11 research outputs found
A legal study of the effectiveness of Poisons Act 1952 in regulating possessions of 'Ketum' offence / Mohd Hafizi Hanapi
No full textPossession of 'Ketum' is no strangers and this offence is increasing year by year. Criminals prefer to use 'Ketum' from dangerous drugs because 'Ketum' is easy to find and the price is cheaper than other dangerous drugs. Furthermore, the sentences of possession of 'Ketum' is lower than sentences to other dangerous drugs because 'Ketum' is considered as poison and listed under Poisons Act 1952; not under Dangerous Drugs Act 1952. Heroin is one of the example under dangerous drugs which have same effect with 'Ketum' but it is listed under Dangerous Drugs Act 1952. Hence, the offender will may repeat committing the crime because the sentence is lower and inadequate to give lessons to the offender. This research to analyses about the adequacy of Poisons Act 1952 in regulating possession of 'Ketum' and other relevant statutes that can be used to regulate possession of 'Ketum' comparing with other countries such as Thailand. End of this chapter, the author will show that, Poisons Act 1952 is inadequate in regulating possession of 'Ketum' offences
Synthesis and characterization of sulfur-functionalized silica nanocapsules as mercury adsorbents
No full textSulfur functionalized silica nanocapsules (S-SiNC) was successfully synthesized and characterized as a potential adsorbent for industrial applications. The synthesis of S-SiNC was carried out using the mircoemulsion templating method using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as cationic surfactant, toluene as co-solvent, ammonia solution as catalyst, and tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) as the silica base. The S-SiNC adsorbent was characterized using Transmission Electron Microscope, Fourier Transformed Infra Red spectroscopy and nitrogen adsorption/desorption analysis. The physical and chemical properties of the SiNC changed as a result of the functionalization, hence affecting the extent of Hg(II) adsorption. The S-SiNCs were also tested in mercury ion [Hg(II)] adsorption via batch adsorption process with variation in initial Hg (II) concentration. It was found that there is a significant improvement in Hg(II) adsorption performance after being functionalized with elemental sulfur. The highest Hg(II) adsorption capacity was obtained for S-SiNC (107.875 mg/g), which significantly outperformed the blank SiNC. The experimental data obtained was found to be fitting well to the Langmuir isotherm model (R2= 0.979) compared to Freundlich isotherm model. Thus, the results demonstrated the potential application of sulfur functionalized silica nanocapsules as adsorbent in industrial applications
Recent trends and future directions of congestion management strategies for routing in IoT-based wireless sensor network: a thematic review
No full textThe rapid expansion of the Internet of Things (IoT) has paved the way for the development of smart systems, with Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) serving as the underlying infrastructure. While it exists in a miniature form, IoT-based WSN today stands as the revolution of the future, promising tremendous influence on society. However, the limited resources of these networks pose various challenges, particularly in routing, with congestion being a significant issue that affects their efficiency. Although previous studies are available on congestion management in WSNs, research specifically focused on IoT-based WSNs and addressing the root causes of congestion is none. In order to address this gap, this article conducts a thematic review of the current literature to identify congestion management strategies and forecast future trends. The search identified 86 studies, among which 47 articles were analyzed. The six final themes were discovered: artificial intelligence approach, customized classical method, hybrid approach, cross-layering approach, SDN-based approach, and RPL routing advancement. The findings establish a comprehensive taxonomy model as a conceptual framework for future research in congestion management strategies for IoT-based WSNs routing. This taxonomy aids academic researchers as well as industrial practitioners and highlights crucial areas for future research on congestion issues from the perspective of Industry 4.0. © 2024, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature
A Review on Environmental Characteristic that Influence Children Physical Activities in Low Cost Housing
No full textAbstractChildren living in high-density low-cost housings are less likely to spend time outdoors. Issues regarding low physical environment quality, which are common among low-cost housings, may limit or hinder children's outdoor physical activities. The objective of this paper is to review the impact of physical environment of low-cost housing, upon children's physical activities. To address the objective, published articles related to the subject matters are reviewed. Findings revealed that four distinguished physical characteristics namely, poor safety, crowding, inadequate facilities and poor neighborhood relationship, were found to be the major contributors in less physical activities among children
Probing mechanism scheduling for connected coverage wireless sensor network.
