6,655 research outputs found
Using Cognitive Architectures to Study Issues in Team Cognition in a Complex Task Environment
No full textCognitive social simulation is a computer simulation technique that aims to improve our understanding of the dynamics of socially-situated and socially-distributed cognition. This makes cognitive social simulation techniques particularly appealing as a means to undertake experiments into team cognition. The current paper reports on the results of an ongoing effort to develop a cognitive social simulation capability that can be used to undertake studies into team cognition using the ACT-R cognitive architecture. This capability is intended to support simulation experiments using a team-based problem solving task, which has been used to explore the effect of different organizational environments on collective problem solving performance. The functionality of the ACT-R-based cognitive social simulation capability is presented and a number of areas of future development work are outlined. The paper also describes the motivation for adopting cognitive architectures in the context of social simulation experiments and presents a number of research areas where cognitive social simulation may be useful in developing a better understanding of the dynamics of team cognition. These include the use of cognitive social simulation to study the role of cognitive processes in determining aspects of communicative behavior, as well as the impact of communicative behavior on the shaping of task-relevant cognitive processes (e.g., the social shaping of individual and collective memory as a result of communicative exchanges). We suggest that the ability to perform cognitive social simulation experiments in these areas will help to elucidate some of the complex interactions that exist between cognitive, social, technological and informational factors in the context of team-based problem-solving activities
Towards a cognitively realistic computational model of team problem solving using ACT-R agents and the ELICIT experimentation framework
No full textThe aim of cognitive social simulation is to improve our understanding of the complex inter-play between factors that are spread across the cognitive, social and technological domains. This makes cognitive social simulation techniques particularly appealing as a means to undertake experiments into socially-distributed cognition. The current paper reports on the results of an ongoing effort to develop a cognitive social simulation capability that can be used to undertake studies into team cognition using the ACT-R cognitive architecture. The focus of the cognitive modeling effort associated with the development of the simulation capability is a particular team-based problem solving task that forms part of the Experimental Laboratory for Investigating Collaboration, Information-sharing, and Trust (ELICIT) experimentation framework. This task has been used with human subjects to investigate the effect of different command and control organizational structures on collective problem solving performance. The results of the cognitive modeling effort are presented and future work to extend both the simulation capability and the cognitive model are outlined. By comparing the results obtained with the ACT-R simulation capability with those obtained from previous experiments using the ELICIT experimentation framework, it should be possible to evaluate the extent to which ACT-R agents exhibit performance profiles similar to those of their human counterparts. This will support the effort to evaluate the extent to which cognitive social simulation experiments with ACT-R can be used to generate findings of predictive and explanatory relevance to future studies using the ELICIT experimentation framework
The ACT-R Unity Interface: Integrating ACT-R with the Unity Game Engine
No full textCognitive architectures are computational frameworks that support the development of computational models of human cognitive processes. They have typically been used to advance our understanding of human cognition in specific task environments; however, they have also been used to support the development of a variety of intelligent systems and agents (e.g., cognitive robots). There are a broad range of reasons to motivate the effort to integrate cognitive architectures with virtual environments. These include the development of intelligent virtual characters for the purposes of training simulations, enhanced gameplay experiences and the modelling of user/gamer behaviour. Virtual environments also support simulations of actual real-world environments (e.g., using physics engines and advanced lighting models) that can be used to perform computational simulations into embedded, extended, and embodied cognition. In the current report, we describe the effort to develop an integration framework that enables the ACT-R cognitive architecture to be used in conjunction with the Unity game engine. The resulting framework, referred to as the ACT-R Unity Integration (ACT-R UI) framework, enables individual ACT-R models to control the behaviour of virtual non-player characters that inhabit 3D virtual environments built on top of Unity. We first provide an overview of the ACT-R architecture and the Unity game engine. We describe the key features of both systems and discuss why they provide such a compelling target for integration. We then go on to describe the nature of the integration solution itself. We outline the extensions to the ACT-R architecture that enable ACT-R models to exchange information with Unity, and we also present the Unity components that enable virtual characters to be controlled or influenced by ACT-R models. Finally, we provide a concrete example of the use of the ACT-R UI. In particular, we show how an ACT-R model can be used to control the behaviour of a virtual robotic character that inhabits a Unity-based virtual environment
Tang Code, Tang Rite, and Other Manuscripts of Tang Dynasty
