48 research outputs found
Supplementation with Different Forms of Processed Lupin (Lupinus albus) Grain in Hay Based Feeding of Washera Sheep: Effect on Feed Intake, Digestibility Body Weight and Carcass Parameters
No full textThe digestibility and feeding trial study was conducted using twenty four intact yearling washera sheep with mean initial body weight of 17+ 0.81 (mean + STD).The objective of the study was to assess the effect of supplementation with different forms of processed lupin grain on feed intake, body weight (BW) change, apparent nutrient digestibility, feed conversion efficiency (FCE), carcass characteristics as well as economic return of the feeding regime in washera sheep fed a basal diet of natural pasture hay. A completely randomized block design consisting of four treatments and six blocks was used. The sheep were blocked based on their initial BW and they were randomly assigned to one of the four treatment feeds within a block. The sheep were adapted to the treatment feeds for two weeks followed by seven days of digestibility trial. The feeding trial was conducted for ninety days and carcass parameters were determined at the end of the study. The treatments consisted of adlibitum feeding of natural pasture hay (non-supplement) and supplementation with 300 g/head/d roasted coarsely ground lupin grain, roasted soaked lupin grain and roasted soaked coarsely ground lupin grain in DM basis. The CP and OM contents of hay used in the study were 8.75% and 91.9% on DM basis respectively. The CP contents of different forms of lupin grain, namely, roasted coarsely ground(T2); roasted soaked(T3) , and roasted soaked and coarsely ground(T4)were 30.5% ,36% and 36.8 % on DM basis. Non-supplemented sheep consumed higher (P<0.05) pasture hay DM (608.8 g/head/day) as compared to the supplemented treatments (464.4-519.5 g/h/d).Supplementation of T2, T3 and T4 increased (P<0.05) total DM (728.9-764.4) g/head/day) and crude protein (CP) (109.3-150.9 g/head/day) intake. Similarly supplementation improved (P<0.05) the apparent digestibility coefficient of DM (0.69), OM (0.7-0.71) and CP (0.81-0.89.) Sheep Supplemented with T2, T3 and T4 gained weight of 34.1, 54.3 and 63.7g/day while those non supplemented gains only slightly (5.7g/day). Moreover, dressing percentage on slaughter weight basis, hot carcass weight, rib eye muscle area were higher (P<0.05) for supplemented sheep than the control. In general, supplementation improved feed intake, body weight gain, nutrient digestibility and carcass characteristics and its effect was more pronounced in sheep supplemented T4 than in the other treatments. Results from this study suggested that supplementation with roasted soaked and coarsely ground lupin grain showed better nutrient utilization, response in live weight gains and carcass parameters in washera sheep and returned the highest net profit compared to the other forms of the grain. Keywords: carcass, feed conversion efficiency, processed lupin grain, weight gain Introductio
Utilization of Farm Animal Organic Waste as Feeds for Livestock and Poultry
No full textReview was undertaken on utilization of farm animal organic waste as feeds for livestock and poultry. Increasing feed costs and international concern for the conservation of resources have focused attention on the nutrients in animal wastes that have in the past been used largely as fertilizer or as a major source of fuel for villagers in a number of countries. Animal wastes represent a vast reservoir of cheap nutrients, particularly for ruminants. The limitation in using animal waste as feed is that it needs processing. Dehydration, ensiling, chemical and physical treatments can be used to maintain the nutrient composition and increase the palatability and feeding values of the waste. Animal waste can potentially be used not only to maintain animals in the dry time but also to encourage performance quite satisfactorily. Feeding cattle manure in poultry and pigs promotes meat and egg productivity respectively. Pig waste, when processed and properly balanced with other ingredients, may become a potential feed substitute for cattle at levels up to 30%. No differences in the quality of meat from animals fed waste have been detected, nor has there been a problem of consumer acceptance in animal products
Effect of Exogenous Enzymes on Ruminal degradation of Feed and Animal Performance: A review
