250 research outputs found
Fast and Accurate Anomaly Detection in Dynamic Graphs with a Two-Pronged Approach
No full textGiven a dynamic graph stream, how can we detect the sudden appearance of anomalous patterns, such as link spam, follower boosting, or denial of service attacks? Additionally, can we categorize the types of anomalies that occur in practice, and theoretically analyze the anomalous signs arising from each type? In this work, we propose AnomRank, an online algorithm for anomaly detection in dynamic graphs. AnomRank uses a two-pronged approach defining two novel metrics for anomalousness. Each metric tracks the derivatives of its own version of a 'node score' (or node importance) function. This allows us to detect sudden changes in the importance of any node. We show theoretically and experimentally that the two-pronged approach successfully detects two common types of anomalies: sudden weight changes along an edge, and sudden structural changes to the graph. AnomRank is (a) Fast and Accurate: up to 49.5x faster or 35% more accurate than state-of-the-art methods, (b) Scalable: linear in the number of edges in the input graph, processing millions of edges within 2 seconds on a stock laptop/desktop, and (c) Theoretically Sound: providing theoretical guarantees of the two-pronged approach
Liquid Biopsy in Lung Cancer: Clinical Applications of Circulating Biomarkers (CTCs and ctDNA)
No full textLung cancer is by far the leading cause of cancer death worldwide, with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounting for the majority of cases. Recent advances in the understanding of the biology of tumors and in highly sensitive detection technologies for molecular analysis offer targeted therapies, such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors. However, our understanding of an individual patient’s lung cancer is often limited by tumor accessibility because of the high risk and invasive nature of current tissue biopsy procedures. “Liquid biopsy”, the analysis of circulating biomarkers from peripheral blood, such as circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), offers a new source of cancer-derived materials that may reflect the status of the disease better and thereby contribute to more personalized treatment. In this review, we examined the clinical significance and uniqueness of CTCs and ctDNA from NSCLC patients, isolation and detection methods developed to analyze each type of circulating biomarker, and examples of clinical studies of potential applications for early diagnosis, prognosis, treatment monitoring, and prediction of resistance to therapy. We also discuss challenges that remain to be addressed before such tools are implemented for routine use in clinical settings
Supp_data_2 – Supplemental material for Therapeutic effects of the novel Leucyl-tRNA synthetase inhibitor BC-LI-0186 in non-small cell lung cancer
No full textSupplemental material, Supp_data_2 for Therapeutic effects of the novel Leucyl-tRNA synthetase inhibitor BC-LI-0186 in non-small cell lung cancer by Eun Young Kim, Jin Gu Lee, Jung Mo Lee, Arum Kim, Hee Chan Yoo, Kibum Kim, Minji Lee, Chulho Lee, Gyoonhee Han, Jung Min Han and Yoon Soo Chang in Therapeutic Advances in Medical Oncology</p
Supp_data_3 – Supplemental material for Therapeutic effects of the novel Leucyl-tRNA synthetase inhibitor BC-LI-0186 in non-small cell lung cancer
No full textSupplemental material, Supp_data_3 for Therapeutic effects of the novel Leucyl-tRNA synthetase inhibitor BC-LI-0186 in non-small cell lung cancer by Eun Young Kim, Jin Gu Lee, Jung Mo Lee, Arum Kim, Hee Chan Yoo, Kibum Kim, Minji Lee, Chulho Lee, Gyoonhee Han, Jung Min Han and Yoon Soo Chang in Therapeutic Advances in Medical Oncology</p
Supp_data_1 – Supplemental material for Therapeutic effects of the novel Leucyl-tRNA synthetase inhibitor BC-LI-0186 in non-small cell lung cancer
No full textSupplemental material, Supp_data_1 for Therapeutic effects of the novel Leucyl-tRNA synthetase inhibitor BC-LI-0186 in non-small cell lung cancer by Eun Young Kim, Jin Gu Lee, Jung Mo Lee, Arum Kim, Hee Chan Yoo, Kibum Kim, Minji Lee, Chulho Lee, Gyoonhee Han, Jung Min Han and Yoon Soo Chang in Therapeutic Advances in Medical Oncology</p
Online_Supplementary_Material – Supplemental material for Reduced activation of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex during self-referential processing in individuals at ultra-high risk for psychosis
No full textSupplemental material, Online_Supplementary_Material for Reduced activation of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex during self-referential processing in individuals at ultra-high risk for psychosis by Hye Yoon Park, Kyoungri Park, Eunchong Seo, Se Jun Koo, Minji Bang, Jin Young Park, Jee In Kang, Eun Lee, Seung-Koo Lee and Suk Kyoon An in Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry</p
Supp_data_4 – Supplemental material for Therapeutic effects of the novel Leucyl-tRNA synthetase inhibitor BC-LI-0186 in non-small cell lung cancer
No full textSupplemental material, Supp_data_4 for Therapeutic effects of the novel Leucyl-tRNA synthetase inhibitor BC-LI-0186 in non-small cell lung cancer by Eun Young Kim, Jin Gu Lee, Jung Mo Lee, Arum Kim, Hee Chan Yoo, Kibum Kim, Minji Lee, Chulho Lee, Gyoonhee Han, Jung Min Han and Yoon Soo Chang in Therapeutic Advances in Medical Oncology</p
