349 research outputs found
Risk of criminal justice system interactions in young adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: findings from a national birth cohort
No full textObjective:
To examine criminal justice system (CJS) interactions and pathways through the justice system for young adults with ADHD compared to young adults without ADHD.
Method:
Nationwide 3-year birth cohort study using linked health and CJS data. Cox proportional hazards models were employed to examine associations between ADHD and police proceedings, court charges, court convictions, and incarcerations.
Results:
Young adults with ADHD were significantly more likely to interact with the CJS including police proceedings (hazard ratio [HR], 2.1 95% CI [2.0, 2.2]) court charges (HR, 2.2 95% CI [2.1, 2.3]), court convictions (HR, 2.3 95% CI [2.2, 2.4]), and incarceration (HR, 4.8 95% CI [4.3, 5.4]).
Conclusions:
Young adults with ADHD are overrepresented at all stages of the CJS. Results highlight the importance of early identification and responsivity to ADHD within the CJS and suggest that the NZ justice system may require changes to both areas to ensure that young individuals with ADHD receive equitable access to, and treatment within, the CJS
Social Network Characteristics among Racial/Ethnic Minority Young Adult Males with Prior Criminal Justice System Involvement
No full textResearch examining social networks and delinquency risk rarely focuses on the unique period of young adulthood. Young adults who have been involved in the criminal justice system (CJS) may associate with high-risk peers or be less central in their social networks, especially in urban, low-resourced contexts. We used social network analysis to examine prior CJS involvement with network composition and centrality among racial/ethnic minority young adult males (n = 119). Participants with CJS involvement were highly connected to each other and had high-risk peers but were no more or less central in their networks. Understanding delinquency risks for racial/ethnic minority young adult males identifies prevention and intervention targets during the transition to adulthood
Alcohol-related risk and harm amongst young offenders aged 11-17
No full textPurpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the prevalence of alcohol use disorders (AUDs) amongst young people in the criminal justice system (CJS) in the North East of England and to compare the ability of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) to the Youth Justice Board ASSET tool in identifying alcohol-related need in Youth Offending Team (YOT) clients.
Design/methodology/approach – A validated screening tool (AUDIT) was used to identify alcohol-related health risk or harm. Findings from AUDIT were compared with those of the standard criminogenic risk screening tool used in CJS (ASSET). An anonymous cross-sectional questionnaire was administered during a one-month period in 2008. The questionnaires were completed by 11-17-year-old offenders who were in contact with three YOTs, one Youth Offending Institution and one Secure Training Estate.
Findings – In total, 429 questionnaires were completed out of a possible 639 (67 per cent). The majority (81 per cent) of the young offenders were identified as experiencing alcohol-related health risk or harm and 77 per cent scored within a possibly alcohol-dependent range. In total, 77 (30 per cent) of young people completing both assessments were identified as having an AUD by AUDIT but not identified as needing alcohol-related treatment using ASSET.
Research limitations/implications – This research was confined to one geographical area of England, however, the results show that even in this area of high drinking by young people the levels of AUDs amongst young people in the CJS are very high.
Social implications – There are major social implications to this research. It is imperative for changes to be made to the care pathways in place in the UK for young people coming through the CJS with alcohol-related issues.
