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Photograph of Sadaf Munshi & Zafar Iqbal
No full textPhotograph of Dr. Sadaf Munshi with Zafar Iqbal, a Yasin Burushaski speaker
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Photograph of Zafar Iqbal, Qadir Khan and Badaq
No full textPhotograph of Yasin Burushaski speakers: Zafar Iqbal (right), Qadir Khan (centre) and Badaq (left)
Foreign Aid and the Public Sector: A Model of Fiscal Behaviour in Pakistan
Get PDFThe main aim of this paper is to demonstrate the impact of foreign capital inflows on government’s fiscal behaviour in Pakistan. Government’s fiscal response is measured in terms of social, non-development, and development expenditures as well as revenues. This paper specifies and estimates a fiscal behaviour model for the period 1976–95. The threestage least squares results suggest that foreign capital flows into the public sector have strong positive impact on social and non-development expenditures and, in contrast to what the government and donor agencies believe, have little effect on development spending. In other words, proceeds from foreign loans and aid are largely consumed rather than invested productively. The results also reveal the strong substitutable interdependence between social and non-development expenditures. Furthermore, the finding clearly demonstrates that foreign assistance causes a strong shift of public domestic resources from development projects to non-development activities. In addition to the above, the results show that a large fraction of government revenues is used to finance social and non-development expenditures. The results also demonstrate that foreign assistance enhances taxation efforts of the Government of Pakistan.
Psychological Dimensions of Personality on Padmashree and Former Indian Hockey Captain Zafar Iqbal
Get PDFThe purpose of the present study is to highlight the valuable contribution of Mr. Zafar Iqbal for winning the last gold medal for India in the 1980 Moscow Olympics. He led the Indian team as a captain in various international events, prominent among them were Asian Games in 1982, Champions trophy, 1983, and 1984 Los Angeles Olympics. He was honoured by carrying the Indian flag at the youth festival held in Moscow, and later at the opening ceremony of the Los Angeles Olympics. He received the prestigious Arjuna Award in 1983, the highest award given to a sports personality in India. Mr. Zafar Iqbal was recruited as subjects of the study. To find out the score of Arjuna Awardee Zafar Iqbal on Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness and Conscientiousness. The NEO five-factor inventory scale was developed by Costa and McCrae (1991). Results have revealed that Mr. Zafar Iqbal scored average on neuroticism, extraversion and openness dimensions, and low on agreeableness and high on conscientiousness
Poverty-reducing or Poverty-inducing? A CGE-based Analysis of Foreign Capital Inflows in Pakistan
Get PDFForeign capital inflows (FKI) help an economy by financing the imbalance between income and expenditure. However, their impact on poverty in the recipient economy is a controversial issue. In this study, we examine the impact on poverty in two different scenarios: (1) labour is homogeneous; (2) labour is heterogeneous. The Computable General Equilibrium model for Pakistan is used to conduct simulations in order to assess the impact of an increase in foreign capital on poverty both in the presence and in the absence of trade liberalisation. Several interesting results emerge from the study. First, FKI tends to reduce poverty in the presence as well as in the absence of trade liberalisation when labour is homogeneous. However, poverty reduction appears to be larger in the presence of trade liberalisation. Second, when labour is differentiated according to qualification and is assumed to be sector-specific, in the absence of trade liberalisation a higher proportion of benefits of FKI accrue to skilled labour and poverty increases by all measures for both urban and rural households. In the presence of trade liberalisation, FKI benefits unskilled labour more, and poverty is decreased irrespective of the choice of poverty indicators.Capital inflow; Poverty; Pakistan
Even-odd scheduling based energy efficient routing for wireless sensor network (WSN) / Muhammad Zafar Iqbal Khan
Get PDFSeveral routing protocols have been developed and proposed in the literature for the development of energy-efficient routing strategies of Wireless Sensor Networks. The necessity of saving energy is primarily the need of technology and scarcity of energy limited resources of wireless sensor network. Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is basically composed of battery powered devices which have an obvious limitation of energy on sensors nodes, so it is the foremost motivation to develop a method to save energy of wireless sensor networks where networks are kept alive for a long time. The aim of this research is to design and develop a routing protocol, which uses less energy through its efficient structural organization and methodology, and keeps the sensor network alive for a longer time. To achieve the task of a longer network lifetime and higher average node energy, we have proposed an energy-efficient routing protocol motivated from the concept of well-known Low Energy Adaptive Cluster Hierarchy routing algorithm also known as LEACH, and optimized it with the concept of alternate hitting, which means the even-odd scheduling-based routing. The proposed routing protocol known as the Even-Odd Scheduling-based LEACH or simply EOS-LEACH is the main contribution for this research. This method indexes nodes evenly and oddly during the transmission of data. The goal behind this scheme is to keep node standby for one subsequent round after data transmission or when it is ready to send data, this will save the energy of node which send data frequently. If any node which is not in the queue or doesn't have data will not consume any significant energy and thus entire network saves energy after each transmission round. The performance of the proposed routing algorithm has been evaluated through simulations of well-known software MATLAB. Using the simulation software, it was observed that the alive nodes are higher in numbers i.e. 189 nodes after 500 rounds for the proposed routing algorithm compared to the previous methods which had only 150 alive nodes. It was also observed that the proposed routing algorithm outperforms the LEACH in network lifetime with 1697 rounds as compared to the original LEACH of with just 803 rounds. In addition, the network performance has also increased by using the proposed routing algorithm with a throughput of 147.8207 as compared to just 46.0472 with the original LEACH. In future, the proposed algorithm can be further enhanced with data aggregation efficiency, probabilistically election of cluster heads, and other energy-consuming parameters