No full textSensing coverage and network connectivity are two main requirements which maintain perfect operation of wireless sensor network. Joint scheduling method has considered both requirements by using random scheduling for sensing coverage, which divides sensor nodes to k subsets. Each sensor nodes randomly selects one defined subset. Then, the algorithm turns on extra sensor nodes, if necessary for network connectivity. As Extra-on sensor nodes participate in other nodes routing, some of them may be subject of many times transmission and reception. Furthermore, some of Extra-on nodes should be active the whole time to create network connectivity. Both mentioned reasons can drain out energy of those extra active nodes and may lead to network partitioning. Hence, reducing number of Extra-on nodes is important. In this study, we utilize probing mechanism scheduling in joint scheduling method to reduce the number of extra on sensor nodes. By using probing mechanism that some nodes change their working schedule, number of extra on nodes reduces by 20
Packet-based Polling Scheme for Video Transmission in IEEE 802.11e WLANs
No full textAbstractIEEE 802.11e standard introduces HCF Controlled Channel Access (HCCA) to support quality of service (QoS) for multimedia traffics. In HCCA, the traffics scheduled according to their mean characteristics which favors the Constant Bit Rate (CBR) trans- mission approach. However, it does not efficiently cope with the fluctuation of the Variable Bit Rate (VBR) video streams where the traffic shows deviation from its mean during the traffic lifetime. In this paper, we propose a packet based polling mechanism to enhance the scheduling of pre-recorded VBR video streams in HCCA function. Our approach exploits feedback information about the arrival time of the subsequent video frame obtained through cross-layering approach to accurately schedule the uplink traffics. Simulation experiments reveal the efficiency of the proposed mechanism in providing less delay and high throughput while maintaining medium channel
The Effectiveness of Marriage Policies Following the Enactment of Law No. 16 of 2019 in Reducing the Number of Underage Marriages in Central Aceh Regency
No full textThis research examines the implications of the changes to Law Number 1 of 1974 into Law Number 16 of 2019, in which the minimum marriage age for both men and women has been raised and standardized to 19 years. The main goal of this regulatory change is to reduce the number of underage marriages and to strengthen legal protections for women. However, data collected from the Central Aceh Sharia Court shows a sharp increase in requests for marriage dispensation, from only 8 cases prior to the law revision, to 119 in 2021, 137 in 2022, and 94 cases throughout 2023. This phenomenon raises questions for the author regarding the effectiveness of the implementation of Law Number 16 of 2019 in reducing cases of child marriage in the jurisdiction of the Central Aceh Sharia Court, the strategic role of judges in child protection through the marriage dispensation mechanism, and the basis for judges' considerations when granting these requests. This study uses qualitative methods with an empirical legal approach, analyzing legislative provisions, specifically Law Number 16 of 2019 concerning marriage. Data collection was carried out through documentation techniques, in-depth interviews, and literature studies. The findings indicate that the revision of the marriage law has not significantly impacted the reduction of underage marriages in the region. This is attributed to two main factors influencing judges when granting dispensations: pregnancy outside of marriage and parental concerns that their children may be led into acts prohibited by religious values. Moreover, several requests for dispensation were supported by seemingly contrived reasons to strengthen the applications, allowing the dispensation mechanism to remain a loophole that enables child marriage practices to continue
The Quantum Kerr Nonlinear Coupler: The Analytical Versus Phase-Space Method
No full textThe generation of squeezed states of light in a two-mode Kerr nonlinear directional coupler (NLDC) was investigated using two different methods in quantum mechanics. First, the analytical method, a Heisenberg-picture-based method where the operators are evolving in time but the state vectors are time-independent. In this method, an analytical solution to the coupled Heisenberg equations of motion for the propagating modes was proposed based on Baker–Hausdorff (BH) formula. Second, the phase space method, a Schrdinger-picture based method in which the operators are constant and the density matrix evolves in time. In this method, the quantum mechanical master equation of the density matrix was converted to a corresponding classical Fokker-Planck (FP) equation in positive-P representation. Then, the FP equation was converted to a set of stochastic differential equations using Ito rules. The strength and weaknesses of each method are discussed. A good agreement between both methods was achieved, especially