1,721,063 research outputs found
A Comparison of Cross-regional Masculinities in International Relations: Case Studies on the US, Japan and China
No full text國際關係領域近來有兩大爭論，一為主流國關理論與非主流國關理論的爭議、二為國關理論對不同區域的適用性。其一，國際關係理論長期以來由現實主義及自由主義為主流。然而，隨著不同觀點進入國際關係領域，例如：女性主義；開始質疑長久以來支配國際關係的基本假設。其二，隨著國際政治的發達，越來越多非西方國家在國際社會中活躍，現行國際關係理論開始被質疑是否適用於非西方國家。 傳統國際關係理論：自由主義與現實主義，認為國際關係是性別中立的。但女性主義否定這項先驗假設，認為國際社會並非性別中立的，而是以性別中立掩蓋依靠性別分立運作的事實。性別分析的觀點更認為國際政治實際上是藉由定義「陽剛氣質」(masculinity)運作的「陽剛政治」(politics of masculinity)。此外，現實主義與自由主義是建構在傳統西方政治哲學上的國際關係理論，但東方國家有不同的政治、社會文化，則以西方傳統為基礎的理論不一定適用於非西方國家。 本研究之目的為檢視基於區域差異而產生的國家展演陽剛氣質的不同。研究方法為檢視衝突情境中分屬不同區域國家的官方論述，並藉由文本分析、論述分析與性別分析：霸權陽剛氣質的概念，呈現國家展演的國家氣質、國家角色想像，並比較區域間陽剛氣質的不同。因此，本文以古巴飛彈危機與2012年中日釣魚台爭端為分析案例，以美國代表西方典型、中國及日本做為東方的對照組，分析與比較美、中、日三國展演的陽剛氣質及西方─東方的差異。 在古巴飛彈危機中，美國同時實踐現實主義與自由主義的陽剛氣質，展演國際社會中霸權陽剛氣質的典範；相對地，中國與日本皆受儒家文化及自身文化脈絡影響，各自展現了獨特的陽剛氣質。尤其是中國因為不相信西方價值，因此表現出截然不同於西方典範的陽剛氣質與國家角色。There have been two research paradigms in International Relations (IR). The first mainstream, realism and liberalism included; consider international society is constructed of gender-free actors (states). The second one, feminism and other post-structuralist theories alike, believe that international society is built upon deliberate construction and separation of sex, such as feminity and masculinity. Now, gender approach already got its ways into IR and gender-based theoretical case studies are applied to IR, which offer innovative visions in contemporary international relations. Meanwhile, there has been intensely debated that whether the mainstream IR paradigm originated from the West could be conducted to the East (from Turkey, Russia to Japan and China). Given the various regional / civilizational features of culture and history, there is a growing concern that mainstream IR theories from the West may not be “universal” to the East. These cultural and historical diversities also lead to different construction of the separation and identity of sex. Though the World constructed by IR theories from the West, it does not mean that the same identity will be simply taken for granted. Being grounded on the conception of hegemonic masculinity, this study tries to compare the different hegemonic masculinities between the West and the East. Given the similar conditions of international relations, eastern countries may still practice different separation of sex, gender identities, and masculinities in their respective region. This study intends to compare 1962 Cuba Missile Crisis and the Senkaku Islands/ Diaoyu Islands disputes in 2012, of which the foreign discourse and behavior are examined. The main research method is content and discursive analysis over top political leaders’ speeches during these two crises. Through analyzing and comparing selected texts, the author concludes the paper with different, cross-region types of masculinities, which help formulate how the targeted countries conducted foreign policy in different way. While the U.S. performed realism-liberalism hegemonic masculinity, Japan and China performed their own distinct masculinities
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
No full textThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
No full text“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
The Staging of Anne Boleyn
No full textThis thesis examines the historic and dramatic representations of Anne Boleyn, who played a uniquely important role in Tudor history, and in particular during the Reformation. The influence of Anne Boleyn on the Reformation in England has been much neglected by historians and critics. No full-scale critical investigation of this topic had ever been undertaken until E. W. Ives’ monumental work on Anne Boleyn in 1986, which contributed to a revival of historical interest in her. Ives’ work resulted in years of controversial debates centering on her religious views and reasons for her fall. Yet, the revival of interest in Anne Boleyn was mainly confined to history, and did not deal with the fascination she held as a subject for poets, portrait artists and, especially, playwrights. This thesis begins with a discussion of twentieth-century scholarly debates over major aspects of Anne Boleyn’s identity. It is followed by a close reading of two plays about Anne Boleyn, Shakespeare’s Henry VIII (1613) and John Banks’ Vertue Betrayed, or Anna Bullen (1682) respectively, within their historical contexts. The portrayal of Anne Boleyn in drama can be seen as a culmination of changing political and religious circumstances. This thesis will demonstrate that historical writings and dramatic works of Anne Boleyn, rather than offering an accurate or full account of her life, seek to draw upon certain aspects of her life that best accommodate their own political or religious agendas. Before her execution, Anne Boleyn’s final plea to the crowds “If anye persone wyll medle of my cause, I require them to judge the best” was never fulfilled.Abstract vi
