1,721,055 research outputs found
Modeling reactive transport in groundwater : generalization of ELLAM : (Eulerian-Lagrangian Localized Adjoint Method)
No full textLe devenir des polluants dans les sols constitue un enjeu environnemental majeur. Dans ce travail, nous apportons une contribution à quelques méthodes numériques pour la simulation de l’écoulement et du transfert de polluants en milieu poreux variablement saturés. La propagation d’un contaminant dans les milieux souterrains dépend en premier lieu des caractéristiques de l’écoulement qui le transporte. Dans la première partie de ce travail, nous présentons la méthode des éléments finis mixtes hybrides pour la résolution de l’équation de Richards. Une procédure de condensation de la masse est proposée pour éviter l’apparition d’oscillations non physiques, notamment lors de la simulation de problèmes d’infiltration dans un milieu initialement sec.Dans la deuxième partie de ce travail, la méthode ELLAM (Eulerian-Lagrangian Localized Adjoint Method) est utilisée pour la modélisation du transport réactif en milieux fortement hétérogènes. En effet, les résultats obtenus pour le transport linéaire, décrit par l’équation d’advection-dispersion, avec les ELLAM sont très encourageants. La méthode ELLAM permet (i) de s’affranchir des contraintes de discrétisations spatiale ettemporelle imposées avec les méthodes eulériennes classiques, (ii) de conserver la masse et (iii) de traiter toutes les conditions aux limites. Par ailleurs, nous proposons une nouvelle formulation des ELLAM (C_ELLAM) permettant d’éviter les oscillations numériques et de limiter la diffusion numérique générées parla formulation standard.Dans la dernière partie, le code de calcul élaboré avec la formulation C_ELLAM est utilisé pour la caractérisation de la macrodispersion dans les milieux hétérogènes. Pour ce faire, il est indispensable de disposer d’outils de simulation précis et efficaces car cette étude est basée sur une méthode Monte Carlo nécessitant la réalisation d’un très grand nombre de simulations sur des grilles de calcul de l’ordre du million de mailles. Les résultats obtenus sont comparés avec une étude antérieure basée sur le Random WalkParticle Method.The fate of contaminants in soils is a major environmental challenge. In this work, we develop efficient and reliable numerical tools for simulation of water flow and distribution prediction of pollutants in variably saturated porous media. In the first part of this document, the mixed hybrid finite element method is presented for solving Richard’s equation. A mass lumping technique is proposed to avoid unphysical oscillations when sharp infiltration fronts are simulated. In the second part of this work, the Eulerian Lagrangian Localized Adjoint Method (ELLAM) is used for modeling reactive transport in highly heterogeneous domains. Solute transport is described mathematically by the advection-dispersion and results obtained with ELLAM are very encouraging. ELLAM allows (i)overcoming spatial and time discretizations constraints imposed by classical Eulerian method, (ii)conserving mass and (iii) treating general boundary conditions naturally in the formulation. Moreover, we introduce a new ELLAM scheme (C_ELLAM) which avoid unphysical oscillations and reduce the numerical dispersion generated by the standard formulation.In the last part of this document, the C_ELLAM scheme is used to characterize the macrodispersion of a nonreactive solute in heterogeneous domains. This study is based on Monte Carlo simulations andtherefore requires highly efficient simulators. Our results are compared with previous work using Random Walk Particle Method to solve the advection-dispersion equation
Sensitivity analysis and polynomial chaos expansion for parameter estimation : application to transfer in porous media
No full textLa gestion des transferts des contaminants en milieu poreux représentent une préoccupation croissante et revêtent un intérêt particulier pour le contrôle de la pollution dans les milieux souterrains et la gestion de la ressource en eau souterraine, ou plus généralement la protection de l’environnement. Les phénomènes d’écoulement et de transport de polluants sont décrits par des lois physiques traduites sous forme d'équations algébro-différentielles qui dépendent d'un grand nombre de paramètres d'entrée. Pour la plupart, ces paramètres sont mal connus et souvent ne sont pas directement mesurables et/ou leur mesure peut être entachée d’incertitude. Ces travaux de thèse concernent l’étude de l’analyse de sensibilité globale et l’estimation des paramètres pour des problèmes d’écoulement et de transport en milieux poreux. Pour mener à bien ces travaux, la décomposition en polynômes de chaos est utilisée pour quantifier l'influence des paramètres sur la sortie des modèles numériques utilisés. Cet outil permet non seulement de calculer les indices de sensibilité de Sobol mais représente également un modèle de substitution (ou métamodèle) beaucoup plus rapide à exécuter. Cette dernière caractéristique est alors exploitée pour l'inversion des modèles à partir des données observées. Pour le problème inverse, nous privilégions l'approche Bayésienne qui offre un cadre rigoureux pour l'estimation des paramètres. Dans un second temps, nous avons développé une stratégie efficace permettant de construire des polynômes de chaos creux, où seuls les coefficients dont la contribution sur la variance du modèle est significative, sont