1,720,970 research outputs found
How can the effects of EIA procedures and legislation foreseen for the mining operation activities to mining change positively in Turkey?
No full textEnvironmental criteria have an impact on the decisions made whether to realize mining operating activities or not alongside with criteria for production and investment such as reserve, cut off grade, sales price, cost. In this direction, according to the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), it is determined whether mining projects will be carried out or not. Necessary arrangements have been made in the EIA Regulations since the first time they came into force in Turkey. And environmentally sensitive EIA reports were prepared to carry out mining activities. Additionally, the participation of local community to the EIA process is ensured and mining enterprises also contribute economically to the mining region. Turkey has adopted legislation similar to EU legislation and carried out its applications in EIA and other environmental legislation in compliance with EU legislation for the European Union (EU) membership. Thus, in Turkey, being sensitive to the environment, EIA for mining is carried out under a tighter audit and more controlled way compared to EU countries locally and no mining projects that do not comply with the environment are approved and current activities are halted. However, bureaucracy has increased in EIA assessments, permitting processes have been prolonged, and mining investments have become difficult. This situation can be observed with the decline of Turkey in the worldwide rank regarding the mining investment attractiveness index (IAI) category and the other categories determining it, or with the fact that Turkey doesn't have a steady progress when compared to the EU member states. For the solution of the problems in Turkey, it was suggested that legislation which would enable projects with EIA Positive decisions to be carried out by being subjected to only one law and being obtained from one institution was made. Also, it is beneficial to take account of the suggestion which says each mineral group shall be subject to different processes in terms of EIA due to the fact that each may have a significantly different environmental effect. According to the survey conducted, majority of mining sector agrees with this view
Overlapping of mine sites and highway route in Turkey: Evaluation in terms of mining land use criteria and land-use planning
No full textMining, by nature, is a sector that requires broad land-use. On the other hand, in many sectors, are made changes in land-use apart from land-use planning for their activity. This situation causes an overlapping between other areas of activity such as energy or infrastructure investment activities and mining areas. One of these occurred as a result of the overlapping which emerged between a highway project planned to be constructed in Izmir by the General Directorate of Highways (KGM) in Turkey and some of the andesite/basaltic mine sites. On-site Audit Committee evaluated the overlapping mining sites and based on the relevant report, the Board decided in favor of the highway route activity. Overlapping with highway routes negatively and differently affected mining operations due to the different locations of mineral reserves and mine open-pits/facilities. The main reasons for it result from the fact that the highway overlap isn?t pre-planned or that the whole of mineral reserves wasn?t determined as completely proved reserve during area overlap. In this study, the affected states of mining operations which overlapped with highway route are analyzed by considering mining land-use concepts. In this overlapping, an effort was made for the continuation of both activities on the condition that the highway route would remain unchanged and mining operation license and permit areas would be narrowed down. Once the minerals are discovered as proved reserves, they should be shown in upper-scaled environmental plans, and thus, efforts should be made to protect mine areas against any other investment activity to be planned later on. When a mining investor applies for an operating license, it is beneficial that the investor is completely informed regarding whether there is/will be another activity in the area the investor applies for. Hence, after starting production, area overlaps due to the projects foreseen afterwards can be prevented. Moving to the practices in which mining and other sectors are evaluated within the framework of a strategic planning will help solve the problems
Evaluation of forestland use in mining operation activities in Turkey in terms of sustainable natural resources
No full textMining has been necessary for human activities and is conducted in line with this need. The location of mines must sometimes be where land use overlaps with other activities because the location of the mined substance cannot be changed. In Turkey, forestland are the most common of these overlapping areas. Therefore, mining has frequently occurred on forestland in Turkey-and worldwide. After the mining operation activities are conducted, the forestland are rehabilitated and returned to the forest administration. The examination of used and returned areas provides an opportunity to create an optimal situation between mining for sustainable development and protection of forestland. Accordingly, several questions, such as mining production amounts, degrees of social and economic development of the cities in which enterprises are conducting mining, the quantity of the areas they used for mining activities in forestland, the areas which were returned to the forest administration, operating license areas and operation permit areas, and the life of mining operation, were asked to the mining enterprises in Turkey through the Survey Monkey program in 2018. Thus, according to mineral groups, different land use rates were compared with the operating license areas, and the land uses for each mineral group were analyzed by considering the operation activity periods. The results indicate that the sustainability of the use of forestry in mining activities in Turkey has changed in a positive direction, particularly because of changes in mining and environmental legislation in Turkey over the last decade