Circulating tumor cell clusters are cloaked with platelets and correlate with poor prognosis in unresectable pancreatic cancer
No full text© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are known to be heterogeneous and clustered with tumor-associated cells, such as macrophages, neutrophils, fibroblasts, and platelets. However, their molecular profile and clinical significance remain largely unknown. Thus, we aimed to perform a comprehensive gene expression analysis of single CTCs and CTC clusters in patients with pancreatic cancer and to identify their potential clinical relevance to provide personalized medicine. Epitope-independent, rapid (>3 mL of whole blood/min) isolation of single CTCs and CTC clusters was achieved from a prospective cohort of 16 patients with unresectable pancreatic cancer using a cen-trifugal microfluidic device. Forty-eight mRNA expressions of individual CTCs and CTC clusters were analyzed to identify pancreatic CTC phenotype. CTC clusters had a larger proportion of mes-enchymal expression than single CTCs (p = 0.0004). The presence of CTC clusters positively corre-lated with poor prognosis (progression-free survival, p = 0.0159; overall survival, p = 0.0186). Fur-thermore, we found that most CTCs in these patients (90.7%) were cloaked with platelets and found the presence of a positive correlation between the increase in CTC clusters and rapid disease progression during follow-ups. Efficient CTC cluster isolation and analysis techniques will enhance the understanding of complex tumor metastasis processes and can facilitate personalized disease man-agement.11Nsciescopu
Biocompatible amphiphilic Janus nanoparticles with enhanced interfacial properties for colloidal surfactants
No full textEmulsions in which water droplets are dispersed in fluorocarbon oil phase (W/F emulsions) serve as effective means to encapsulate bioactives and precisely execute reactions in confined space due to the gas permeability, chemical inertness, and biocompatibility offered by the continuous phase. While molecular surfactants consisting of perfluorinated polyether (PFPE) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) have been used to stabilize these emulsions, these surfactants cannot effectively prevent coalescence and cross-contamination between the neighboring droplets. Herein, we present Janus nanoparticles (F-SiO2-PEG) as biocompatible colloidal surfactants to achieve excellent stability in W/F emulsions. By utilizing monolayered wax colloidosomes as templates, we show that Janus silica nanoparticles with two distinctive surface wetting properties can be synthesized in high purity. Moreover, we demonstrate that additional PEGylation of these Janus particles allows these colloidal surfactants to strongly adhere at the W/F interface, granting excellent emulsion stability compared to the equivalent randomly functionalized nanoparticles and prevent non-specific adsorption of proteins. As the strategy outlined in this work is general, we anticipate that it can be further extended to prepare Janus particles with tailored interfacial properties for biomedical, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical applications involving emulsions.11Nsciescopu
A lab-on-a-disc platform enables serial monitoring of individual CTCs associated with tumor progression during EGFR-targeted therapy for patients with NSCLC
No full textRationale: Unlike traditional biopsy, liquid biopsy, which is a largely non-invasive diagnostic and monitoring tool, can be performed more frequently to better track tumors and mutations over time and to validate the efficiency of a cancer treatment. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are considered promising liquid biopsy biomarkers; however, their use in clinical settings is limited by high costs and a low throughput of standard platforms for CTC enumeration and analysis. In this study, we used a label-free, high-throughput method for CTC isolation directly from whole blood of patients using a standalone, clinical setting-friendly platform. Methods: A CTC-based liquid biopsy approach was used to examine the efficacy of therapy and emergent drug resistance via longitudinal monitoring of CTC counts, DNA mutations, and single-cell-level gene expression in a prospective cohort of 40 patients with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-mutant non-small cell lung cancer. Results: The change ratio of the CTC counts was associated with tumor response, detected by CT scan, while the baseline CTC counts did not show association with progression-free survival or overall survival. We achieved a 100% concordance rate for the detection of EGFR mutation, including emergence of T790M, between tumor tissue and CTCs. More importantly, our data revealed the importance of the analysis of the epithelial/mesenchymal signature of individual pretreatment CTCs to predict drug responsiveness in patients. Conclusion: The fluid-assisted separation technology disc platform enables serial monitoring of CTC counts, DNA mutations, as well as unbiased molecular characterization of individual CTCs associated with tumor progression during targeted therapy
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