retenus. Cette stratégie a donné des résultats très encourageants pour deux problèmes de transport réactif. La dernière partie de ce travail est consacrée au problème inverse lorsque les entrées du modèle sont des champs stochastiques gaussiens spatialement distribués. La particularité d'un tel problème est qu'il est mal posé car un champ stochastique est défini par une infinité de coefficients. La décomposition de Karhunen-Loève permet de réduire la dimension du problème et également de le régulariser. Toutefois, les résultats de l'inversion par cette méthode fournit des résultats sensibles au choix à priori de la fonction de covariance du champ. Un algorithme de réduction de la dimension basé sur un critère de sélection (critère de Schwartz) est proposé afin de rendre le problème moins sensible à ce choix.The management of transfer of contaminants in porous media is a growing concern and is of particular interest for the control of pollution in underground environments and management of groundwater resources, or more generally the protection of the environment. The flow and transport of pollutants are modeled by physical and phenomenological laws that take the form of differential-algebraic equations. These models may depend on a large number of input parameters. Most of these parameters are well known and are often not directly observable.This work is concerned with the impact of parameter uncertainty onto model predictions. To this end, the uncertainty and sensitivity analysis is an important step in the numerical simulation, as well as inverse modeling. The first study consists in estimating the model predictive uncertainty given the parameters uncertainty and identifying the most relevant ones. The second study is concerned with the reduction of parameters uncertainty from available observations.This work concerns the study of global sensitivity analysis and parameter estimation for problems of flow and transport in porous media. To carry out this work, the polynomials chaos expansion is used to quantify the influence of the parameters on the predictions of the numerical model. This tool not only calculate Sobol' sensitivity indices but also provides a surrogate model (or metamodel) that is faster to run. This feature is then exploited for models inversion when observations are available. For the inverse problem, we focus on Bayesian approach that offers a rigorous framework for parameter estimation.In a second step, we developed an effective strategy for constructing a sparse polynomials chaos expansion, where only coefficients whose contribution to the variance of the model is significant, are retained. This strategy has produced very encouraging results for two reactive transport problems.The last part of this work is devoted to the inverse problem when the inputs of the models are spatially distributed. Such an input is then treated as stochastic fields. The peculiarity of such a problem is that it is ill-posed because a stochastic field is defined by an infinite number of coefficients. The Karhunen-Loeve reduces the dimension of the problem and also allows regularizing it. However, the inversion with this method provides results that are sensitive to the presumed covariance function. An algorithm based on the selection criterion (Schwartz criterion) is proposed to make the problem less sensitive to this choice
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Global sensitivity analysis and bayesian estimation of parameters : application to transfers in unsaturated porous media
No full textL’étude des transferts d’eau et de contaminants en milieu poreux non saturé requiert une importance majeure afin de préserver la qualité des eaux et des sols. Dans cette thèse, nous développons les méthodes d’analyse de sensibilité globale et d’estimation bayésienne de paramètres pour l’étude des transferts en milieux poreux non saturés. Trois applications de transfert sur colonne de sol à l’échelle du laboratoire sont considérées. La première porte sur le couplage hydrogéophysique en milieu poreux non saturé. La seconde concerne l’identification des propriétés hydrauliques caractérisant l’écoulement non saturé dans un sol non remanié à partir d’expériences de drainage et d’infiltration. La dernière application est une expérience de transfert d’eau et de contaminant réalisée en injectant une solution de bromure à la surface d’un sol non remanié.The study of water and contaminant transfers in unsaturated porous media is of major importance in order to preserve water and soil quality. In this thesis, we develop the methods of global sensitivity analysis and Bayesian parameter estimation for the study of transfers in unsaturated porous media. Three laboratory scale soil transfer applications are considered. The first deals with hydrogeophysical coupling in unsaturated porous media. The second concerns the identification of hydraulic properties characterizing unsaturated flow in undisturbed soil from drainage and infiltration experiments. The last application is a water and contaminant transfer experiment performed by injecting a bromide solution on the surface of undisturbed soil
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Risk of subsidence and aquifer contamination due to evaporite dissolution : modelization of flow and mass transport in porous and free flow domains
Full text linkThe thesis is divided into three sections: i) the numerical part, ii) the analytical part, iii) the dissolution problem.
