1,720,993 research outputs found
A study of the internalization pathway and subcellular distribution of hypericin in human hepatoma cells
No full text研究背景 金絲桃素（hypericin, Hyp）是由Hypericum perforatum萃取而得的親脂性螢光物質。由於特定波長的光源照射能激發hypericin產生光學活性（photoactive properties），並生成氧化能力極強的活性態氧（reactive oxygen species，ROS），因此被歸類為第二代光敏劑，運用於光動力治療（photodynamic therapy，PDT）研究，供腫瘤診斷及治療。PDT主要為光敏劑經局部或全身性給藥後，再於腫瘤部位投予適當光源以激發照射部位之光敏劑，並藉由局部生成的ROS，造成氧化壓力而達腫瘤組織破壞。然而，由於ROS的半衰期極其短暫，因此只能於其生成部位之鄰近處進行作用，因之，推測PDT所造成的腫瘤組織傷害程度及型式，將取決於光敏劑於生物體或細胞內的分佈位置；而光敏劑在細胞內的分布傾向應會受到光敏劑的物化性質與細胞攝取路徑的影響。光敏劑進入細胞之攝取路徑，與其後續在細胞內分布位置間關聯探討，將有助相關分子機制之瞭解，提昇PDT療效與安全性。究目的 本研究運用人類肝癌Hep3B細胞，培養於無血清（serum-free）、添加低密度脂蛋白（LDL）或胎牛血清（FBS）的基質中，加入free-form hypericin及liposomal hypericin，探討：（1）不同hypericin製劑是否會影響其進入細胞之路徑及攝取量；（2）hypericin進入細胞後，其於細胞內各類胞器間之運送或分佈，是否隨劑型及時間而異。簡言之，本研究藉由比較兩種劑型之hypericin於三類細胞培養基質中之細胞攝取及胞內傳送路徑，期釐清脂質分子對細胞攝取hypericin與對hypericin於胞內分佈路徑的影響。究方法 研究中之liposomal hypericin製備，係採用薄膜水合法製作成大粒徑的liposomes顆粒後，再藉由奈米擠壓器利用外力擠壓將粒徑大小控制在約200 nm的均一粒徑，最後再以管柱層析法去除未包覆的hypericin。製備之liposomal hypericin再以粒徑分析儀及螢光光譜儀分別進行粒徑與包覆率的測定。在liposomes的粒徑穩定性測定方面，分別以保存穩定性、培養環境穩定性以及光照穩定性檢定，供確保後續細胞攝取或分佈實驗期間中，liposomal hypericin是完整且均一的。以上製備之liposomal hypericin將供做下述實驗之用途。 在Hep3B細胞攝取實驗中，則藉由hypericin經光源激發後會產生紅色螢光的特性，分別將cholesterol含量不等的liposomal hypericin [cholesterol比例分別為0%、10%及50%（molar ratio）]與free-form hypericin，各以相當於0.1 μM之hypericin加入不同培養基質[如：無血清培養液、添加2.5 μg/mL LDL的培養液及添加10%（v/v）FBS的培養液]中培養Hep3B細胞，經0.5至24小時培養後，以流式細胞儀分析細胞攝取之螢光強度，並比較各類培養基質及劑型對細胞攝取hypericin效率影響。 後續在細胞內分佈的探討，則是利用搭載著控溫箱（37℃）及恆定濃度CO2（5%）之螢光顯微鏡，經特異性染劑針對胞器如內質網、粒線體、高基氏體與溶酶體進行染色後，再加入liposomal hypericin與free-form hypericin各0.1 μM，並以曠時攝影方式觀察hypericin被同一細胞攝取入胞內後，在細胞內各胞器間傳遞路徑之變化，並嘗試量化各胞器hypericin螢光強度，以估量hypericin於細胞中的分布傾向。究結果 Liposome粒徑穩定性測定結果顯示，當liposome中的cholesterol組成比例達總莫耳數的50%時，可顯著提高liposomal hypericin的保存穩定性，減緩liposomal hypericin經培養液中LDL與FBS所引起的粒徑脹大的現象，並能有效抑制光照所造成的粒徑變化。而在細胞攝取研究中，發現free-form hypericin的細胞攝取量會受到培養液成分的影響。Free-form hypericin在無血清培養液中藉由被動擴散能夠最快速地進入細胞；如在培養液中添加2.5 μg/mL LDL，則得以輔助hypericin進入細胞，並在9小時後，其hypericin攝取量明顯高於無血清培養環境下的hypericin攝取量，或許與內包作用（endocytosis）相關；在添加FBS的培養環境下時，hypericin的細胞攝取速率最慢，可能與FBS中含有之大分子物質與hypericin間相互作用，致延緩了hypericin進入細胞的速率有關。至於liposomal hypericin製劑在細胞攝取量及攝取速率變化上，皆慢於free-form hypericin，推測在運送過程中因牽涉到hypericin於磷脂質與細胞外膜間的分配作用（partition），降低了hypericin與細胞接觸的機會，因而減緩其細胞攝取的量及速率。 在細胞內分佈實驗中發現，被動擴散的free-form hypericin主要集中於內質網，而藉由LDL協助進入細胞的hypericin則傾向分布於高基氏體。由liposome運送的hypericin主要出現在溶酶體，但於內質網或高基氏體的分布表現，仍分別可藉由無血清或添加LDL培養液的影響而增加。論 實驗結果證實free-form hypericin進入細胞的路徑，將影響其後續於細胞內的分布路徑。由於hypericin的高親脂性，其被動擴散速率明顯快於由LDL、liposomes或其他蛋白分子所導引的運輸機制，且在進入細胞後主要分佈至內質網區域；而在添加LDL的基質中，推測藉由hypericin與cholesterol的高度親和性，使得hypericin進入細胞後主要集中於高基氏體區域，且hypericin在粒線體的分佈也相對提高。本實驗所使用的liposome劑型，雖能提昇hypericin在溶酶體的分佈，但在短時間培養下仍不影響hypericin分布於內質網的傾向。未來若能針對hypericin與脂質或蛋白分子間的作用進行詳細探討，並研究在細胞毒性上的影響，便能夠在PDT的開發與運用上有所增益。Background Hypericin , extracted from Hypericum perforatum, is a lipophilic fluoresecnt chemical with photoactive properties. Reactive oxygen species (ROSs) will be produced when hypericin is illuminated by light of proper wavelength. Hypericin is classified as a second generation photosensitizer with potential for photodynamic therapy (PDT) in the treatment or diagnosis of malignant diseases. PDT encompasses topical or systemic administration of a photosensitizer, followed by delivery of an excitation light to the site of lesion, to induce a locally generated ROS with high oxidative stress which leads to eradication of the target tissue. Since the extremely shortly lived ROSs can only act closely to its site of generation, the extent and type of photodamage in a cell would greatly depend on the exact subcellular localization of the photosensitizer. It is possible that the intracellular distribution of a photosensitizer might be associated with its physical and chemical properties and by its cellular uptake pathway. As a result, to identify the relationship between cellular uptake pathway and the following subcellular localization of a photosensitizer is crucial for the future development of PDT.bjectives The human hepatoma Hep3B cells were cultured in three kinds of media (serum-free, 2.5 μg/mL LDL, or 10% FBS) to study the impacts of different media on the cellular uptake and subsequent intracellular trafficking of free hypericin and liposomal hypericin over time. Furthermore, liposomal hypericin with various molar ratios of cholesterol was also employed to investigate the effect