119 research outputs found
Quality-of-life in insect venom allergy: validation of the Turkish version of the “Vespid Allergy Quality of Life Questionnaire” (VQLQ-T)
No full textPurpose: “Vespid Allergy Quality of Life Questionnaire (VQLQ)” has been used to assess psychological burden of disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate validity, reliability and responsiveness to interventions of the Turkish version. Methods: The Turkish language Questionnaire (VQLQ-T) was administered to 81 patients with bee allergy and 65 patients with vespid allergy from different groups to achieve cross-sectional validation. To establish longitudinal validity, the questionnaire was administered to 36 patients treated with venom immunotherapy. Results: The cross-sectional validation in patients with vespid venom allergy showed a correlation coefficient of 0.97 (Cronbach ?). Spearman’s correlation coefficient of the pretreatment VQLQ-T score with Expectation of Outcome (EoO) questionnaire score was 0.55 (p < 0.001). After treatment, correlation between VQLQ-T score and EoO score was 0.64 (p = 0.003) in these patients. The cross-sectional instrument validation for non-beekeepers with bee venom allergy yielded a correlation coefficient of 0.96 (Cronbach ?). Spearman’s correlation coefficient between pretreatment VQLQ-T score and EoO score was 0.47 (p < 0.001) and after treatment, correlation between VQLQ-T score and EoO score was 0.78 (p = 0.008) in these patients. These findings indicate cross-sectional validity of VQLQ-T. In the longitudinal validation, there was a positive correlation between EoO and VQLQ-T with a correlation coefficient of 0.562 (p < 0.001). While mean (±SD) VQLQ-T score was 5.27 (±1.29) in pretreatment, it was 2.78 (±1.01) after treatment (p < 0.001). The correlation between the mean change in VQLQ-T score and the mean change in EoO score was 0.42 (p = 0.011). Conclusions: The Turkish version of VQLQ-T enables measurement of Quality of Life (QoL) in patients with either vespid or bee venom allergy. Furthermore, responsiveness of this instrument demonstrates the questionnaire’s ability to detect changes over time. © 2016, The Author(s)
New information technology and unemployment. Notes on a debate. Social Change and Technology in Europe Information Bulletin No. 2, December 1981
No full textStudy of the oxidative stability via Oxitest and Rancimat of phenolic-rich olive oils obtained by a sequential process of dehydration, expeller and supercritical CO2 extractions
No full textThe oxidative stability of olive oils extracted by different methods, i.e. conventional 2-phase extraction (cOO), and sequential extraction by expeller press (eOO) and supercritical CO2 (SCOO), was determined by using two accelerated oxidation methods, Oxitest and Rancimat, in the temperature range 90–160°C. The kinetic analyses carried out provided Arrhenius activation energies, enthalpies, entropies and Gibb’s free energies of activation, temperature coefficients, Q10 factors, and the oxidative stability indexes at 20°C (OSI20) for the different oils. A good correlation between the two techniques was obtained (r2 = 0.996). Oxitest showed, however, shorter induction times and less sample quantity (1 g vs. 3 g in Rancimat) requirements, suggesting that it could be a good and faster alternative to Rancimat for the evaluation of the oil oxidative stability. cOO showed OSI20 values of 38.5 and 42.5 months, by the Rancimat and Oxitest methods, respectively. Furthermore, eOO and SCOO showed OSI20 values of 43.3 anThe author(s) declare financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. This study has been funded by Universidad Aut\u00F3noma de Madrid (ALIBIRD, S2018/BAA-4343), Fundaci\u00F3n Ram\u00F3n Areces (CIVP20A6607) and Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00F3n (project number PID2020-119084RB-C21). Celia Ba\u00F1ares thanks Ministerio de Econom\u00EDa y Competitividad and the European Social Fund for a pre-doctoral FPI grant (BES-2017-080853). Assamae Chabni also thanks Comunidad de Madrid for a pre-doctoral grant (PEJD-2019-PRE/BIO-14522)
Gaertnera luteocarpa Jongkind 2015, sp. nov.
