50 research outputs found
A Consequence of Direct Reference Theory ― concerning Kripke's Puzzle about belief ―
No full textIn this paper the author presents a consequence of direct reference theory through a careful examination of Kripke's Puzzle about belief. Kripke presented, in 'A Puzzle about Belief', a puzzle about belief which has no relation with a substitution of proper names. In doing that, he rejected a superiority of Fregean semantics, and suggested us a reconsideration of belief attribution. But the author dares to accept usual attribution of belief for a practical reason, and on this assumption tries to resolve the puzzle. A consequence is the following. If we accept usual attribution of belief, accept direct reference theory of proper names, and want to resolve the puzzle, then we must also accept a multiplicity of worlds, that is, a multiplicity of models of our language. Additionally, the author points out that Kripke's way of thinking that concludes innocence of a substitution of proper names is incorrect
On the Principle of Compositionality
No full textPhilosophers and linguists who support thenaïve theory or extensionality in semantics think that Compositionality holds. Moreover, Compositionality seems to be supported by the Learnability of languages. But many philosophers have argued that Compositionality fails in some contexts by many philosophers. Now simply arguing that Compositionality holds or does not does not explain the important point about Compositionality. What do we mean by Compositionality? And what do we mean by the success or failure of Compositionality? These issues are discussed in this paper by presenting Hintikka's careful and critical examination of Compositionality. The author thinks that Compositionality in which component meanings are considered in the context of the whole expression holds in natural languages
β4 and β6 Integrin Expression Is Associated with the Subclassification and Clinicopathological Features of Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma
No full textIntrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is a heterogeneous group of cancers of the intrahepatic biliary tract. However, few studies have evaluated integrin expression according to an ICC subgroup. We immunohistochemically investigated α6β4 (β4) and αvβ6 (β6) integrin expressions in 48 ICCs, and evaluated their relationship with clinical and pathological parameters and ligand expression, as well as transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1. β4 and β6 expressions were detected in 46 (96%) and 35 (73%) ICC cases, respectively. We classified ICC into negative, low (β4, 29 cases; β6, 36 cases), or high (β4, 19 cases; β6, 12 cases) integrin expression groups. β4 and β6 integrin levels were higher in the non-peripheral central localization type ICC than in the peripheral localization type; they were also higher in the periductal-infiltrating or intraductal-growth types than in the mass-forming type ICC; lastly, they were higher in the well-differentiated type than in the poorly-differentiated type ICC. High expression was related to bile duct invasion. In addition, β4 and β6 expressions were associated with mucin production and the expression of cytoplasmic epithelial membrane antigen, laminin-5, and tenascin-C. TGF-β1 was correlated with β6 expression and poor overall survival. These results suggest that integrin expression is associated with subclassification and clinicopathological features of ICC through the coincident expression of their ligands and TGF-β1
ITGB6-Knockout Suppresses Cholangiocarcinoma Cell Migration and Invasion with Declining PODXL2 Expression
No full textIntrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA) is a heterogeneous bile duct cancer with a poor prognosis. Integrin αvβ6 (β6) has been shown to be upregulated in iCCA and is associated with its subclassification and clinicopathological features. In the present study, two ITGB6-knockout HuCCT1 CCA cell lines (ITGB6-ko cells) were established using the clustered regulatory interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR), an associated nuclease 9 (Cas9) system, and single-cell cloning. RNA sequencing analysis, real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and immunofluorescent methods were applied to explore possible downstream factors. ITGB6-ko cells showed significantly decreased expression of integrin β6 on flow cytometric analysis. Both cell lines exhibited significant inhibition of cell migration and invasion, decreased wound-healing capability, decreased colony formation ability, and cell cycle dysregulation. RNA sequencing and real-time PCR analysis revealed a remarkable decrease in podocalyxin-like protein 2 (PODXL2) expression in ITGB6-ko cells. Colocalization of PODXL2 and integrin β6 was also observed. S100 calcium-binding protein P and mucin 1, which are associated with CCA subclassification, were downregulated in ITGB6-ko cells. These results describe the successful generation of ITGB6-ko CCA cell clones with decreased migration and invasion and downregulation of PODXL2, suggesting the utility of integrin β6 as a possible therapeutic target or diagnostic marker candidate
Optimization of trypsin treatment condition utilizing immunohistochemistry for chromogenic in situ hybridization
No full textCholangiolocellular Carcinoma: Is It a Subtype of Cholangiocarcinoma or Combined Hepatocellular Cholangiocarcinoma?
No full textEffect of panicle removal on cytokinin level in the xylem and nitrogen uptake activity of rice
No full textTo evaluate the role of cytokinin in the source–sink relationship, panicles of rice were cut from the stem at the panicle emergence stage. Xylem sap exudates were collected using the stem cut method and the cytokinin concentration in the collected sap was determined by bioassay and further analysis using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The rate of cytokinin translocation from roots to shoots decreased continuously after panicle initiation, whereas, when the panicle was removed, the rate increased by up to 1.5-fold, at which time no cytokinin was found in the plants with panicles. Retardation of leaf senescence was not observed and nitrogen concentration in the leaves continued to decrease after panicle removal, irrespective of cytokinin (mainly dihydrozeatin riboside and trans-zeatin riboside) level. Thus, leaf autonomy is regulated by an endogenous program of nitrogen translocation from the leaf regardless of cytokinin level in the xylem
Gross Cystic Disease Fluid Protein-15 (GCDFP-15) Expression Characterizes Breast Mucinous Carcinomas in Older Women
No full textThe predominant histological subtype of breast mucinous carcinoma in older women is type B (hypercellular type), and, in younger women, it is type A (hypocellular type). The characteristics of mucinous carcinomas of the same histological subtype may differ between older and younger women. This study aims to systematically clarify the pathological/immunohistochemical features of mucinous carcinomas. A total of 21 surgical cases of mucinous carcinoma (type A/B: 9/12 cases) in the older group (≥65 years) and 16 cases (type A/B: 14/2 cases) in the younger group (≤55 years) (n = 37) were included. Gross cystic disease fluid protein-15 (GCDFP-15) and eight other markers were used for immunostaining. The GCDFP-15-positive rate in the older group was high regardless of the histological subtype (type A, 77.8%; type B, 91.7%). The GCDFP-15 positivity in the older group was significantly higher than that in the younger group (p p = 0.042 for the Allred score and p = 0.007 for the positivity rate). The present results suggest that GCDFP-15 expression characterizes mucinous carcinomas in older women
Measuring dissolved oxygen in Miso for forensic medicine and semisolid food analysis
No full textAbstract During a retrial, a prosecutor sought a scientific opinion from one of the authors on whether blood stains on cotton clothes placed in miso, a traditional Japanese fermented food, for 1 year and 2 months would remain reddish in color and asked this author to testify in court. We first searched the literature for information on the levels of dissolved oxygen (DO) in miso that may affect the discoloration of blood stains due to methemoglobin formation and subsequent degradation of hemoglobin but found no relevant information. Next, we investigated whether the DO concentration in miso could be measured using an optical oxygen sensor by analyzing freshly prepared and commercially available ripened miso. The DO concentration in miso decreased to below the detection limit (0.002%) within 9.5–23.2 h after preparation and remained low, even after the miso ripened. Thus, the low DO concentration may have affected the redness of the bloodstain. The amount of oxygen in foods must be controlled because it affects essential properties such as taste, nutritional value, color, and aroma. An optical oxygen sensor may serve as a useful tool for measuring DO concentration in semisolid fermented foods, such as miso