No full textReview was made on the effect of exogenous enzymes on ruminal degradation of feed and animal performance. A wide variety of carbohydrase, protease, phytase and lipase enzymes have been used in animal feeds. Although supplementation of exogenous enzymes to ruminants has shown to increase digestibility of poorly digested feeds and improves animal performance in terms of weight gain and milk yield, the effect is not consistent to different researches. The inconsistent results from studies can be contributed to a number of factors, including diet composition, type of enzyme preparation, complement of enzyme activities, and amount of enzyme provided, enzyme stability, and method of application. Among the different methods of enzyme application, pre-ingestion treatment of feed results in a better intake, digestibility and animal performance. Similarly supplementation of enzymes to the total mixed ration brings enhanced performance of animals. Even while the appropriate level of enzyme supplementation to different types of feeds is not specified, several studies have shown that applications of high levels of enzymes to forages or diets produce less desirable responses than low levels. The better understanding of the production techniques, enzyme activity, mode of enzyme action and application techniques of commercial non starch polysaccharidase enzymes can help the scientific community for competent utilization of these biotechnological products for efficient utilization of the available feed resources. Key words; exogenous enzymes, supplementation , Animal performanc
Important Anti-Nutritional Substances and Inherent Toxicants of Feeds
No full textReview was carried out on important ant- nutritional factors and toxins in animal feed, their effect on animals and possible mechanisms to reduce toxicity. The major anti- nutrients found in plant protein sources are saponins, cyanogenic glycosides, tannins, phytic acid, oxalates, protease inhibitors, chlorogenic acid and amylase inhibitors. Anti-nutritional factors are compounds which reduce the nutrient utilization and/or feed intake of plants or plant products used as animal feeds. Numerous Anti-nutritional factors (ANFs) in forages can cause toxicity in livestock. Some of these toxins are produced by the grasses, legumes and other forages. The tannin-protein complexes are astringent and adversely affect feed intake and cause negative animal responses. Saponins can affect animal performance and metabolism through erythrocyte haemolysis, reduction of blood and liver cholesterol, depression of growth rate, bloat (ruminants), inhibition of smooth muscle activity, enzyme inhibition and reduction in nutrient absorption. Phytic acid forms protein and mineral-phytic acid complexes and reduces protein and mineral bioavailability, inhibits the action of gastrointestinal tyrosinase, trypsin, pepsin, lipase and amylase. Oxalic acid on the other hand binds calcium and forms calcium oxalate which adversely affects the absorption and utilization of calcium in the animal body. The positive effect of tannin in animal feeding includes; increased efficiency of protein utilization, reduction of parasite burden, reduction of proteolysis during ensilage, bloat prevention, increase quality of animal products, reduction of emission into the environment and defaunate rumen. Saponins have shown a variety activities such antitumor, cholesterol lowering, immune potentiating, anticancer, antioxidants. A number of methods can be employed to reduce the toxic effects of antinutrients in animal feed
Constraints and Opportunities of Dairy Cattle Production in Chencha and Kucha Districts, Southern Ethiopia
No full textThis study was conducted in eighteen kebeles of Chencha and Kucha districts of Southern Ethiopia with the objective to assess the challenges and opportunities of dairy production. Multi-stage purposive and simple random sampling procedures were implemented at three stages. A total of 266 households were involved as respondents and 133 respondents participated in each district and data were collected through structured questionnaires. Most importantchallenges of dairy production in the study were feed shortage, disease and parasite, poor breed improvement practices and lack of experience in improved dairy cattle management. This study revealed that 66(49.6%) and 65(48.87%) respondents in Chencha and kucha respectively indicated that shortage of animal feed is the most important problem hindering dairy development. The main reasons for feed shortage indicated by the respondents were cultivation of grazing lands, declining yields of grazing land and increase of livestock population. Although many problems and constraints that may hinder the development of the dairy sector were identified in the area, the interviewed households of both study areas (69.17%) and (24.81%) Chencha and kucha respectively were willing to continue, expand and/or involve in dairying in the future. Keywords: Dairy, challenges, opportunitie
Use of Different Non Protein Nitrogen Sources in Ruminant Nutrition: A review