No full textIn the present paper, the author gives the preliminary reports on three newly found Tang 唐 official documents, pointing out their important value, and offering the all texts for further studies.1. In Tunhuang and Turfan Documents concerning Social and Economic History I. Legal Texts (Tokyo 1978-1980), Professors T. Yamamoto, O. Ikeda, and M. Okano published the joined texts of O. 5098 and O. 8099 from Otani collection. They identified the fragments with the Section on Violence and Robbery of the Tang Code (唐律), and pointed out the article comes from the Yonghui 永徽 or Chuigong 垂拱 Code according to the Zetian 則天 characters used in the Buddhist text on the verso. The author joins another fragment based on an old photograph of the Turfan document preserved in the Lüshun Museum (旅順博物館). The new text contains one different article from the printed text after the Song 宋 dynasty.2. Among the Dunhuang 敦煌 manuscripts in the National Library of China in Beijing, there is a good copy of the Tang Rite (唐礼) in high Tang characters (No. zhou 周 70A). It contains the text corresponding to the Da Tang Kaiyuan li 大唐開元礼, vol. 37: “Huangdi shixiang yu Taimiao 皇帝時享於太廟”. It is the first time to find the book in Dunhuang or Turfan manuscripts.3. In his Dunhuang Turfan Tangdai fazhi wenshu kaoshi 敦煌吐魯番唐代法制文書考釈, Liu Junwen thought the document of zhou 51 should be the Regulations of the Regional Military Organization. But the form of the original document could not conform to the Tang Regulations, so the author refutes his view and thinks that it is an official document relating to the beacon of the military fortress in the area of Dunhuang or Turfan.journal articl
Tang O 1950-1954
No full textA report on the village of Tang O, detailing its location, the current projects there, and the resources available
Socially-distributed cognition and cognitive architectures: towards an ACT-R-based cognitive social simulation capability
No full textACT-R is one of the most widely used cognitive architectures, and it has been used to model hundreds of phenomena described in the cognitive psychology literature. In spite of this, there are relatively few studies that have attempted to apply ACT-R to situations involving social interaction. This is an important omission since the social aspects of cognition have been a growing area of interest in the cognitive science community, and an understanding of the dynamics of collective cognition is of particular importance in many organizational settings. In order to support the computational modeling and simulation of socially-distributed cognitive processes, a simulation capability based on the ACT-R architecture is described. This capability features a number of extensions to the core ACT-R architecture that are intended to support social interaction and collaborative problem solving. The core features of a number of supporting applications and services are also described. These applications/services support the execution, monitoring and analysis of simulation experiments. Finally, a system designed to record human behavioral data in a collective problem-solving task is described. This system is being used to undertake a range of experiments with teams of human subjects, and it will ultimately support the development of high fidelity ACT-R cognitive models. Such models can be used in conjunction with the ACT-R simulation capability to test hypotheses concerning the interaction between cognitive, social and technological factors in tasks involving socially-distributed information processing
Information Sharing for Collective Sensemaking
No full textGroup decision tasks that require pooling of information to reach the best decision have been studied across a variety of disciplines over the past thirty years. The crucial question of what makes these tasks so difficult, however remains unanswered. Various hypotheses include inefficiency in sharing information leading to decisions based on incomplete information or cognitive inefficiencies in processing and storing information arriving in a piecemeal fashion. The present study attacks this problem from two directions. Human experiments are used to compare decisions between groups manipulated to receive and share information in raw and aggregated forms and mixed groups comprised of humans and software agents. To shed light on cognitive limitations that may affect performance, an ACT-R cognitive model of group members was constructed and its results compared to human data
Reinventing the Pre-Tang Tradition: Compiling and Publishing Pre-Tang Poetry Anthologies in Sixteenth-Century China
No full textAbstract
This article examines how the making of pre-Tang poetry anthologies in sixteenth-century Ming China led to a reinvention of the pre-Tang poetic tradition. From the Zhengde period 正德 (1506–21) well into the Wanli reign 萬曆 (1573–1620), the compilation and publication of new pre-Tang poetry anthologies saw a dramatic increase, making the anthologizing practices in the 1500s crucial to understanding the pre-Tang tradition. Through a study of paratextual elements (book titles, tables of contents, prefaces, postscripts, etc.) in twenty-two pre-Tang poetry anthologies compiled in the 1500s, this article identifies three types of anthologizing practices. By employing quantitative and network analysis, the author hopes to historicize these practices, investigate the motivations for the anthologies, and explore their citation networks. These anthologizing practices, I conclude, gradually transformed the classification principles of previous anthologies, expanded the scope of canonized anthologies, and established a distinct pre-Tang tradition by the end of the sixteenth century.</jats:p
The wine theme in Tang dynasty poetry
No full textBakalaura darba tēma ir “Vīna tēma Tan dinastijas poēzijā”. Šī tēma bija izvēlēta sakarā
ar vīna poēzijas izpētīšanas deficītu. Vīns vienmēr aizņēma svarīgu vietu ķīniešu sociālajā
dzīvē, un it īpaši šis dzēriens bija vispusīgi izmantots Tan dinastijā. Vīna tēmai ir veltīts
milzīgs Tan dzejoļu skaits, bet joprojām šī tēma nebija rūpīgi izpētīta.