at early evolution stages and lower values of linear coupling coefficient. On one side, the analytical method seems insensitive to higher values of nonlinear coupling coefficients. Nevertheless, it demonstrated better numerical stability. On the other side, the solution of the stochastic equations resulting from the phase space method is numerically expensive as it requires averaging over thousands of trajectories. Besides, numerically unstable trajectories appear with positive-P representation at higher values of nonlinearity.The presentation of the authors' names and (or) special characters in the title of the pdf file of the accepted manuscript may differ slightly from what is displayed on the item page. The information in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript reflects the original submission by the author
Harvesting solutions: discover the evolution of agriculture wastewater treatment through comprehensive bibliometric analysis using Scopus database 1971-2023
No full textThis bibliometric study examines scholarly research on agricultural wastewater treatment using Scopus data from 1971 to 2023 by exploring publication trends, leading countries, prolific authors, and keyword co-occurrences. This study was conducted using VOSviewer software (version 1.6.17) which enables advanced bibliometric analysis and visualization, exploring the publication networks and patterns. By using various procedures to collect and refine data, 1908 research articles were retrieved. The findings indicate a steady growth in research on wastewater treatment since the 1970 s, with a significant surge in publications in recent decades. Research on wastewater treatment for agriculture has significantly increased, particularly focusing on technologies, reuse in agriculture, and environmental impacts. However, several research gaps to be addressed, including specific focus areas within agriculture wastewater treatment, underrepresented regions in the literature, interdisciplinary approaches, long-term environmental impacts, and policy effectiveness and implementation. The analysis also highlights influential authors, institutions, and countries driving research in this field, along with the most cited publications and journals. Additionally, the study identifies research gaps and suggests future research directions in wastewater treatment. Overall, this bibliometric analysis provides valuable insights into the landscape of wastewater treatment research, its evolution over the past five decades, and its economic and policy implications. © 2024 The Author
Dubrovnik - Verona - Basel: Three Contributions to the Evidence of the Literary Response to the De institutione
No full textSince it was found out that Marulić’s De institutione, because of its problematic teaching on lie, was subject to the Inquisition, the fourth chapter of the book De veritate colenda mendacioque fugiendo has not ceased to attract attention of the specialists of Marulić (Leo Košuta, Mirko Tomasović, Josip Talanga, Branimir Glavičić). However, to the rich dossier of interpretations we can now add another important evidence: the caput famosum was not only read but also recast by one of the most outstanding Croatian humanist, pupil of Pomponius Laetus and Roman poeta laureatus, Ilija Crijević from Dubrovnik (Aelius Lampridius Cervinus /Cerva/, 1463-1520). The fact that the traditional literary history shows Crijević as a kind of an antipode of Marulić, in both biographic and bibliographic senses, makes the discovery even more thrilling. Unlike the reserved Marulić, the poet from Dubrovnik showed conspicuous understanding for different worldly temptations over the better part of his life. Also, contrary to the Split humanist, author of the first epic in Croatian (Judita) and various other compositions and translations, Crijević was an exclusive Latinist, who, true to his conviction, showed an aversion to writing in the mother tongue.
That Ilija Crijević read Marko Marulić has remained unknown to the present day, primarily owing to the fact that his elegiac paraphrase De veritate et mendacio officioso was in that part of his poetic legacy kept in the Vatican Library that Giuseppe Nicolò Sola did not manage to edit. Of the greatest importance for the ties linking Crijević and Marulić are also two manuscripts from the Franciscan Archives in Dubrovnik: MS. 409 (Čulić 285) and MS. 195 of a slightly later date (Čulić 280). Both are important documents of the literary response in the strictest sense; also, both re-veal that as early as the beginning of the 19th century Fra Antun Marija Agić (1753-1830) knew that Crijević’s elegy was a recast of Marulić’s chapter on lie. In the MS. 409 AMB, completed in 1808, which is Agić’s autograph, Crijević’s poems have been arranged in 9 books. In the note referring to the seventh elegy of the eighth book (De veritate et mendacio officioso, pp. 346-350) Agić writes: ... hujus /sc. opusculi/ normam, exempla, sententias omnes desumpsit Aelius ex cap. 4. Libri IV. operis, quod Marcus Marulus Spalatensis concinnavit sub titulo ‘De ratione bene ac beate vivendi’.