No full textReview was carried out on the use of different nitrogen sources in ruminant nutrition. Non-protein nitrogen (or NPN) is a term used in animal nutrition to refer collectively to components such as urea biuret uric acid and a number of other ammonia compounds which are not proteins but can be converted into proteins by microbes in the ruminant stomach. Urea is a simple compound that contains 46.7 percent of nitrogen compared to 16 percent for most proteins. There is no question but that urea and other non protein nitrogen substances can be fed safely to ruminants to replace part of the dietary protein. When urea with feed sources enters the rumen, it is rapidly dissolved and hydrolyzed into ammonia by bacterial urease. The amount of urea included in concentrate mixtures for cattle or sheep should not exceed 3 percent and usually the addition of 1 to 1.5 percent will prove adequate. In the total ration, the amount of urea should not exceed 1 percent. At these levels of intake, urea has proved an effective for growing and fattening beef cattle and for dairy cattle Urea may cause toxicity and even death in ruminants if it is fed inadequately mixed with other feeds or in too large a dose. The toxic signs can easily be recognized. The slow-release of nitrogen from biuret is better matched to the energy in the diets of cattle consuming low-quality forages, thus improving the utilization of forage and reducing the metabolic cost of eliminating excess nitrogen in urea-based diets. Dried poultry waste (DPW) contains an contains true protein and high amount of NPN in the form of rumen degradable uric acid. Uric acid can be utilized by rumen microbes for protein production. Poultry manure can safely be supplemented to ruminant animals for considerable increase in performance. Keywords: Non protein nitrogen , urea, biuret, poultry mannur
Dairy Production, Processing and Marketing in Chencha and Kutcha Districts, Southern Ethiopia
No full textThis study was conducted in eighteen kebeles of Chencha and Kucha districts of Southern Ethiopia with the objectives of characterizing dairy production and marketing systems. A total of 266 households were involved as respondents and 133 respondents participated in each district and data were collected through structured questionnaires. In Chencha areas 54.14 % local cattle and 45.86% exotic cross breeds contribute to cattle composition whereas in Kucha 98.5% is local cattle and almost negligible (1.51 %) is accounted to the exotic cross breeds. The study revealed that 57.14% and 55.64% households in Chencha and kucha areas respectively share common houses with their families for sheltering cattle meanwhile 42.64% and 44.36 % of the households in Chencha and kucha areas respectively manage cattle in separate houses. Moreover, 87.22 % and 95.49 % (milking of dairy cows), 94.74% and 99.25% (milk processing), 72.18% and 67.67% (barn cleaning), 83.46% and 96.98% (sell of dairy products) in Chencha and kucha areas consecutively is practiced by the women only. 69.92 % and 30.83 % of respondents in kucha and Chencha areas respectively practice use of concentrate feed for cattle. Average milk yield per day per cow in liters recorded is 5.5, 6.8, 6.7 consecutively for 1st, 2nd, and 3rd lactations for cross breeds and 2.4, 3.0, 2.6 for 1st, 2nd, and 3rd lactations for local breeds in Chencha and 2.07, 2.6, 2.6 for 1st, 2nd, and 3rd lactations in kucha areas for local breeds. It is fact that 70.67% and 55.64 % of children in Chencha and kucha areas do not have access to consume cow milk daily. 84.21% and 46.62% of the respondents in Chencha and kucha areas respectively use different naturally occurring spices to add good flavor and taste to their product during processing of milk. An average of 16.3 hours is required for curdling milk in both districts and during this period milk is stored in clay pot, finally butter is separated by continuous shaking of the container manually. 69.17% (Chencha) and 87.22% (kucha) areas respondents do not have experience of selling fresh milk but 63.16% (Chencha) and 90.98 % (kucha) are experienced in selling butter with an average price of 94 birr per a kg of butter. Keywords: dairy production, marketing, respondent
EFFECT OF SUPPLEMENTATION OF LOCAL BREWERY BY-PRODUCTS ON FEED INTAKE, BODY WEIGHT CHANGE AND ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF WOYTO-GUJI GOATS FED HAY-BASED DIETS
No full textLocal brewery byproducts such as atella and tata, resulting from several fermented beverages, are used as animal feed in Ethiopia. However, there is no sufficient information on the nutritional value of those feed resources for animals. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of supplementing local brewery by-products on feed intake, body weight change, and economicprofitability of Woyto–Guji goats fed on hay. Twenty-four yearling intact Woyto-Guji male goats were used. The experiment was conducted using a completely randomized block design. The goats were blocked into six groups of four animals based on initial body weight and randomly assigned to four different dietary treatments: hay alone (T1); hay combined with atella (T2); hay combined with tata (T3); and hay combined with an atella-tata mixture (1:1) (T4). The crude protein content of hay, atella, tata, and the atella-tata mixture used in this study were 7.35, 18.47, 17.51 and 17.86%, respectively. Dry matter reached values intakes of 564.56 (T1), 810.27 (T2), 850.37 (T3), and 945.85 (T4) g/day, and crude protein content recorded values intakes of 45.27 (T1), 104.18 (T2), 103.79 (T3), and 112.96 (T4) g/day were recorded. Total body weight gains were 2.76, 8.03, 6.15 and 9.72 Kg for the same treatments, respectively. Atella and tata, either supplemented alone or combined, increased body weight. The highest body weight gain was recorded in goats fed atella-tata mixture. All treatments had a positive net return