No full textGaertnera luteocarpa Jongkind sp. nov. urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77147376-1 Figs 1–2, 4 Gaertnera sp. A, Hawthorne & Jongkind, Woody plants of Western African forests: a guide to the forest trees, shrubs and lianes from Senegal to Ghana: 646 (2006). Diagnosis Resembling G. spicata K.Schum., with almost similar spicate inflorescences, but differing by its yellow, not red, fruits, ruminate endosperm and by the absence of setae on the edge of the stipular tube. Etymology The species is named after its yellow fruits. Type IVORY COAST. Région du Bas-Sassandra, km 41 Sassandra-San Pedro road, fl. bud and fr., 16 Nov. 1968, Breteler 6052 (holo-: WAG; iso-: BR, K, MO n.v., PRE n.v., W n.v.) Description Shrub 2–3 m high. Most leaves distichous and evenly arranged on plagiotrophic branches. Twigs glabrous, with a pronounced ridge around the petiole base. Leaves glabrous; blade 6–25 × 2–7 cm, elliptic to elliptic oblong, apex acuminate, base cuneate; midrib prominent at both sides; secondary veines 6–12 pairs, tertiary venetion conspicuously subparallel; petiole 0.5–6 cm long. Stipules tubular, ending in 4 lobes, glabrous or pale hairy, tube c. 2 cm long. Inflorescence terminal, densely flowered, not or very shortly branched, congested; bracts 2–5 mm long, triangular to lanceolate. Flower 5-merous, almost sessile; calyx cup-shaped, truncate, c. 1 mm high, glabrous or with small hairs on the edge; corolla white, glabrous outside, with acute apex in bud, tube 9 × 2–3 mm, white hairy inside above the insertion of the stamens, glabrous below this point, hairs exserted from the mouth, lobes 5 mm long, glabrous; stamens completely included in the corolla tube; ovary superior. Drupes subglobose with flattened apex, smooth, 2–2.5 cm in diameter, yellow, pulp whitish and sweet, with 2 pyrenes; pyrenes more or less plano-convex, 10 mm in diameter and 5 mm in cross-section, rugose, endosperm ruminated. Distribution and habitat Undergrowth of evergreen lowland forest. Known from the south-east of Liberia to the south-west of Ghana. Conservation status The “Extent of Occurrence” (EOO) is 20 649 km 2 and the “Area of Occupancy” (AOO) is 36 km 2, the first counts as “Near Threathened” and the second as “Endangered”. The AOO is based on a cell width of 2 km. The calculation of the EOO as one continuous area is (much) too high looking at the big gap between the western occurrences and the eastern ones. Most forest that could be found inside the EOO a century ago has been removed since. All eastern specimens were collected in the Ankasa Reserve and that is the only place where the species is not rare. Because G. luteocarpa sp. nov. is, when flowering or fruiting, a conspicuous plant it should not be easy overlooked in the forest and it can be expected that it is really a rare species that is only becoming more rare because of the ongoing deforestation. Therefore I propose “Endangered” for this new species (B1 & B2 ab(iii) IUCN 2015). Note The plagiotrophic branching with distichous leaves has been seen by the author in the field for all Gaertnera species he encountered in West Africa.Published as part of Jongkind, Carel Christiaan Hugo, 2015, Description of Gaertnera luteocarpa (Gentianales: Rubiaceae), with two subspecies, a new forest shrub species from Liberia, Ivory Coast and Ghana, pp. 1-8 in European Journal of Taxonomy 126 on pages 3-4, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2015.126, http://zenodo.org/record/378035
Ecology, life history and conservation status of Westralunio carteri IREDALE 1934, an endemic freshwater mussel of South-western Australia
No full textWestralunio carteri, the only hyriid in south-western Australia, was nominated ‘Vulnerable’ (IUCN) in 1994. The aims of this study were to update the species’ range and determine factors limiting its distribution, quantify tolerance to threats, quantify reproduction, describe glochidia morphology, identify host fishes to support the species’ life cycle and estimate growth and age.
Extent of Occurrence (EOO) of W. carteri is currently 16,011.9 km2, a 63.3% decline from the historic EOO of 43,579.8 km2, suggesting that the species should be classified as ‘Endangered’ under IUCN guidelines. Multivariate analysis identified flow and drying as explaining most of the variation in the distribution data, while the difference between historic and current distribution was explained principally by salinity. Salinity tolerance experiments indicated LC50 values of 1.3 - 3.0 and LC95 of 3.2 - 4.3 g L-1. Artificial water removal suggested W. carteri is intolerant of drying for more than five days during summer without shade or moist sediments.
Westralunio carteri spawns during winter; embryos are brooded in the gills of females to become glochidia and released on mucus strings in September – December, when they attach to fins of fishes. Glochidia morphology (size and larval teeth) is distinctive in W. carteri, compared to other Australian hyriids.