of cholesterol on the encapsulation efficiency, storage life, incubation and light irradiation stability of liposomal hypericin. ethods The multilamellar vecicles were made by thin-film hydration method and followed by extrusion and gel filtration to make uni-dispersed liposomes of particle size around 200 nm. The particle size and hypericin encapsulation rate were determined by a particle size analyzer and a spectrofluorometer, respectively. The storage life, incubation and light irradiation stability of liposomal hypericin were also assessed. The cellular uptake capacity of free hypericin and liposomal hypericin (with 0%, 10%, or 50% cholesterol, in molar ratio) was examined. Cells were incubated in different culture medium (serum-free, LDL-enriched, FBS-enriched) for 0.5 to 24 hours and, then, subjected to flow cytometry analyses. The subcellular trafficking of hypericin was observed by a fluorescence microscopy mounted with a thermostatted incubation chamber and CO2 supply. Subcellular organelles such as endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes were all visualized by respective organelle-specific dyes. The intracellular localization of hypericin in a single cell was photographed by a time-lapsed microscopy, and the fluorescence intensity of hypericin within a certain organelle was estimated.esults The liposomal stability study shows that cholesterol content, by 50% of total lipids in molar ratio, helped stabilizing liposomal hypericin, prolonging its storage life, and preventing particle size enlargement induced by LDL/FBS and light irradiation.n cellular uptake study, the amount and rate of hypericin uptake were demonstrated to be dependent on the contents of cell culture media and its formulation. Free hypericin entered Hep3B cell rapidly, apparently through passive diffusion in a serum-free medium. With the addition of LDL, the uptake of hypericin by 9 hours of incubation was significantly increased, perhaps augmented by receptor-mediated endocytosis The slowest uptake was observed in medium containing 10% FBS, probably due to hypericin-macromolecule interaction that retarded the cellular uptake efficiency. As for liposomal hypericin, the uptake was much less and far more slower than the free-form hypericin in all media mentioned above. Partitioning of hypericin between liposomes and the cell membrane is suspected. he subsequent subcellular localization experiment revealed that trafficking pathways differs among incubation media and formulation. We found that, under the study condition, the passively diffused hypericin was mainly distributed into the endoplasmic reticulum, and the LDL-mediated hypericin uptake was geared to the Golgi apparatus. Although liposomal hypericin was localized mainly in lysosomes, an enhanced distribution of liposomal hypericin was found in endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi by serum-free or LDL-enriched medium, respectively.onclusion The subcellular distribution of hypericin is associated with its cellular uptake pathway. The passively diffused hypericin entered cells faster than pathways mediated by LDL, liposomes, or other marcromolecules such as FBS. It mainly distributed into endoplasmic reticulum regions. In the presence of LDL, hypericin was guided majorly to the Golgi apparatus region and the mitochondria distribution was also increased. The high affinity between cholesterol and hypericin might play an important role in this observation. Although the liposome preparations could increase the hypericin distribution in lysosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum was still the primary localization target of liposomal hypericin. Following our study, in the future, if the mode of interaction and affinity propensity among hypericin, lipids, and protein molecules could be thoroughly investigated, along with cytotoxicity studies, there would be a great improvement in the applications and development in the field of photodynamic therapy.目錄 文摘要......……………………………………………………………….…….......I文摘要......……………………………………………………………….