Plant and Animal Origin Protein Supplements on Overall Nutrient Digestibility, Growth and Reproductive Performances of Dairy Calves
No full textThis paper represents a review work on the different animal and plant sources of protein supplements for growing calves, comparative nutrient degradabilities and difference in growth and reproductive performances of calves fed with those protein supplements. Animal origin protein sources include meat and bone meal, blood meal, poultry by-product meal (poultry meal) and feather meal. These are all concentrated sources of protein and amino acids and some are also good sources of vitamins and essential minerals. There are many possible sources of plant protein for livestock rations. These include oilseeds, by-products of food production, arable and forage legumes. Animal origin protein supplements in general have better composition and balance of amino acids compared with plant origin proteins. Higher level of rumen undegradable intake protein fractions of animal sourced proteins has been demonstrated. The overall intake, digestibility and performance of calves fed either animal origin or plant origin protein supplements are comparable. Keywords: Animal protein, plant protein; intake; digestibility, performanc
Availability, Biomass Yield, and Nutritional Values of Fodder Tree Leaves in Mirab Abaya District in Southern Ethiopia
No full textتم إجراء الدراسة لتقييم مدى توفرالمحصول العلفي والقيم التغذوية لأوراق أشجار العلف المختارة. تم استخدام المسوحات الأسرية والقياسات الميدانية والتحليلات المعملية لتوليد البيانات. تم جمع بيانات المسح من 138 مشاركًا تم اختيارهم عشوائيًا باستخدام استبيانه منظمه تم اختبارها مسبقًا. تم تحديد وتصنيف 11 و18 و13 شجرة علفية على التوالي في الارض المرتفعة والارض الوسطية والارض المنخفضة. تم أخذ ما مجموعه 12 نوعًا من أشجار العلف في الاعتبار لتقدير إنتاجية الأوراق والتحليل المختبري. تراوح متوسط إنتاجية الأوراق (كجم DM ) لكل شجرة من الأنواع العلفية المختارة من 15.96 لنبات Rhus natalensis في الأراض المنخفضة إلى 128.43 لـ Erythrinabrucei في الارض المرتفعة وتباين بشكل كبير (P <0.05) بين الأنواع. كان محتوى البروتين الخام (CP) بال-(جم/كجم DM) هو الأعلى في Erythrinabrucei (198.3) وكان الأقل في Psydrax schimperiana (151). وقد لوحظ أعلى مستخلص إيثر (EE) في Mystroxylon aethiopicum (18.66 جم/كجم DM) وأدنى ما لوحظ في Nuxiacongesta (13.36 جم/كجم DM). كانت الألياف المنظفة المحايدة/ NDF/ هي الأعلى في Arundinaria alpine (602 جم/كجم DM) وأقلها في Psydrax schemperiana (297.4 جم/كجم DM). لم تكن هناك فروق معنوية في محتوى التانين المكثف بين الأشجار العلفية المدروسة. تراوحت قيم الأوكزالات من 18.4 جم/كجم DM في نبات Terminalia brownii إلى 36.5 جم/كجم DM في Balanites aegyptiaca بشكل عام، كانت الاختلافات b في محصول الأوراق والمحتوى التغذوي بين الأنواع العلفية المختلفة معنوية (P<0.05). من نتائج هذه الدراسة، يمكن استنتاج أن أنواع الأشجار العلفية يمكن اعتبارها مصدراً محتملاً للإنتاج الانقى للبروتين الخام لتكملة العلف الخشن ذو الجودة الرديئة لسد الفجوة.The study was carried out to assess the availability; fodder yield and nutritional values of selected fodder tree leaves. Household surveys, field measurements, and laboratory analyses were used to generate the data. Survey data was collected from randomly selected 138 respondents using a pre-tested structured questionnaire. Eleven, 18, and 13 fodder trees respectively in highland, midland, and lowland were identified and ranked. A total of 12 top-ranked fodder tree species were considered for leaf yield estimation and laboratory analysis. The average leaf yields (kg DM) per tree of the selected fodder species ranged from 15.96 for Rhus natalensis in the lowland to 128.43for Erythrinabrucei in the highland and varied significantly (P < 0.05) among the species. The crude protein /CP/ content (g/kg DM) was highest for Erythrinabrucei (198.3) and was least in Psydrax schimperiana (151). The highest Ether Extract /EE/ was observed in Mystroxylon aethiopicum (18.66 g/kg DM) and the lowest was noted in Nuxiacongesta (13.36 g/kg DM). The neutral detergent fiber/ NDF/ was highest for Arundinaria alpine (602g/kg DM) and least in Psydrax schimperiana (297.4g/kg DM). There were no significant differences in condensed tannin content among the fodder trees studied. Oxalate values ranged from 18.4g/kg DM in Terminalia brownii to 36.5 g/kg DM in Balanites aegyptiaca. Generally, the differences in leaf yield and nutrient contents between different fodder species were significant (p<0.05). From the results of this study, it can be concluded that the fodder tree species can be considered a potential source of CP to supplement poor-quality roughages to fill the gap