Glochidia were found on fins of seven native and three alien fish species from 18 populations. Prevalence was 0.0 - 41.0% and 9.2 - 90.5% and intensity 1.0 - 6.0 and 2.3 - 7.1 in alien and native fishes, respectively. Four native and one alien fish species were confirmed as competent hosts in the laboratory. Time to metamorphosis was 21-27 days.
Growth rates were ~12.0 to 75 mm long) sizes. Calcein validated growth rings as annuli and ages were 3 – 51 years at shell lengths of 12.6 - 82.5 mm, respectively, from five populations. Growth rates and ages-at-length were highly variable between populations
Contributions to Parallel Simulation of Equation-Based Models on Graphics Processing Units [Elektronisk resurs]
No full textIn this thesis we investigate techniques and methods for parallel simulation of equation-based, object-oriented (EOO) Modelica models on graphics processing units (GPUs). Modelica is being developed through an international effort via the Modelica Association. With Modelica it is possible to build computationally heavy models; simulating such models however might take a considerable amount of time. Therefor techniques of utilizing parallel multi-core architectures for simulation are desirable. The goal in this work is mainly automatic parallelization of equation-based models, that is, it is up to the compiler and not the end-user modeler to make sure that code is generated that can efficiently utilize parallel multi-core architectures. Not only the code generation process has to be altered but the accompanying run-time system has to be modified as well. Adding explicit parallel language constructs to Modelica is also discussed to some extent. GPUs can be used to do general purpose scientific and engineering computing. The theoretical processing power of GPUs has surpassed that of CPUs due to the highly parallel structure of GPUs. GPUs are, however, only good at solving certain problems of data-parallel nature. In this thesis we relate several contributions, by the author and co-workers, to each other. We conclude that the massively parallel GPU architectures are currently only suitable for a limited set of Modelica models. This might change with future GPU generations. CUDA for instance, the main software platform used in the thesis for general purpose computing on graphics processing units (GPGPU), is changing rapidly and more features are being added such as recursion, function pointers, C++ templates, etc.; however the underlying hardware architecture is still optimized for data-parallelism.</p
Contributions to Parallel Simulation of Equation-Based Models on Graphics Processing Units
No full textIn this thesis we investigate techniques and methods for parallel simulation of equation-based, object-oriented (EOO) Modelica models on graphics processing units (GPUs). Modelica is being developed through an international effort via the Modelica Association. With Modelica it is possible to build computationally heavy models; simulating such models however might take a considerable amount of time. Therefor techniques of utilizing parallel multi-core architectures for simulation are desirable. The goal in this work is mainly automatic parallelization of equation-based models, that is, it is up to the compiler and not the end-user modeler to make sure that code is generated that can efficiently utilize parallel multi-core architectures. Not only the code generation process has to be altered but the accompanying run-time system has to be modified as well. Adding explicit parallel language constructs to Modelica is also discussed to some extent. GPUs can be used to do general purpose scientific and engineering computing. The theoretical processing power of GPUs has surpassed that of CPUs due to the highly parallel structure of GPUs. GPUs are, however, only good at solving certain problems of data-parallel nature. In this thesis we relate several contributions, by the author and co-workers, to each other. We conclude that the massively parallel GPU architectures are currently only suitable for a limited set of Modelica models. This might change with future GPU generations. CUDA for instance, the main software platform used in the thesis for general purpose computing on graphics processing units (GPGPU), is changing rapidly and more features are being added such as recursion, function pointers, C++ templates, etc.; however the underlying hardware architecture is still optimized for data-parallelism
Buea asylos Cumberlidge & Mvogo Ndongo & Clark & Daniels 2019, comb. nov.