Originality/value – This paper adds to the evidence base by using well-validated tools to measure alcohol use amongst young people in the CJS in the UK
Alcohol-related risk and harm amongst young offenders aged 11-17
No full textThe authors affiliations can be found at the end of this article. Abstract Purpose -The purpose of this paper is to examine the prevalence of alcohol use disorders (AUDs) amongst young people in the criminal justice system (CJS) in the North East of England and to compare the ability of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) to the Youth Justice Board ASSET tool in identifying alcohol-related need in Youth Offending Team (YOT) clients. Design/methodology/approach -A validated screening tool (AUDIT) was used to identify alcohol-related health risk or harm. Findings from AUDIT were compared with those of the standard criminogenic risk screening tool used in CJS (ASSET). An anonymous cross-sectional questionnaire was administered during a one-month period in 2008. The questionnaires were completed by 11-17-year-old offenders who were in contact with three YOTs, one Youth Offending Institution and one Secure Training Estate. Findings -In total, 429 questionnaires were completed out of a possible 639 (67 per cent). The majority (81 per cent) of the young offenders were identified as experiencing alcohol-related health risk or harm and 77 per cent scored within a possibly alcohol-dependent range. In total, 77 (30 per cent) of young people completing both assessments were identified as having an AUD by AUDIT but not identified as needing alcohol-related treatment using ASSET. Research limitations/implications -This research was confined to one geographical area of England, however, the results show that even in this area of high drinking by young people the levels of AUDs amongst young people in the CJS are very high. Social implications -There are major social implications to this research. It is imperative for changes to be made to the care pathways in place in the UK for young people coming through the CJS with alcohol-related issues. Originality/value -This paper adds to the evidence base by using well-validated tools to measure alcohol use amongst young people in the CJS in the UK
A multicomponent psychosocial intervention to reduce substance use by adolescents involved in the criminal justice system: the RISKIT-CJS RCT
No full textBackground: Substance use and offending are related in the context of other disinhibitory behaviours. Adolescents involved in the criminal justice system constitute a particularly vulnerable group, with a propensity to engage in risky behaviour that has long-term impact on their future health and well-being. Previous research of the RISKIT programme provided evidence of a potential effect in reducing substance use and risky behaviour in adolescents. Objectives: To evaluate the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a multicomponent psychosocial intervention compared with treatment as usual in reducing substance use for substanceusing adolescents involved in the criminal justice system. Design: A mixed-methods, prospective, pragmatic, two-arm, randomised controlled trial with follow-up at 6 and 12 months post randomisation. Setting: The study was conducted across youth offending teams, pupil referral units and substance misuse teams across four areas of England (i.e. South East, London, North West, North East). Participants: Adolescents aged between 13 and 17 years (inclusive), recruited between September 2017 and June 2020. Interventions: Participants were randomised to treatment as usual or to treatment as usual in addition to the RISKIT-Criminal Justice System (RISKIT-CJS) programme. The RISKIT-CJS programme was a multicomponent intervention and consisted of two individual motivational interviews with a trained youth worker (lasting 45 minutes each) and two group sessions delivered over half a day on consecutive weeks. Main outcome measures: At 12 months, we assessed per cent days abstinent from substance use over the previous 28 days. Secondary outcome measures included well-being, motivational state, situational confidence, quality of life, resource use and fidelity of interventions delivered. Results: A total of 693 adolescents were assessed for eligibility, of whom 505 (73%) consented. Of these, 246 (49%) were allocated to the RISKIT-CJS intervention and 259 (51%) were allocated to treatment as usual only. At month 12, the overall follow-up rate was 57%: 55% in the RISKIT-CJS arm and 59% in the treatment-as-usual arm. At month 12, we observed an increase in per cent days abstinent from substances in both arms of the study, from 61% to 85%, but there was no evidence that the RISKIT-CJS intervention was superior to treatment as usual. A similar pattern was observed for secondary outcomes. The RISKIT-CJS intervention was not found to be any more cost-effective than treatment as usual. The qualitative research indicated that young people were positive about learning new skills and acquiring new knowledge. Although stakeholders considered the intervention worthwhile, they expressed concern that it came too late for the target population. Limitations: Our original aim to collect data on offences was thwarted by the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, and