Acknowledgement vii
Introduction-
The Staging of Anne Boleyn 1
Chapter One-
Anne Boleyn, Scholarly Debates 12
Chapter Two-
Shakespeare's Henry VIII 39
Chapter Three-
John Banks' Vertue Betrayed, or Anna Bullen 65
Conclusion 93
Bibliography 10
Coping strategies and relative factors in primiparous women during the first stage of labour
No full text懷孕生產是家庭的大事，對於準父母來說也是極大的挑戰。目前產前教育課程能教導待產相關的調適策略，但在臨床上卻常見產婦未積極運用調適策略而默默忍受產痛。本研究目的探討自然產初產婦在第一產程，面對待產不適的調適策略之知識、態度與實際運用狀況及其相關因素。採事後回溯法之研究設計，以調查法進行，研究情境為台北市某醫學中心之產後病房，該院年生產數約為2600名。研究對象為自然產初產婦，採立意選樣共53名。研究工具為自擬之結構式產時調適策略量表，包括知識、態度與實際使用三個次量表。資料收集於研究對象產後72小時內收集，以自填方式作答，共發出59份問卷，回收53份，有效問卷53份，回收率達89.8%。 研究結果顯示，婦女之產時調適策略的知識程度平均為3.59 (total=5) 屬中等程度，產時調適策略的態度平均為3.17 (total=5)，趨於微正向。使用與重複使用調適策略的頻率較多的前三種依序為呼吸技巧(29.3%)、姿勢改變(21.8%)及放鬆模式(21.3%)。年齡越大，對產時調適策略之知識程度越低；知覺陪產者參與程度越高，調適策略使用態度越正向；曾經停用的策略頻率最高的為姿勢改變，策略停用的原因比例最高者是自己覺得無法有效緩解不適。第ㄧ產程時間越長，待產婦對產時調適策略使用程度越高。結論：自然產初產婦於第一產程之產時調適策略的知識程度中等，使用之態度微正向，而實際使用最多之策略為呼吸技巧；年齡、知覺陪產者之參與及產程時間長短分別為知識、態度與實際使用程度之相關因素。建議臨床上，對待產婦給予適時的產時調適策略指導，並指導與協助陪產者共同參與產時調適策略的運用；此外，另類療法之使用，亦可提供產婦更多的選擇。Pregnancy is a family event; it is also an enormous challenge for prospective parents. At present, it is observed that part of the prenatal education courses can be provided in the classroom to wait for relevant coping strategies, but in clinical practice has failed to be used actively; mothers usually endure the pain silently.he purpose of this study is aimed to analyze the coping strategies and relative factors in primiparous women in the first stage of labor. Retrospective survey and purposive sampling were used for this study. Following Ethics Committee approval and providing informed consent, 53 nulliparous women completed a questionnaire at 72 hours of the birth of their first child at a medical center in North Taiwan were subjects for the study. SPSS 12.0 software for Windows was used to analysis the data.he research results indicate that nulliparous women’s knowledge of the use of copying strategies is in a middle level. The average score for this knowledge was 3.59 (total=5).nowledge and age are negatively inter-correlated. The average score for women’s attitude was 3.17(total=5). It was positive. Attitude and birth companion’s involvement in the use of copying strategies are positively inter-correlated. The most used continuous strategy throughout the first stage of labor was the breathing strategy, and for discontinuous strategy, postural change showed to be more used. The highest proportion of reasons for stopping use of postural change was no longer working. The degree of using of coping strategies and duration first stage of labor are positively inter-correlated. The correlation analysis showed that continuous using of massage was significantly related to duration first stage of labor and nurse’s involvement in the use of coping strategies; stopping relaxation was significantly related to birth companion’s involvement in the use of coping strategies.ased on the results of this study, it is recommended to obstetric nurses: first ensure that the women have learned the knowledge and skills, second fit the current situation of the women to coping strategy, and third consider the importance and function of birth companion. In addition, aromatherapy and the use of music also could be useful. Aromatherapy and music is provided by the usage of reference for women at antenatal classes.口試委員會審定書 I謝 II文摘要 III文摘要 IV一章 緒論 1一節 研究動機與重要性 1二節 研究目的 2三節 研究問題 3四節 重要名詞說明 4二章 文獻查證 5一節 自然產婦女第一產程生理心理變化 5一項 正常分娩生理變化 5二項 第一產程心理變化 8二節 產時調適策略 10一項 調適的定義-自我效能 10二項 實用的產時調適策略 12三節 相關研究 17一項 調適策略的效用 17二項 調適策略使用的好處與影響因素 19三章 研究架構與假設 21一節 研究架構 21二節 研究假設 22四章 研究方法 23一節 研究情境 23二節 研究對象 24三節 研究工具 25四節 研究工具的信效度檢測 28五節 資料收集過程 30六節 資料分析 32七節 研究倫理考量 34五章 研究結果 35一節 研究對象基本屬性 35二節 產前教育的準備 38三節 待產概略狀況 40四節 調適策略使用知識 43五節 調適策略使用態度 44六節 產時調適策略實際使用情形 46七節 研究對象基本屬性及其與調適策略使用知識、態度及使用程度的關係 52八節 產前教育的準備情形及其與調適策略使用知識、態度及產時調適策略實際使用情形的關係 53九節 待產概略狀況及其與調適策略使用知識、態度及產時調適策略實際使用情形的關係 54一項 待產概略狀況與調適策略使用知識、態度及使用程度的關係 54二項 待產概略狀況與七項調適策略使用頻率的關係 55三項 無痛分娩與調適策略使用知識、態度及使用程度的關係 61十節 調適策略使用知識及態度與產時調適策略實際使用情形的關係 62六章 討論 66一節 待產時調適策略使用情形 66一項 放鬆模式 66二項 呼吸技巧 67三項 撫觸按摩 67四項 姿勢改變(包括下床活動及產球運用) 68五項 芳香療法、冷熱刺激、音樂聆聽 69二節 調適策略使用相關因素 70七章 結論與建議 72一節 結論 72二節 護理之應用與建議 74一項 護理教育方面 74二項 護理實務方面 74三節 研究限制與未來研究建議 76考文獻 77錄一 產時調適策略使用概況問卷 82錄二 專家效度名單 91錄三 專家內容效度審查結果 92錄四 研究倫理委員會審查通過公文 11
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
No full textWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
No full textWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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