No full textBuea asylos (Cumberlidge, 1993) comb. nov. (Figures 1 (a,b), 4(a), 5(a,b,g), 6(a,b), 7(a,d) and 8(a,d,g)) Type species. Potamonemus asylos Cumberlidge, 1993, by present designation. Potamonemus asylos Cumberlidge, 1993: 576 – 584, figs 3, 4, 5a – b, 6a – c, 8a – b; tables 2, 3; Cumberlidge 1999: figs 40C, 41C,F, 42C,F, 43C,F, 44C, 53G, 54 – 57, 61E, 65F, table IX; Ng et al. 2008: 171; Cumberlidge 2011a: 78, 80, 82, 86, table 6.1; Cumberlidge 2011b: 190; Mvogo Ndongo et al. 2017b: 3, table 1; Daniels et al. 2015, table 1. Material examined Type material. Cameroon: Buea asylos (Cumberlidge, 1993) comb. nov. adult ♂ holotype, CW 27.6, CL 18.3, CH 9.0, FW 7.5 mm, between Buea (4.153484°N, 9.299551°E) and Kumba (4.638727°N, 9.441354°E), South-West Region, coll. R.H.L. Disney, 1969 (NHM 1994.587 donation from NMU 1969 /1991). Paratypes, 3 ♀♀, CWs 25.4, 23.7, 18.7 mm, 3 ♂♂, CWs 22.3, 20.1, 19.8 mm, between Buea (4.153484°N, 9.299551°E) and Kumba (4.638727°N, 9.441354°E), South-West Region, coll. R.H.L. Disney, 1969 (NHM 1994.588 – 591), DNA voucher specimens (Daniels et al. 2015, table 1). Adult ♂, CW 22.4, CL 15.8, CH 6.8, FW 6.9 mm, Buea (4.153484°N, 9.299551°E) Kumba area, South-West Region, coll. R. H.L. Disney, 1969 (NMU TRW 1969.22), specimen photographed here. Other material examined. Adult ♀, CW 23.2, CL 17.2, CH 7.4, FW 7.4 mm, Buea (4.153484°N, 9.299551°E), Kumba area, South-West Region, coll. R.H.L. Disney, 29 April 1969 (NMU TRW 1969.13 a). Adult ♂, CW 19.8, CL 14.5, CH 6.8, FW 6.9 mm, 3 subadult ♂♂, CWs 16.4, 15.6, 14.9 mm, subadult ♀, CW 15.3 mm, 9 juv., Okia Stream, Kumba area, South-West Region, coll. R.H.L. Disney, 9 May 1969 (NMU TRW 1969.27). Adult ♂, CW 19.0 mm, 3 subadult ♂♂, CWs 18.4, 15.8, 12.6 mm, subadult ♀, CW 17.9 mm, 2 juv., Okia Stream, Kumba area, South-West Region, coll. R.H.L. Disney, 27 March 1969 (NMU TRW 1969.29). Limbé (formerly Victoria), South-West Region, 2 ♂♂, CWs 21.3, 20.1 mm, coll. E. Fickenday, 6 November 1912, ‘ edible land crabs ’ (ZIM K-3607). Diagnosis Exorbital tooth absent where anterolateral margin meets lateral orbital margin (Figures 1 (a,b) and 4(a)); major cheliped dactylus broad, flattened, not arched (Figures 1 (b) and 5(a,b)); lower margin of cheliped merus with four large jagged pointed teeth (Figures 1 (b) and 6(a,b)); anterior corners of carapace surface smooth; carapace grooves shallow to absent (Figures 1 (a) and 4(a); Cumberlidge 1993, figs. 2a, 3a). Description Same as for the genus and for P. asylos comb. nov. (see Cumberlidge 1993, 1999). Distribution Buea asylos comb. nov. is endemic to the rainforest zone of south-western Cameroon between the towns of Kumba, Buea and Limbé (Cumberlidge 1993, 1999). Type locality Between Buea and Kumba, south-western Cameroon. Ecology Buea asylos comb. nov. is restricted to the humid lowland and montane rainforests of south-western Cameroon in the area near Mount Cameroon (4095 m asl) that has an annual average rainfall of more than 5000 mm (Mvogo Ndongo et al. 2017a, 2017b). Remarks Significant morphological differences between B. asylos comb. nov., P. mambilorum and P. sachsi were found in the G1, G2 and mandible (Figures 7 (a – f) and 8(a – c,g – i)) that are used here to define Buea gen. nov. Other noteworthy characters of B. asylos comb. nov. include those of the chelipeds and carapace of that set it apart from the two species of Potamonemus: the cheliped merus lower medial margin has large jagged teeth (Figure 6 (a,b)) (vs small granules in Potamonemus, Figure 6 (c,f)), the cheliped carpus medial margin of B. asylos comb. nov. has a small but distinct pointed proximal tooth (Figure 5 (g)) (vs a small granule-sized tooth in Potamonemus, Figure 5 (h,i)), the cheliped dactylus is distinctly broadened (Figures 1 (b) and 5 (a)) (vs distinctly slim or arched in Potamonemus, Figure 5 (c,e)), and the carapace proportions of B. asylos comb. nov. are wider (CW/FW 3.35, vs 3.08 – 3.12), longer (CW/FW 2.32, vs 2.22 – 2.25), and higher (CW/FW 1.10, vs 0.96 – 1.07) than in Potamonemus. Conservation status The extinction risk status of B. asylos comb. nov. was assessed in 2008 using the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List protocols (Cumberlidge 2008a) as Data Deficient (DD) in view of the lack of information on its extent of occurrence (EOO), ecological requirements, population size, population trends and long-term threats (Cumberlidge 1993, 2011a, 2011b; Cumberlidge et al. 2009; IUCN 2012). The three locations available in this study give a recalculated