this affected both the statistical and economic analyses. Although 214 (87%) of the 246 participants allocated to the RISKIT-CJS intervention attended at least one individual face-to-face session, 98 (40%) attended a group session and only 47 (19%) attended all elements of the intervention. Conclusions: The RISKIT-CJS intervention was no more clinically effective or cost-effective than treatment as usual in reducing substance use among adolescents involved in the criminal justice system. Future research: The RISKIT-CJS intervention was considered more acceptable, and adherence was higher, in pupil referral units and substance misuse teams than in youth offending teams. Stakeholders in youth offending teams thought that the intervention was too late in the trajectory for their population
“You Gotta Be Able to Pay Your Own Way”: Canadian News Media Discourse and Young Adults’ Subjectivities of “Successful” Adulting
No full textYouth transitions to adulthood and traditional markers of “complete” adulthood are becoming more fluid, uncertain, and extended in modern western societies. Despite these shifts, public discourses surrounding young adult home-leaving trajectories have remained largely informed by a linear benchmark perspective. This framework positions establishing financial autonomy with the goal of permanently leaving the parental home as central to “successful” adulthood. In this paper, we integrate textual and interview data to critically interrogate contemporary public discourses of adulting in tandem with Canadian young adults’ subjective understandings of “successful” adulthood. Specifically, we conduct discourse analysis using two complimentary data sources: (1) a selection of Canadian news articles addressing youth transitions to adulthood (n = 44), and (2) interviews assessing Canadian young adults’ perceptions and experiences of adulthood (n = 20). Our findings reveal how media constructions of “successful adulthood” are synonymous with financial independence and responsibility. These social norms reflect and shape young adults’ subjective meanings of “successful” adulthood and inform the ways of being that young people imagine as “ideal”
Éducation à la démocratie par la coopération : étude sociohistorique des Coopératives jeunesse de services (CJS) au Québec
No full textTitre de l'écran-titre (visionné le 15 mai 2023)Le désenchantement actuel à l'égard des démocraties libérales serait alimenté par « un sentiment de dépossession et d'impuissance » (Gauchet, 2018 : 59). Cette remise en question du régime politique des sociétés occidentales, dont les manifestations sont nombreuses et grandissantes, nous amène à réfléchir sur nos manières de concevoir le principe de démocratie. Selon le philosophe et pédagogue John Dewey (2018), la démocratie devrait être comprise comme « mode de vie », c'est-à-dire une manière d'être, de penser et d'agir dans ses dimensions autant politiques que sociales. Pour ce faire, la démocratie doit s'apprendre à travers l'éducation. En ce sens, les projets d'éducation populaire représentent une voie privilégiée pour l'apprentissage de pratiques démocratiques. On compte parmi eux le projet québécois (1988 - ) de Coopérative jeunesse de services (CJS), un programme estival dans le cadre duquel une quinzaine de jeunes « coopérant-e-s » offrent des services aux gens de leur communauté, et ce, aux quatre coins du Québec sous forme d'entreprise coopérative (Favreau et Lévesque, 1991). Depuis ses débuts, le projet (d'origine ontarienne) a évolué en fonction des personnes et des organisations qui l'ont encadré ainsi que du financement et des politiques qui lui ont éventuellement assuré sa pérennité. À partir de rapports évaluatifs du projet, d'observation participante ainsi que de quatorze entretiens semi-dirigés, cette étude analyse le projet CJS dans une perspective sociohistorique. Les résultats de la recherche permettent de conclure que l'expérience CJS, dans sa formule originale, peut être comprise comme une expérience qui participe à construire la démocratie comme « mode de vie », tel que l'entend Dewey. Cependant, les changements occasionnés depuis ses débuts, particulièrement ceux effectués en 2017, semblent être d'ordre sociopolitique, suggérant ainsi un basculement de certains principes d'éducation à la coopération vers d'autres principes qui relèvent davantage de l'entreprise privée. Toutefois, ces changements structuraux ne semblent pas occasionner de modifications importantes en ce qui concerne l'expérience vécue par les participant-e-s.The current disenchantment with liberal democracies is said to be fueled by "a feeling of dispossession and powerlessness" (Gauchet, 2018: 59). This questioning of the political regime of Western societies, whose manifestations are numerous and growing, leads us to reflect on our ways of conceiving the principle of democracy. According to the philosopher and educator John Dewey (2018), democracy should be understood as a "way of life," that is, a way of being, thinking and acting in its political as well as social dimensions. To do this, democracy must be learned through education. In this sense, popular education projects represent a privileged path for learning democratic practices. Among them is the Quebec project (1988 - ) Coopérative jeunesse