…….....IV目錄........................................................................................................................XI目錄......................................................................................................................XIV錄..........................................................................................................................XIV文縮寫名詞對照表................................................................................................XV、文獻回顧、Photodynamic Therapy（光動力治療）................................................................1 1-1、Photodynamic Therapy簡介…………………………................................... 1 1-2、Photodynamic Therapy作用機轉…………………………………………....1 1-3、Photodynamic Therapy特色………………………....…………………........3、Hypericin（金絲桃素）..........................................................................................7 2-1、Hypericin簡介.................................................................................................7 2-2、Hypericin特性.................................................................................................7、Liposomes（微脂粒）............................................................................................9 3-1、Liposomes的構造與分類 ……………………....………………………...9 3-2、Liposomes與細胞間之作用方式..................................................................10 3-3、Phase Transition Temperature（轉相溫度） ...............................................11 3-4、Liposomes安定性簡述..................................................................................12 3-4-1、Liposomes化學安定性...........................................................................12 3-4-2、Liposomes物理穩定性...........................................................................13 3-4-3、Liposomes生理穩定性...........................................................................13 3-5、Liposomes於醫療的應用..............................................................................14、Lipoproteins（脂蛋白）概述................................................................................14、Endocytosis（內包作用）.....................................................................................16-1、LDL Receptor-mediated endocytosis...............................................................16、細胞內各胞器與其染劑簡述................................................................................18 6-1、內質網（Endoplasmic Reticulum）..................................................................18-2、粒線體（Mitochondria）..................................................................................18 6-3、高基氏體（Golgi Apparatus）...........................................................................19 6-4、溶酶體（Lysosomes）.......................................................................................19 、研究動機與目的............................................................................................21、研究材料與方法............................................................................................22、實驗器材........………………………………………………………………........22、細胞培養................................................................................................................26 2-1、細胞培養液配製..............................................................................................26 2-2、細胞培養方法..................................................................................................26、Liposomes製備與分析..........................................................................................27-1、Liposomal Hypericin之製備..........................................................................27 3-2、Liposomes純化方式.......................................................................................28 3-3、Hypericin吸收光與螢光光譜分析.................................................................29 3-4、Liposomes包覆之Hypericin定量分析.........................................................29 3-5、Liposomes之脂質定量分析...........................................................................30 3-6、包覆率計算（encapsulation efficiency%）....................................................30 3-7、粒徑測定（Determination of liposome size）……………………….............31 3-8、穩定性測定（Stability Study）....…………………......................................33 3-8-1、保存穩定性分析....................................................................................33 3-8-2、培養液中穩定性分析............................................................................33 3-8-3、光源照射穩定性分析............................................................................33、細胞攝取試驗....………………………………………….....................................33 4-1、LDL concentration dependency ..........................