EOO of 142 km 2, and an area of occupancy (AOO) of 12 km 2, using GeoCAT (http://geocat.kew.org; Bachman et al. 2011), but these are still probably underestimates given the paucity of the locality data (but if taken alone would point to a Red List threatened category). The extinction risk status of P. mambilorum (seven locations, EOO 43,291 km 2; Cumberlidge 2008b) and P. sachsi (four locations, EOO 24,219 km 2; Cumberlidge 2008c) were assessed in 2008 (Cumberlidge 2008b, 2008c) as Least Concern (LC) and Vulnerable (VU), respectively, (Cumberlidge 1993, 2011a, 2011b; Cumberlidge et al. 2009; IUCN 2012). Although the recalculations of the EOO and the AOO for these three species do not in themselves warrant a reassessment of their extinction risk, there is reason to believe that the threat status of these species may have intensified since the last assessment. For example, recent field work in the wetland ecosystems of the South-West and Littoral regions of Cameroon by the second author indicates that these habitats are being impacted by deforestation and by intensive agricultural practices that are severely altering the flow patterns of small streams and impacting the aquatic biodiversity (Mvogo Ndongo et al. 2017a, 2017b, 2017c, 2018). Awareness of these current threats to the habitats of B. asylos comb. nov., P. mambilorum and P. sachsi means that each of these taxa is likely to be reassigned to a more threatened category once new IUCN Red List extinction risk assessments have been carried out. There is a need for further field research specifically aimed at gathering the data needed for an extinction risk assessment of these littleknown endemic species from this understudied biodiversity hotspot.Published as part of Cumberlidge, Neil, Mvogo Ndongo, Pierre A., Clark, Paul F. & Daniels, Savel R., 2019, A new genus for the freshwater crab Potamonemus asylos Cumberlidgeı 1993 ı (Brachyura: Potamoidea: Potamonautidae) from Cameroonı Central Africaı with a key to the genera of the Potamonautinae, pp. 659-676 in Journal of Natural History 53 (11) on pages 665-666, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1583390, http://zenodo.org/record/367549
Monitoring an air core by means of electrical resistance tomography
No full textWord processed copy.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 129-133)
Data associated with ecological niche models and post-ENM statistical analyses for Trillium species distributions
No full textThis dataset consists of 1) occurrence data for 21 species of Trillium native to eastern North America, collected between 1900 and 2018 ("Trillium_Occurrences"); and 2) ecological niche model values and species reproductive life history traits used in post-ENM analyses ("Trillium_LifeHistoryTraits"). Occurrence datasets were collected by searching several publicly-available online databases, including the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, the SouthEast Regional Network of Expertise and Collections, Tropicos, and online regional herbaria databases, such as the University of Tennessee Herbarium. Half of all records were assigned latitude/longitude coordinates using GEOLocate software (Rios et al., 2010). A centroid of uncertainty of 3 km2 was automatically assigned to each locality by GEOLocate, and minimum uncertainties were adjusted manually based on specificity of record descriptions. Descriptive localities were georeferenced by one of three researchers, and all final coordinates and uncertainties were checked and confirmed by the first author. Occurrences are provided as latitude and longitude decimal degrees, and were used as training and testing data for ecological niche models, implemented using Maxent 3.4.1 (Phillips et al., 2006). For the second dataset, all final ecological niche model values were obtained or calculated based on the final ENMs produced for our study (see manuscript Methods for more details). NatureServe conservation status for each species were obtained from NatureServe Explorer (2020). Reproductive life history traits were obtained from Ohara (1989). These data were used to assess whether reproductive life history traits were significant predictors of the proportional occupancy of the predicted distribution, PO, using beta regression models.The occurrence datasets are comma-separated values (.csv) files, and are organized in the manner required by the Maxent program (v. 3.4.1; Phillips et al., 2006; e.g., specific epithet, longitude, latitude). Lat/long coordinates are in decimal degrees.