At this moment it is hard to say whether Agić himself noticed the precious link or relied on the conclusions or conjectures of some other author. Yet, there is no doubt that he could not use Marulić’s text in continuo, most probably because neither the original nor the translations had been on the market for over a century. This may be easily inferred from the unsuccessful emendation of the line 53 of Crijević’s elegy, an endeavor which Agić probably would not have entered into had Marulić’s text been available.
The elegy De veritate et mendacia officioso embraces 110 verses. Already a superficial glance at it shows that Agić did not exaggerate in his annotation, for Crijević really took Marulić’s argumentative concept and narrative structure, even complete ready-made expressions. This first impression will be confirmed, in several ways, by a comparative reading of both texts given in the supplement to the article. It must be stressed that this is the first time ever that Crijević’s elegy appears in printed form.
The manuscripts from the Franciscan Archives show that in Dubrovnik, at the start of the 19th century, there were scholars aware of the ties linking the two great-est Croatian humanists (even if the De institutione itself was not read too often). Besides, the fact that Marulić’s most popular work, while he was still alive, served as a model to another renowned Croatian Latinist is of inestimable value for the national literary history. Also it has been found out that, contrary to the traditional belief, Crijević followed the literary output of his compatriots, including those born and living outside Dubrovnik. The last but not the least, Crijević’s paraphrase, which preceded for half a century the reaction of the Inquisition, represents the earliest testimony of the topicality of Marulić’s teaching on lie.
Particularly noteworthy in Crijević’s paraphrase is the passage on the stratagem of Judith motivated by patriotic reasons (53-74). The episode occupies exactly one fifth of Crijević’s elegy, which is in sharp disproportion with its much briefer treat-ment in the De institutione. The language Crijević uses in this passage is unusually elaborate, while his verses teem with integral or adapted quotations from Classical texts. Also noteworthy is the fact that the well-knit description of Holophernes’ death in Crijević’s elegy, absent in the De institutione and the Biblical Book of Judith, clearly echoes the identical moment in Marulić’s Croatian epic (vv. 59-60: Judita 1569-1571). Regardless of whether Crijević, contrary to his own in several ways declared principle, read Marulić’s Croatian epic or knew it only by hearsay, it is beyond doubt that the hypertrophied episode on Judith is his hommage presented to the au-thor of the first epic in the Croatian language.
2.
The Codex of Verona Capitular Library CCXXVII (P.O. Kristeller, Iter Italicum II, London & Leiden 1967, p. 295 b) contains two Marulić’s folios (fol. 54-55v), with excerpts from two chapters of the De institutione: On consorting with and on avoiding consorting with (De consortio habendo fugiendoque; 3,7) and the congenial chapter On conserving chastity - examples involving men: (De castitate servanda — exempla virorum; 4,7). From the former two passages have been taken (54,1-17), while from the latter, which was excerpted more copiously, six examples have been used: on the prophet Joel (54v,3-9); on Joseph and Potiphar (54v,10-19); on the British king Edward (54v,20-55,7); on St Augustine (55,8-13); on the monk Paphnutius (55,14-16); on the priest Ursinus (55,17-55v,7).
Despite numerous deviations from the standard text of the De institutione, Verona Codex had no special meaning for the subsequent constitution of Marulić’s text for, doubtless, it was only a reference transcript of some earlier edition. Its significance is primarily symbolic: it puts Marulić into such an illustrious company that every humanist would be honored to join, that of Petrach and Erasmus. Namely, the passages from the De institutione are preceded by excerpts from Petrarch’s extensive two-volume collection of fortunate and unfortunate examples De remediis utriusque fortunae and is followed by passages from Erasmus’ Praise of Folly.