……………………………33 4-2、Culture medium dependency…………………………………………….......34 4-3、結果分析.........................................................................................................35、細胞內分佈試驗....................................................................................................35 5-1、細胞胞器染劑配製…………………………….............................................36 5-2、細胞胞器染色....…………………………….................................................36 5-3、倒立螢光顯微鏡曠時攝影…………………………………………….........38 5-4、顯微影像螢光定量分析.................................................................................38、螢光衰退試驗.……………………………………………………………...........40、資料數據分析及統計分析.....................................................................................41、結果..…………………………………………………………..........................42、Liposomes之製備............…………………………………………………..........42 1-1、Hypericin光譜分析........................................................................................42 1-2、Liposomes包覆率分析..…………………………………………….............43 1-3、Liposomes粒徑測定.……………………………….…………….................44 1-4、Liposomes保存穩定性分析...........................................................................45 1-5、Liposomes於各類培養液中的穩定性分析...................................................46 1-6、Liposomes之光照穩定度分析.......................................................................53、Hypericin細胞攝取試驗………....…………………………………………........54 2-1、LDL濃度對細胞攝取hypericin量之影響..………….................................54 2-2、各類培養液對細胞攝取hypericin量之影響..…………………..….……...56、細胞內分佈探討…………………………………………………........................60 3-1、Hypericin細胞內之分佈...........................................................….................60 3-2、Liposomal Hypericin（DSPC：cholesterol = 1：1）細胞內分佈...............67 3-3、Liposomal Hypericin（DSPC：cholesterol=1：0.1）細胞內分佈..............74、螢光衰退試驗.........................................................................................................80、討論...………………………………………………………………..................81、肝癌細胞特性........................................................................................................81、Cholesterol含量對微脂粒的影響.........................................................................81、各類培養液與Hypericin細胞攝取機制的關聯...................................................82、細胞內分佈試驗.....................................................................................................84 4-1、於無血清培養液.............................................................................................84 4-2、於添加LDL的培養液....................................................................................86 4-3、於添加FBS的培養液.....................................................................................88、螢光衰退試驗.........................................................................................................90、結論與未來方向..............................................................................................91考文獻...................................................................................................................92錄.............................................................................................................................99目錄1、Hypericin之photodynamic therapy作用機轉圖示..........................................22、Hypericin化學結構式........................................................................................73、脂蛋白之組成示意圖.......................................................................................154、LDL於細胞中的代謝路徑簡圖.......................................................................175、Liposomes製備過程簡圖.................................................................................286、N4 Plus儀器原理圖示......................................................................................327、磷脂質比例對hypericin於甲醇溶液中之吸收光光譜的影響......................428、磷脂質比例對hypericin於甲醇溶液中之螢光光譜的影響..........................439、Liposomal Hypericin包覆率：與Cholesterol組成比例之關聯....................4410、Liposomal Hypericin保存穩定度：與Cholesterol組成比例之關聯............4511、Liposomal Hypericin（DSPC：cholesterol = 1：1）於無血清培養液中之粒徑分佈變化......................................................................................................4712、Liposomal Hypericin（DSPC：cholesterol = 1：1）於添加LDL的培養液中之粒徑分佈變化..........................................................................................4813、Liposomal Hypericin（DSPC：cholesterol = 1：1）於添加FBS的培養液中之粒徑分佈變化..........................................................................................4914、Liposomal Hypericin（DSPC：cholesterol = 1：0.1）於無血清培養液中之粒徑分佈變化..................................................................................................5015、Liposomal