1,721,012 research outputs found
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Wetland mitigation banking analysis & comparison of market mechanisms
Get PDFFederal regulation currently requires that wetland fills be offset by providing compensatory mitigation under a Clean Water Act Section 404 permit. This policy, often described as "no net-loss," has facilitated the emergence of wetland mitigation banking. Wetland mitigation banking, a market oriented mechanism, works by allowing landowners to generate credits through restoring, enhancing, creating and/or preserving wetlands and selling them to those impacting wetlands for a cash return. Over the last several years, wetland mitigation banking markets have materialized as the preferable compensatory method of providing no net-loss. Timing issues due to the ecological, economic, and regulatory conditions surrounding the credit market have created situations of credit "misses" or lags between permittees and suppliers. These misses can be characterized as credit shortages or excess demand in the compensatory market. In cases of credit shortages, permittees may provide mitigation themselves. However, permittee-responsible has associated opportunity costs since permit review times are longer compared to mitigation banking. In North Carolina, excess demand and increased permit review times provoked the creation of the Ecosystem Enhancement Program, a partnership between North Carolina's Department of Transportation and North Carolina's Department of Environment and Natural Resources. Under this program, credits are generated in advance of wetland impacts thus eliminating excess demand. Acting as a wetland credit broker, the Ecosystem Enhancement Programs coordinates the North Carolina Department of Transportation with credit suppliers promoting excess supply of wetland credits by investing early in credit generation. This paper offers analysis of costs surrounding two wetland banking market mechanisms, conventional wetland mitigation banking and the Ecosystem Enhancement Program. The analysis provides information regarding the economic conditions surrounding both mechanisms, cost tradeoffs, and which mechanism is less costly at providing wetlands protection to society. The costs of excess supply and excess demand are modeled for the two market mechanisms and compared. Comparative statics derived from first order conditions, help to understand the circumstances and factors influencing low market cost mitigation
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The viability of dredging Upper Klamath Lake to mitigate drought impact a cost-benefit analysis
Get PDFThis thesis reviews the cost-benefit of dredging Upper Klamath Lake in Southern Oregon as a means to alleviate water stresses in the area. Currently, agricultural users must forego water use during low precipitation years and are compensated for losses by federal government transfers. Curtailments on water use are due to Environmental Protection Agency restrictions on minimum lake level and downstream flow requirements. There are two types of benefits assumed to arise from such a project; the first is that dredging the lake would provide additional water storage for agricultural users during low precipitation years making government transfers unnecessary. The second is an improvement to water quality as a result of increasing lake depth. Benefits to recreational users of the lake are estimated through use of benefits transfer techniques. Soil productivity rates and acreage totals are used to estimate the value of having available irrigation water for agricultural users. The result of this study is a cost-benefit analysis table. The table gives a range of potential estimates based on varying project sizes, interest rates, drought frequencies, and benefits transfer methods. The conclusion of the study is that the net benefit of dredging Upper Klamath Lake would be advantageous in some scenarios but not all
Essays on the economics of disease control and child malnutrition
Get PDFThesis (Ph.D.), School of Economic Sciences, Washington State UniversityDetermining the benefits of infectious diseases control can provide the impetus for policy makers to prioritize disease control, but this requires knowledge about how control measures affect disease outcomes and how to monetize these outcomes, so that disease control can be viewed as a benefit rather than a cost.The first part of this dissertation investigates how preventative canine rabies vaccination affects human rabies post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) demand and human rabies deaths. It begins by estimating a mean (median) value of a statistical life (VSL) of approximately US 54,000) from the human rabies PEP demand decision following an animal attack in an area where rabies is endemic using contact-tracing data from the Serengeti District of Tanzania for the years 2002 to 2007. This is followed by developing and calibrating an economic model of canine rabies control that incorporates the benefits of control in terms of reductions in human PEP and human rabies deaths valued by the VSL. The model suggests that dog vaccination provides large benefits at low vaccination coverage levels, even if PEP demand increases with dog vaccination. This suggests that investing in dog vaccination provides large returns.The second part of this dissertation investigates the determinants of improvements in child nutrition in Paraguay between the years 2005 and 2012 using an Oaxaca decomposition technique. Before 2005, Paraguay observed a high stunting prevalence and one of the highest rural-urban child malnutrition differentials in the world. Yet by 2012, the country was able to decrease stunting prevalence to 10% nationally and eliminate the rural-urban gap. I find that statistically significant improvements in female education, income, access to safe water, and more favorable household demographics were associated with nearly half of the total improvement in rural child HAZ. While, in urban areas, statistically significant improvements in female education and access to improved sanitation accounted for only a quarter of the total improvement in urban child HAZ. These findings suggest that policy interventions should be tailored to the needs of rural and urban populations, and that female education is very important in both areas.School of Economic Sciences, Washington State Universit
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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