Task, whereas priming loyalty enhanced it; spontaneous behavior
(seating distance) was similarly influenced. A boundary condition was observed, namely change of intergroup setting: the effects of priming equality and loyalty ceased when these were primed
after an irrelevant ingroup identity was made salient. In general, implicit favoritism can be reduced or increased after the activation of equality and loyalty respectively, and this underlines the importance of tackling discrimination by both lessening its expression, and removing factors that exacerbate it
Climate policy support as a tool to control others’ (but not own) environmental behavior?
Full text linkDrastic reductions in greenhouse gas emissions are necessary to successfully mitigate climate change. Individual environmental behavior is central to this change. Given that environmental behavior necessitates 1) effortful individual self-control and 2) cooperation by others, public policy may constitute an attractive instrument for regulating one’s own as well as others’ environmental behavior. Framing climate change mitigation as a cooperative self-control problem, we explore the incremental predictive power of self-control and beliefs surrounding others’ cooperation beyond established predictors of policy support in study 1 using machine-learning (N = 610). In study 2, we systematically test and confirm the effects of self-control and beliefs surrounding others’ cooperation (N = 270). Both studies showed that personal importance of climate change mitigation and perceived insufficiency of others’ environmental behavior predict policy support, while there was no strong evidence for a negative association between own-self control success and policy support. These results emerge beyond the effects of established predictors, such as environmental attitudes and beliefs, risk perception (study 1), and social norms (study 2). Results are discussed in terms of leveraging policy as a behavioral enactment constraint to control others’ but not own environmental behavior
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