Possible effects of mining zone regulation on mining companies in Turkey & evaluation of mining companies
No full textLand conflicts with mining areas can occur frequently. The fact that these conflicts occur in metropolitan cities brings some sensitive problems and the necessity to make arrangements in the sustainable solution of these problems. For example, the need for aggregates is higher in metropolitan cities than in other cities. In addition, production from aggregate reserves in metropolitan cities requires more precise planning. In recent years, as a result of the increasing population in Istanbul in Turkey, housing has increased and thus the boundaries of the municipal plans have expanded. As a result, aggregate production sites and settlements have been intertwined when the places that were not planned as settlements in the development plan before were also within the boundaries of the development plan. This necessitates sustainable planning and management of aggregate resources in the nearby areas that meet the needs of the city within the borders of Istanbul. In this framework, the first mining zone application in Turkey was made for aggregate mines in Cebeci, Istanbul. This regulation can be applied not only for these aggregate mining zone in Istanbul but also for some mineral groups including coal mines in the future. It is the first practice in the world to force mining companies to unite. This envisaged regulation will affect the mining companies in terms of license and investment security through the merger of the mining companies/establishment of new companies and the determination criteria of the mineral reserve amounts that will be effective in determining the company partnership shares. In 2018, using the SurveyMonkey program, companies were asked questions about these effects of mining zones to mining companies. Considering the answers received, the problems that may arise in the implementation of the mining zone regulation were stated and suggestions for solutions were brought to these problems
Overlapping of natural stone mining field with high-speed train project in Turkey: Was the economic public benefit evaluation made sufficiently?
No full textUnlike many other land uses, the area on which mineral extraction can be done is limited. The fact that the mines have to be produced where they exist without being able to choose a location brings along other benefits and area usage overlaps. A remarkable example of a mining-infrastructure investment overlap is the overlap between a natural stone operation site and a high-speed train project in Nevsehir. The Audit On-Site Committee examined the overlapping mine sites. Based on the report of the Committee, it was decided in favor of the railway activity. In this report, it was detected that mining activities can be conducted on the condition that mining operating license area is reduced due to the high-speed train line. Yet, a significant part of mine production area overlapped with the high-speed train line. Following the evaluations made considering the economic public benefit, it was decided that the high-speed train project should be given priority in the overlapping area. In these evaluations, it was taken into consideration that the contribution of high-speed train investment to the area would be higher compared to mining investment and that shifting the project towards another area would be more costly. In this study, the economic public interest evaluation made by the Committee is discussed in terms of the methods that should be applied in cost-benefit analysis. It was determined that a practical but non-exhaustive method was applied in the cost-benefit analysis, which is the basis for the economic public interest evaluation made by the committee. To see the application more clearly, the deficiencies in the calculation made by the Committee are completed. This calculation and method application by the Committee were compared with the methods that should be applied in cost-benefit analysis. These kinds of investment overlaps may cause project route alterations in the billion-dollar infrastructure investments. Solutions were offered on the subject of Audit On-Site Committee evaluations, which were effective in this, across Turkey
The impacts of EIA procedure on the mining sector in the permit process of mining operating activities & Turkey analysis