Poverty-reducing or Poverty-inducing? A CGE-based Analysis of Foreign Capital Inflows in Pakistan
Get PDFForeign capital inflows (FKI) help an economy by financing the imbalance between income and expenditure. However, their impact on poverty in the recipient economy is a controversial issue. In this study, we examine the impact on poverty in two different scenarios (1) labour is homogeneous (2) labour is heterogeneous. The Computable General Equilibrium model for Pakistan is used to conduct simulations in order to assess the impact of an increase in foreign capital on poverty both in the presence and in the absence of trade liberalisation. Several interesting results emerge from the study. First, FKI tends to reduce poverty in the presence as well as in the absence of trade liberalisation when labour is homogeneous. However, poverty reduction appears to be larger in the presence of trade liberalisation. Second, when labour is differentiated according to qualification and is assumed to be sector-specific, in the absence of trade liberalisation a higher proportion of benefits of FKI accrue to skilled labour and poverty increases by all measures for both urban and rural households. In the presence of trade liberalisation, FKI benefits unskilled labour more, and poverty is decreased irrespective of the choice of poverty indicatorsCapital inflow, Poverty, Pakistan
Remittances, trade liberalisation, and poverty in Pakistan: The role of excluded variables in poverty change analysis
Get PDFThis paper explores the impact of two shocks, trade liberalisation policies and decline in remittances, on welfare and poverty in Pakistan. It begins by reviewing the economy, which reveals that during the Nineties although import tariffs were reduced by 55 percent, poverty however remained higher in this period than in the Eighties. At the same time, Pakistan has experienced a slow down in the inflow of remittances, which reduces the incomes of households and puts pressure on the exchange rate resulting in reduction in the inflow of imports despite a reduction in import duties. Thus, in the absence of the effects of decline in remittances, the analysis of the impact of trade liberalisation policies may render biased results. This study overcomes this constriction and analyses the impact of trade liberalisation policies in the absence and presence of decline in remittances in a CGE framework with all the features necessary for trade policy analysis with poverty and remittances linkages. The simulation results show that a decline in remittances reduces the gains from trade liberalisation. The negative impact of remittance decline dominates the positive impact of trade liberalisation in urban areas. But, the positive impact of trade liberalisation dominates the negative impact of a decline in remittances in the case of rural areas. Poverty rises in Pakistan as a whole. It shows that the decline in remittance inflows is a major contributory factor in explaining the increase in poverty in Pakistan during the Nineties.Pakistan; Remittances; Trade Policy; CGE; Poverty
Remittances, Trade Liberalisation, and Poverty in Pakistan: The Role of Excluded Variables in Poverty Change Analysis
Get PDFThis paper explores the impact of two shocks, trade liberalisation policies and decline in remittances, on welfare and poverty in Pakistan. It begins by reviewing the economy, which reveals that during the Nineties although import tariffs were reduced by 55 percent, poverty however remained higher in this period than in the Eighties. At the same time, Pakistan has experienced a slow down in the inflow of remittances, which reduces the incomes of households and puts pressure on the exchange rate resulting in reduction in the inflow of imports despite a reduction in import duties. Thus, in the absence of the effects of decline in remittances, the analysis of the impact of trade liberalisation policies may render biased results. This study overcomes this constriction and analyses the impact of trade liberalisation policies in the absence and presence of decline in remittances in a CGE framework with all the features necessary for trade policy analysis with poverty and remittances linkages. The simulation results show that a decline in remittances reduces the gains from trade liberalisation. The negative impact of remittance decline dominates the positive impact of trade liberalisation in urban areas. But, the positive impact of trade liberalisation dominates the negative impact of a decline in remittances in the case of rural areas. Poverty rises in Pakistan as a whole. It shows that the decline in remittance inflows is a major contributory factor in explaining the increase in poverty in Pakistan during the Nineties.Pakistan, Remittances, Trade Policy, CGE, Poverty
The Impact of Tariff Reforms on Income Distribution in Pakistan: A CGE-based Analysis
Get PDFLike most developing countries, Pakistan has undertaken drastic economic policy reforms since the mid-1980s. Under these structural reforms there is a general shift away from quantitative restrictions and price controls towards liberalisation and privatisation. The empirical studies1 analysing the impact of the reforms report mixed results. Economy wide framework like Computable General Equilibrium (CGE), based on the social accounting matrix, is well suited to analysing the effect of these structural reforms. The CGE models are developed to capture the medium to long-run effects through which adjustment programmes affect income distribution. These models are often used to evaluate the effects of trade and tax policies on income distribution in developing countries. There are three interacting channels through which these adjustment policies affect income distribution, viz., the relative price effect, the asset price effect and the shift in portfolio. However, in this study, we are analysing the effect of changes in relative prices only. The first and more easily quantifiable channel is through analysis of the impact of changes in production prices following changes in tariff. For a given shock in the above mentioned policy variables, the medium to long-run distributional impact of the resulting structural adjustment is determined by the extent of relative price rigidities (fixed real wages, or mark up pricing), the extent of factor mobility (supply elasticity’s) and difference in consumption pattern across socio-economic groups. Difference in assumptions and closure rule play a very important role in market adjustment mechanism in developing countries. Simulation exercises show that assumptions about the macro economic closure and behavioural parameters matter a great deal in determining the productive and distributive effects of a shock and a country’s adjustment to the shock.
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