Hypericin（DSPC：cholesterol = 1：0.1）於添加LDL的培養液中之粒徑分佈變化..........................................................................................5116、Liposomal Hypericin（DSPC：cholesterol = 1：0.1）於添加FBS的培養液中之粒徑分佈變化..........................................................................................5217、光照對Liposomal Hypericin粒徑穩定度的影響.........................................5318、Hep3B細胞之Hypericin攝取與培養液中LDL濃度之關聯.....................5519、細胞攝取實驗之流式細胞儀實驗結果示例圖..............................................5720、Hypericin於各類培養液中之細胞攝取.....................................................5821、Liposoaml Hypericin（DSPC：cholesterol = 1：1）於各類培養液中之細胞攝取..................................................................................................................5822、Liposoaml Hypericin（DSPC：cholesterol = 1：0.1）於各類培養液中之細胞攝取..............................................................................................................5923、Hypericin於無血清培養液中之Hep3B細胞內胞器分布變化分析...........6124、Hypericin於無血清培養液中之Hep3B細胞內胞器分布變化圖...............6225、Hypericin於添加LDL的培養液中之Hep3B細胞內胞器分布變化分析.6326、Hypericin於添加LDL的培養液中之Hep3B細胞內胞器分布變化圖.....6427、Hypericin於添加FBS的培養液中之Hep3B細胞內胞器分布變化分析..6528、Hypericin於添加FBS的培養液中之Hep3B細胞內胞器分布變化圖......6629、Liposomal Hypericin（DSPC：cholesterol = 1：1）於無血清培養液中之Hep3B細胞內胞器的分布變化分析..............................................................6830、Liposomal Hypericin（DSPC：Cholesterol = 1：1）於無血清培養液中之Hep3B細胞內胞器分布變化圖......................................................................6931、Liposomal Hypericin（DSPC：Cholesterol = 1：1）於添加LDL的培養液中之Hep3B細胞內胞器分布變化分析.........................................................7032、Liposomal Hypericin（DSPC：Cholesterol = 1：1）於添加LDL的培養液中之Hep3B細胞內胞器分布變化圖.............................................................7133、Liposomal Hypericin（DSPC：Cholesterol = 1：1）於添加FBS的培養液中之Hep3B細胞內胞器分布變化分析.........................................................7234、Liposomal Hypericin（DSPC：Cholesterol = 1：1）於添加FBS培養液中之Hep3B細胞內胞器分布變化圖.................................................................7335、Liposomal Hypericin（DSPC：Cholesterol = 1：0.1）於無血清培養液中之 Hep3B細胞內胞器分布變化分析..................................................................7436、Liposomal Hypericin（DSPC：Cholesterol = 1：0.1）於無血清培養液中之Hep3B細胞內胞器分布變化圖......................................................................7537、Liposomal Hypericin（DSPC：Cholesterol = 1：0.1）於添加LDL的培養液中之Hep3B細胞胞器的分布變化分析.....................................................7638、Liposomal Hypericin（DSPC：Cholesterol = 1：0.1）於添加LDL的培養液中之Hep3B細胞內胞器分布變化圖..........................................................7739、Liposomal Hypericin（DSPC：Cholesterol = 1：0.1）於添加FBS的培養液中之Hep3B細胞內胞器分布變化分析.........................................................7840、Liposomal Hypericin（DSPC：Cholesterol = 1：0.1）於添加FBS培養液中之Hep3B細胞內胞器分布變化圖.................................................................7941、Hypericin之螢光衰退與螢光顯微圖拍攝次數之關聯.................................8042、Cholesterol結構圖..........................................................................................8243、Enrofloxacin結構圖........................................................................................8244、Hypericin於無血清培養液下的胞器分佈圖說..............................................8545、Liposomal Hypericin於無血清培養液下的胞器分佈圖說............................8646、Hypericin於添加LDL的培養液下的胞器分佈圖說...................................8747、Liposomal Hypericin於添加LDL的培養液下的胞器分佈圖說.................8848、Hypericin於添加FBS的培養液下的胞器分佈圖說...................................8849、Hypericin細胞攝取途徑與於各胞器分佈之關係圖.....................................90目錄1、已上市及研發中之光敏劑.................................................................................52、磷脂質碳鏈長度與轉相溫度（Tm）的關係..................................................113、各胞器染劑之激發光與放射光波長基本資料...............................................354、Axiovert 200M配備之顯微濾鏡之激發光與分光鏡波長限制......................385、Liposomal Hypericin之包覆率........................................................................436、Liposomal Hypericin之粒徑比較：Cholesterol組成比例之影響.................447、光照劑量對liposomal Hypericin粒徑的影響..................................................53錄錄1、RPMI-1640培養液成份...............................................................................99錄2、Fetal bovine serum成分分析報告..............................................................102錄3、Sephadex™型號與性質分類表.........
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
- …