Šī bakalaura darba mērķis ir nodemonstrēt, ka vīna tēma Tan dinastijas poēzijā ir tik pat
svarīga kā citas tēmas. Autore studē vīna nozīmi Tan dinastijā un pirms-Tan periodā, akcentē
galvenos Tan poēzijas aspektus, izpētē kādā veidā vīna tēma kļuva par poēzijas sastāvdaļu,
noteic galvenos dzeršanas motīvus poēzijā un analizē slavenu Tan dzejnieku-dzērāju vīna
poēziju.
Atslēgvārdi: Ķīna, Tan, dzeja, vīns.The theme of the bachelor paper is “The wine theme in the Tang dynasty poetry”. The
choice of this theme was determined by the deficit of research on wine poetry. Wine has
always played an important role in Chinese social life, and especially it found an extensive
use in the Tang dynasty. The wine theme takes up a great number of Tang poems, however, it
is not a topic which is studied in depth.
The aim of this bachelor paper is to demonstrate that the wine theme in Tang poetry is
as important as the other themes. The author studies the meaning of wine in the Tang dynasty
and the pre-Tang period, shows the main aspects of Tang poetry, researches how the wine
theme became a part of poetry, ascertains the main drinking motives in poetry and analyzes
wine poetry of the most famous Tang poets-drinkers.
Keywords: China, Tang, poetry, wine
Sphaerobulbus ningliei Zhao & Tang 2020, sp. nov.
No full textSphaerobulbus ningliei sp. nov. (Figs 5, 6, 19–23) Type material. HƟĿƟŦYPൾ: CHINA: YUNNAN: ³, glued on a card with labels as follows: “China: Yunnan Prov. Binchuan County, Jizu Shan, 25°57′41.76″N 100°23′36.38″E, alt. 3000 m, 16. VII.2010, Liang Tang leg.” “ Holotype / Sphaerobulbus ningliei / Zhao & Tang” [red handwritten label] (SHNU). Description. Measurements of male: BL: 14.2 mm, FL: 7.7 mm. HL: 2.06 mm, HW: 2.18 mm, EYL: 0.59 mm, TL: 1.00 mm, PL: 2.88 mm, PW: 2.55 mm, EL: 2.89 mm, EW: 2.95 mm. HW/HL: 1.05, TL/EYL: 1.69, PL/PW: 1.13, EL/EW: 0.98. Body entirely blackish with metallic blue tint,appendages reddish except mid and hind coxae darker. Head 1.05 times as wide as long, rounded quadrangular, posterior angles entirely rounded, tempora longer than eyes (ratio 1.69), disc with punctation well delimited on middle portion and more or less confluent on lateral portions, posterior half of head with impunctate midline, interstices densely reticulated, about equal to diameter of punctures on midanterior portion and mostly narrower than half diameter of punctures on the remaining portions. Pronotum 1.13 times as long as wide, widest at about basal third, disc with complete impunctate midline, punctation confluent, interstices reticulated, narrower than half diameter of punctures; scutellum with black pubescence, finely and densely punctate. Elytra 0.98 times as long as wide and as long as pronotum; punctation fine and dense, interstices slightly dull with coarse granulose microsculpture. Abdomen semi-cylindrical, posterior margin of tergite VII with palisade fringe; posterior basal line of abdominal tergites III–V distinctly bisinuate, median impression after posterior basal line relatively shallow; punctation dense and fine, interstices reticulated. Male. Sternite VIII emarginate at middle of posterior margin; sternite IX (Fig. 19) emarginate medioapically; tergite X(Fig. 20) subtriangular with apex obtusely pointed. Aedeagus (Fig. 21) with median lobe asymmetrical, apical portion hook-like and pointing to left side in ventral view, paramere slightly asymmetrical, slightly shorter than median lobe, underside of paramere (Figs 22, 23) with a few sensory peg seta in apical portion and one degenerated sensory peg seta at middle of subapical portion. Female. Unknown. Differential diagnosis. The new species is similar to S. cardinalis Smetana, 2010 from Sichuan and Yunnan, but can be distinguished from the latter by the posterior angles of the head being rounded (slightly prominent in S. cardinalis), the posterior half of the head with the impunctate midline broad (narrow in S. cardinalis), the apical portion of the aedeagal median lobe hook-like, and the underside of the paramere with sparser sensory peg setae. Both species seem to differ also in the degree of metallic tint in some cases (compare Figs 5 and 26), but this character seems to be variable in S. cardinalis which can also exhibit a bluish-purple tint (A. Smetana, pers. comm. 2020) and the coloration is hence not useful as a diagnostic character. The new species is also a little similar to S. smetanai described above in coloration, but it can be distinguished by the head with an impunctate midline, the elytra distinctly longer, and the abdomen distinctly darker in coloration. Etymology. This species is named in honor of Mr. Lie Ning who accompanied the second author during the collecting trip. Distribution. China (Yunnan).Published as part of Zhao, Xin & Tang, Liang, 2020, Three new species of the genus Sphaerobulbus from China (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae), pp. 333-341 in Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 60 (1) on pages 337-338, DOI: 10.37520/aemnp.2020.019, http://zenodo.org/record/387994
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