In what capacity did Marulić appear in such an illustrious surrounding may be inferred, at least partly, from the nature of the chapters excerpted from his De institutione. Namely, in both cases Marulić deals with examles of chaste conduct of men in grave carnal temptations. That the task of the anthology was the one of warning against consorting with women is clear already from the roughest indication of its contents. The compiler of the manuscript obviously endeavoured to gather in one place the most authoritative testimonies in behalf of celibate, from the late antique retor Libanius to his most immediate contemporaries.
3.
The fact that in the Basle edition of 1555 Marulić’s text was printed as part of a large genre chrestomathy, sets it apart from other 16th century editions of the De institutione. The eleven texts of the book endeavour to illustrate the history of exempla in European literature. They are as follows: (1) Nicolai Hanapi, Patriarchae Hierosolymitani, Virtutum et vitiorum ad vitam Christianam recte instituendam liber (1-174); (2) Valerii Maximi Factorum et dictorum memorabilium libri (175-348); (3) Ailianou Poikiles historias biblion (sic) proton (349-480); (4) Marci Antonii Coccii Sabellici Exemplorum liber I (481-657); (5) Aristotelis Philosophi Maximi Oeconomicarum dispensationum exempla (658-666); (6) Baptistae Campofulgosi Dictorum factorumque memorabilium libri IX (667-1075); (7) Parthenii Nicaensis De amatoriis affectionibus liber (1076-1100); (8) Gvidonis de Fonte Nayo Bituricensis De rebus humanis variorum exemplorum liber (1101-1176); (9) M. Maruli Spalatensis De vita religiose per exempla instituenda (1176-1442); (10) Ek ton Herakleidou peri politeion /Ex Heraclide de politiis Atheniensium (1443-1452); (11) Sex. Iulii Frontini
V.C. Exempla sive strategemata (1453-1499).
As it may be well seen, besides six classical authors, one medieval author and three humanists, the Basle edition presents Marulić, only thirty years after his death, as an indisputable classic of the genre. In the 1555 edition, apart from this valuable evidence testifying to the response to Marulić’s work, we may find also some less conspicuous yet equally noteworthy details: Marulić’s text is the second longest in the book, inferior in length only to that by Battista Campofulgosi. The first five books, judging at least from the numbers and titles of the chapters, were printed unabridged, while of the last, sixth book only two chapters were taken: on the revelations of infernal punishments and of celestial beatitude (XIV: De revelationibus infernalium poenarum and XVI: De revelationibus coelestis beatitudinis). As it is well known, the sixth book treats of the “ultimate destiny of mankind and the world” and is dominated by the Last Judgement. However, it remains unclear why the ending part of Marulić’s text was subjected to such drastic cuts. Did it happen accidentally? Was it done for commercial reasons by the editor or the printer who wanted to keep the expenses within reasonable limits? Was it motivated by serious doctrinal disagreement resulting in brutal censorial intervention?
The question gains in interest when we learn that the four key figures engaged on the making of the book had intimate ties with the Reformed Church: the editor of the book Johannes Herold/t/ (1514-1567) published, among other things, Vlačić’s treatise De translatione imperii Romani; the addressee of the book, Pfalzgraf Richard / Reichard/, duke of Pfalz-Simmerna (1521-1598) defended fiercely the Evangelical teaching even against his own brother; of the editor of Marulić’s text, Peter Morwen (Morwent, Morwing, 1530?-1573?) The Dictionary of National Biography says that was a rigid protestant. Finally, the printer of the book Heinrich /Henric/ Petri (1508-1579) was son of the well known Adam Petri (1454?-1527), printer of the De institutione (Basle, 1513) and the Evangelistarium (Basle, 1519), but also of Luther, Melanchthon and Bugenhagen.
The Basle edition raises a series of questions. The most qualified answers to them could be given by theologians: What is it that makes Marulić so interesting for the protestant milieu? What is the link between his popularity and the fact that his name was put on the Inquisition Index? Was it a pure coincidence that the Basle edition appeared in the year of the Augsburg religious peace
