1,720,973 research outputs found
Aspidistra saccata (Asparagaceae), a new species with erect stem from limestone areas in Guangxi, China
No full textHuang, Xue-Yan, Peng, Yu-De, Nong, Dong-Xin, Huang, Bao-You, Yu, Li-Ying (2022): Aspidistra saccata (Asparagaceae), a new species with erect stem from limestone areas in Guangxi, China. Phytotaxa 541 (3): 297-300, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.541.3.10, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.541.3.1
FIGURE 1 in Aspidistra saccata (Asparagaceae), a new species with erect stem from limestone areas in Guangxi, China
No full textFIGURE 1. Aspidistra saccata: A–B. Habit of flowering plant; C. Flowers; D. Top view of flower bud; E. Side view of flower bud; F. Perianth, dissected opened to show pistil and stamens; G. Stems, show leaves attachment; H. Leaves; I. Young fruit. Photos by Xue-Yan Huang, correction and design by Dong-Xin Nong (The plate made from Yu-De Peng et al. 451424211102001LY).Published as part of Huang, Xue-Yan, Peng, Yu-De, Nong, Dong-Xin, Huang, Bao-You & Yu, Li-Ying, 2022, Aspidistra saccata (Asparagaceae), a new species with erect stem from limestone areas in Guangxi, China, pp. 297-300 in Phytotaxa 541 (3) on page 298, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.541.3.10, http://zenodo.org/record/639258
Cost Analysis and Management of Hemodialysis and Peritoneal Dialysis Treatments: An Activity-Based Approach
No full text台灣全民健康保險制度自開辦以來，一直受到民眾高度的肯定與信賴，受惠最多者即是重大傷病的患者，而各總額部門中又以門診透析之整體醫療服務品質滿意度為最高，可見透析服務深受國人的肯定。根據行政院衛生署的統計，2008年於醫院中進行透析的人次，相較於1998年，十年間成長了74.1%，因此在民眾對透析高度滿意、透析病人激增及醫療支出高漲的情形下，已成為健保沉重的財務負擔。
台灣末期腎臟病(ESRD)的發生率(Incidence)與盛行率(Prevalent)皆高居世界第一，而透析的病人當中，有91.5%的透析患者選擇血液透析，僅有8.5%選擇腹膜透析。影響民眾透析模式選擇的因素中，償付政策(Reimbursement)佔重要的角色，許多研究認為腹膜透析的醫療支出低於血液透析，因此，有些國家以較高的償付政策來獎勵腹膜透析，腹膜透析的利用率相對較高，但台灣腹膜透析推行多年來，比率仍然偏低。
透析的醫療支出為付費者最關心的議題，唯許多文獻是以付費者的觀點來比較血液透析與腹膜透析的醫療支出，但對醫療提供者而言，獲利才是他們所關心的議題，醫療機構與醫師的行為又直接影響病人透析模式的選擇，又有研究者認為在比較治療模式的成本時，作業基礎成本分析(Activity-based cost analysis, ABC)是最適當的成本應用方法，因此本研究的主要目的是希望從醫療機構的觀點出發，以作業基礎成本法來探討血液透析與腹膜透析的成本及機構獲利狀況，作為醫療機構內部成本管理及健保支付制度之參考。
本研究採個案研究法(Case study)，以某財團法人醫院之血液透析室與腹膜透析室為研究對象，選取2009年12月1日~2009年12月31日，1個月期間之資料進行分析。研究結果發現，從付費者的觀點來看，血液透析的成本高於腹膜透析，血液透析每人每年申報的醫療費用大約是腹膜透析病人的1.39倍；從醫療服務提供者的觀點來看，血液透析的成本主要為人力、設備等固定成本，而腹膜透析的成本主要為藥品、材料費等變動成本，血液透析與腹膜透析的總成本無明顯差異；在現有健保支付制度下，醫療機構提供血液透析的利潤高於腹膜透析。作業基礎成本制是精確的成本分析方法，有助於醫療機構了解各產品線及各作業成本的結構，及有助於資源有效的運用及合理的分配。
由於政府對腹膜透析政策上的鼓勵，近年來國內腹膜透析的比率已略有成長，健保在支付腹膜透析的鼓勵，對於腹膜透析選擇比率的提升，已見些許成效，在增加對機構成本的了解，應可制定更加完善的透析支付制度，以達成其政策目標。Taiwan National Health Insurance has been highly affirmative and trust by Taiwan people. The most beneficial group is patients with catastrophic illness. The satisfaction rate on the outpatient dialysis service is the highest at all services, that is, the dialysis services are extremely affirmative by the people in Taiwan. According to Department of Health, Executive Yuan, the number of people received dialysis treatment in hospitals in 2008 was growing 74.1% since 1998. Therefore, the medical costs on dialysis become financial burdens of Taiwan National Health Insurance because of the increasing number of dialysis patients and high costs on dialysis services.
The incidence and prevalent on End-Stage Renal Disease (ERSD) in Taiwan are in the first place of the world. Among the patients who received dialysis treatment, 91.5% of them chose hemodiaysis and the other 8.5% chose peritoneal dialysis treatment. Reimbursement plays an important role to affect people’s choices. Many studies believe the cost of peritoneal dialysis treatment is lower than the cost of hemodialysis treatment. As a result, some countries use reimbursement policy to encourage people to accept peritoneal dialysis treatment, accordingly the usage of peritoneal dialysis is better. Even though the Taiwan Government officials tried to encourage people to use peritoneal dialysis instead, the usage rate is still low.
Payers concern about the medical cost on dialysis. Several studies were done from payers’ perspectives to compare the medical costs between hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. For most medical providers, they care about the issue of profits. The managers from healthcare organizations and physicians are most likely to affect practice patterns such as modality selections. Besides, some researchers believe that activity-based cost analysis (ABC) is the most appropriate cost approach to apply when comparing modality expenses between different therapies. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to use activity-based cost approach to learn the cost and profit of hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis, the cost analysis is performed from the perspectives of the service providers; in addition, the results are used as references of internal cost management and National Health Insurance payment system.
The case study method is used to study the hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients in one non-profit hospital in Taiwan. The data is collected from December 1 to December 31, 2009. From the data analysis, it found the cost of hemodialysis is higher than the cost of peritoneal dialysis from payers’ perspectives. The cost of hemodialysis is 1.39 times (per person per year) higher than the cost of peritoneal dialysis. From the healthcare providers’ perspectives, hemodialysis cost is driven largely by the fixed costs, such as staff and equipment, etc. and peritoneal dialysis cost is driven primarily by variable costs, such as medications and medical supplies, etc. The total cost between hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis show no differences. Under current National Health Insurance payment system, the profit of hemodialysis is higher than peritoneal dialysis. Activity-based cost approach will help the facilities understand the cost of product lines and activities; furthermore, it helps to plan better resources utilization and distribution.
Because the government officials’ policy encourages the people to utilize peritoneal dialysis and National Health Insurance supports the use of peritoneal dialysis treatment, the usage of peritoneal dialysis is increasing. Better understanding about the cost of the facilities can help the government officials to make better reimbursement policy to achieve the policy goal
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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