de services (CJS), a summer program in which some fifteen young "cooperants" offer services to the people of their community, all over Quebec, in the form of a cooperative enterprise (Favreau and Lévesque, 1991). Since its inception, the project (which originated in Ontario) has evolved according to the people and organizations that have supported it, as well as the funding and policies that eventually ensured its sustainability. Using project evaluation reports, participant observation and fourteen semi-structured interviews, this study analyzes the CJS project from a socio-historical perspective. The results of the research allow us to conclude that the CJS experience, in its original formula, can be understood as an experience that participates in the construction of democracy as a "way of life", as Dewey understood it. However, the changes that have taken place since its inception, particularly in 2017, seem to be of a socio-political nature, suggesting a shift from certain principles of education for cooperation to other principles that are more related to private enterprise. However, these structural changes do not appear to be causing significant changes in the experience of participants
Exploratory qualitative study examining acceptability of strategies to improve access to substance use treatment and HIV prevention services for young adults on probation in Ukraine
No full textOBJECTIVE: Adults <30 years’ of age experience elevated HIV-rates in Ukraine. Young adults (YA) involved in the criminal justice system (CJS) are at an increased HIV-risk given elevated rates of substance use, engagement in high-risk sexual behaviour and insufficient healthcare access. The objective of this exploratory study was to investigate the acceptability of strategies to refer and link CJS-involved YA to HIV-prevention and substance use treatment services from CJS settings. DESIGN: We conducted qualitative individual interviews with CJS-involved YA (18–24 years), and CJS stakeholders. Interviews were guided by the Social Ecological Model. Interviews with YA explored substance use and sexual behaviour, and acceptability of strategies to link YA to HIV-prevention and substance use treatment services from CJS. Stakeholder interviews explored system practices addressing HIV-prevention and substance use and addiction. Data were analysed using Inductive Thematic Analysis. SETTING: Data were collected in three locales, prior to the 2022 Russian–Ukrainian conflict. PARTICIPANTS: Thirty YA and 20 stakeholders. RESULTS: Most YA were men, reported recent injection drug use and were M(age)=23 years. YA were receptive to linkage to HIV-prevention services from CJS; this was shaped by self-perceived HIV-risk and lack of access to HIV-prevention services. YA were less receptive to being referred to substance use treatment services, citing a lack of self-perceived need and mistrust in treatment efficacy. Stakeholders identified multilevel contextual factors shaping acceptability of HIV-prevention and substance use treatment from CJS (eg, stigma). CONCLUSIONS: Findings should be reviewed as a historical record of the pre-conflict context. In that context, we identified strategies that may have been used to help curtail the transmission of HIV in a population most-at-risk, including CJS-involved YA. This study demonstrates that improving access to substance use treatment and HIV-prevention services via CJS linkage were acceptable if provided in the right conditions (eg, low or no-cost, confidential)
What are the metacognitive costs of young children's overconfidence?
No full textChildren typically hold very optimistic views of their own skills but so far, only a few
studies have investigated possible correlates of the ability to predict performance accurately. Therefore, this study examined the role of individual differences in performance estimation accuracy as a global metacognitive index for different monitoring and control skills (item-level judgments of learning [JOLs] and confidence judgments [CJs]), metacognitive control processes (allocation of study time and control of answers), and executive functions (cognitive flexibility, inhibition, working memory) in 6-year-olds (N=93). The three groups of under estimators, realists and over estimators differed significantly in their monitoring and control abilities: the under estimators outperformed the over estimators by showing a higher discrimination in CJs between correct and incorrect recognition. Also, the under estimators scored higher on the adequate control of incorrectly recognized items. Regarding the interplay of monitoring and control processes, under estimators spent more time studying items with low JOLs, and relied more systematically on their monitoring when controlling their recognition compared to over estimators. At the same time, the three groups did not differ significantly from each other in their executive functions. Overall, results indicate that differences in performance estimation accuracy are systematically related to other global and item-level metacognitive
monitoring and control abilities in children as young as six years of age, while no meaningful association between performance estimation accuracy and executive functions was found
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