In the first part I developed numerical schemes to solve the density driven flow problem in porous media and in free flow media.
In porous media the numerical model is based on Mixed Finite Element (MFE) to solve the flow equation and the Multipoint Flux
Approximation coupled with the Discontinuous Galerkin (DG) methods to solve the advection-dispersion transport equation. In free
flow media the numerical model is based on the Crouzeix-Raviart (CR) finite element to solve the Stokes equation and the MPFA-DG
to solve the transport equation. The numerical models were compared against a well developed semi-analytical solution. The classical
Henry problem was used to test the numerical model in porous media where a new approach is used to calculate the semi-analytical
solution. The new approach consists of solving the Fourier series by using the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm. With the Levenberg-Marquadt
algorithm it was possible to solve the Henry problem with small diffusion coefficient. The semi-analytical solution of the Henry problem
was modified by using the Stokes equation instead of Darcy’s. The numerical model CR-MPFA-DG was tested against the modified semi-analytical
solution and the results prove the validity of the developed numerical scheme. The numerical schemes are used to simulate the salt dissolution
process on a 2D cross section based on field measurement in the region of Muttenz-Pratteln located in north-western Switzerland.
In this area, the dissolved salt which is related to salt solution mining lead to land subsidence and collapses. To study the dissolution
process and the fracture enlargement due to dissolution, I developed a numerical model that adapts the size of the finite elements with
respect to the amount of dissolution that occurs. With the Dynamic Mesh Method (DMM) the size of the elements increases to simulate the salt
dissolution at the boundaries. To be validated, the developed numerical scheme with dissolution was compared against a laboratory experiment
of dissolution on a vertical salt fracture. The dissolution profiles prove the validity of the numerical dissolution model when compared
against the experimental results. Finally, a large set of simulations were conducted over the 2D cross section. Simulation results show
that highest amount of subsidence is expected near the fault zones
Local time stepping ans discontinuous Galerkin schemes for solving the transport equation in porous media
No full textCe travail s’intéresse à la modélisation du transport de polluants en milieu poreux.
L’équation hyperbolique caractérisant le transport convectif est résolue à l’aide de la méthode des éléments finis discontinus de Galerkin. La discrétisation spatiale est
étudiée dans un premier temps et deux espaces d’approximation sont comparés pour des maillages déstructurés en 2-D. La discrétisation temporelle est abordée dans un second temps et deux alternatives au schéma explicite classique sont présentées afin de s’affranchir de la condition CFL : le schéma semi-implicite et le schéma
explicite multi-domaines où différents pas de temps peuvent être utilisés localement.
La dernière partie de ce travail porte sur la simulation des problèmes de transfert avec prise en compte du contraste de densité. L’équation de transport est alors couplée à celle de l’hydrodynamique. La discrétisation temporelle multi-domaines est implémentée en 3-D et s’avère redoutablement efficace dans ce genre de situations.This work treats the modeling of mass transport in porous media. The advective part of the transport equation is solved using the discontinuous Galerkin (DG) finite
element method. In the first part, the discretization of the spatial operator is considered and two approximation spaces are studied and compared for unstructured meshes in 2-D. The temporal discretization is tackled in the second part
of this study. Two alternatives to the traditional explicit scheme are presented : a class of semi-implicit schemes and an explicit local time-stepping procedure which allows spatially varying time steps. Finally, the last part of this work consists of using the developed numerical tools to simulate density coupled flow and transport in porous media. The local time procedure is implemented in a 3-D numerical code and numerical experiments show that the model gives accurate results being highly efficient for this kind of problems
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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