No full textMining operations are activities that require large investments with high risks at all stages and have a long process of return on the investment. In addition to the production and investment criteria, environmental criteria also have an impact on making the decision on whether to carry out these activities or not. Accordingly, the decision to whether to carry out the mining projects or not is made based on the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). All the legislation and application issues that are determined in Turkey regarding the EIA also have resulted in the number of times EIA procedure is required from the mining sector to be quite a lot compared to the other sectors. The frequency of EIA being requested from the mining sector does not only create a bureaucracy that is only applied to the mining sector, but also creates investment losses in this sector. The result clearly shows that tens of mining enterprises lose a significant amount of their investments because of the EIA. In other words, this has happened due to EIA process times being lengthened out and process completion time being unpredictable because of reasons that emerge from the assessment during the process of EIA in Turkey. These circumstances also cause the investors who want to invest in the mining sector to back down on the investments they were planning to make. The answers that are given to the survey questionnaire which was asked to the mining enterprises in order to see how long it takes to be granted the EIA and the other permits that are taken under rules to be completed within three months during the EIA process in the mining sector in Turkey, show that the other permits (like the Land ownership Permit and Business License and Work Permit) are usually given to the mining enterprises within 3-34 months time during the EIA process in Turkey. In order to shorten this license assessment process; the procedures that request the opinions of other institutions during the EIA procedure after the application was made and even after the EIA license is granted, need to be abolished. Furthermore, through a Commission that could be established within the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources (MENR) that constitutes of the representatives of EIA and other units the opinions of which are requested will make the EIA and other permits to be granted, managed and the decisions during the permit process to be made faster
Waste management costs (WMC) of mining companies in Turkey: Can waste recovery help meeting these costs?
No full textHumankind is in need of mines throughout its entire life. As a result of mine production obtained for this need, mining wastes emerge. Mining waste management is reflected in mining enterprises as a cost item. It would be useful to determine how much share these costs have in mining operating costs (OC). At the same time, considering that the ratio of land use costs to mining investment amounts (MIA) in Turkey is very high, mining investment risks should be reduced. In order to bring forward solutions for the WMC and its regulation, in May, June and July of 2018, a survey was conducted to mining corporations via the survey software called Survey Monkey. The cost of wastes of each mining enterprise is proportionate to the yearly average OC of these mining companies. The results that come out when the ratio of the costs of mining waste management to the estimated investment costs as well, changing based on the different mineral groups, show that the mining WMC take a noticeably high place among the mining investments and OC in Turkey. Despite the environmental expenses made by mining companies in Turkey, the recovery of waste still lacks. In this regard, necessary arrangements should be made in the legislation, and the recovery of waste should be promoted despite the expenditure of the miner, and the return of the cost of the mining investor should be provided
Effects of the private land acquisition process and costs on mining enterprises before mining operation activities in Turkey
No full textAccording to the mining legislation in Turkey, different permits must be obtained from the authorized institutions or to reach an agreement with a private landowner according to whether there is private or public land for mining. If the landowner and the mining investor do not agree, the expropriation is conducted if the public interest is observed in the mining operation. There is no doubt that the rights of landowners should be adequately ensured by legislation. However, there are cases where land ownership problems cannot be solved in areas that overlap with mining areas and are subject to private ownership. The expropriation permit process may sometimes last 1.5-2 years. Therefore, mining enterprises are unable to start production activities and risk losing their investments. Especially for the reasons related to private landowners and experts, private land acquisition/expropriation costs for mining activities are quite high compared with the market. To identify and produce solutions to the legal problems in Turkey, in May, June, and July of 2018, a survey study was conducted to ask mining enterprises about their problems in private land acquisition and the costs for them. The mining sector in Turkey expects that all applicable legislations will be proposed in a manner that does not waste the time of the mining investor and that the private land acquisition/expropriation costs will be reduced in a manner that does not pose a risk of mining investment. In this respect, the ratio of expropriation costs to the mining investment amount (MIA) was analyzed according to the different mineral groups and the social and economic development level of the cities where mining was conducted. Based on this research, legislation practices also have negative effects on mining enterprises, on the expropriation costs and the expropriation permit processes
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
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