A note on training occurrences: if the file is named "[species name]_training.csv," that is the training dataset that was uploaded to Maxent. The data were split prior to uploading to Maxent, based on minimum uncertainty of georeferences. If the file is named "[species name]_both.csv," that is the full set of occurrences (i.e., both training and testing) that was uploaded to Maxent. Maxent was allowed to split the data either 50/50 or 70/30, depending on the species. Method of data splitting per species is included in Table 4 in the manuscript.
The life history dataset has some missing values for T. cernuum and T. sulcatum. Values of all reproductive life history predictor variables were obtained from Ohara (1989; Table 1 in the manuscript). Because the Ohara (1989) dataset only contained information for 19 of our 21 study species, excluding T. cernuum and T. sulcatum, we did not include either of these species in beta regression models.
Funding provided by: L. R. Hesler Herbarium Support Fund at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville*Crossref Funder Registry ID: Award Number: Funding provided by: L. R. Hesler Herbarium Support Fund at the University of Tennessee, KnoxvilleCrossref Funder Registry ID:Occurrence datasets were generated using the following protocol (excerpt from manuscript): we obtained every publicly-available presence record for each Trillium species in ENA, with records dating back to 1900. The databases searched included the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF; https://www.gbif.org/, accessed July 28 - Aug. 1, 2018), the SouthEast Regional Network of Expertise and Collections (SERNEC; http://sernecportal.org/portal/, accessed Aug 1, 26, 30, and Sept. 1 - 4, 2018; July 12, 2019), Tropicos (https://www.tropicos.org/, March 28, 2019), and online regional herbaria databases, such as the University of Tennessee Herbarium (TENN; https://herbarium.utk.edu/, accessed Aug. 10 – 15, 2018) and the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University (https://www.arboretum.harvard.edu/, accessed Aug. 17, 2018). Approximately half of all records we obtained consisted of descriptive localities without latitude/longitude coordinates. To assign geographic coordinates to these localities, we used the GEOLocate software (Rios et al., 2010; https://www.geo-locate.org/, accessed from August, 2018 – September, 2019). A centroid of uncertainty with an area of 3 km2 was automatically assigned to each locality by GEOLocate. Minimum uncertainty was adjusted manually based on specificity of record descriptions. Descriptive localities were georeferenced by one of three researchers, and all final coordinates and uncertainties were checked and confirmed by the first author. Occurrences are provided as latitude and longitude decimal degrees.
Additional information about the collection and processing of occurrence records, as appears in the manuscript Appendix 3: Occurrence data originated from a variety of sources, but the majority of occurrences were opportunistic. Approximately 2.5% of the occurrences originated from iNaturalist (https://www.inaturalist.org/; both GBIF and SERNEC provided occurrences derived originally from iNaturalist), representing citizen scientist collections. Approximately 25% of the occurrences originated from herbaria/museum records, and are therefore more likely to be reliable scientific specimens with accurate locality data, which may or may not have originated from standardized surveys. The remaining data have unknown sources. The majority of occurrences provided no information about sampling method or date; as such, it was not possible to accurately estimate sampling bias or the temporal range represented by the data set. However, because the data were derived from a variety of sources, we expect that the likelihood that they exhibit a consistent form of sampling bias is low, and the risk that sampling bias would drive distribution models is probably negligible. We estimate that ~ 75% of the occurrences originated within the past 100 years.
For the second dataset, all final ecological niche model values (e.g., area of the EOO (km2), area of the PSA (km2), area of the intersection between the EOO and PSA (km2), and area of proportional occupancy (km2; calculated by dividing the area of the intersection between the EOO and PSA by the area of the PSA) were obtained or calculated based on the final ENMs produced for our study (see manuscript Methods for more details). The total number of occurrences is the final total number of occurrence records used in ENMs for each species. NatureServe conservation status for each species were obtained from NatureServe Explorer, 2020 (http://explorer.natureserve.org/). Reproductive life history traits (e.g., biomass (g), number of ovules, number of seeds produced per individual, seed setting rate, and flower type) were obtained from Ohara (1989)*. These data were used to assess whether reproductive life history traits were significant predictors of the proportional occupancy of the predicted distribution, PO, using beta regression models.
*Ohara, M. (1989). Life history evolution in the genus Trillium. Plant Species Biology, 4(1), 1-28
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