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مستويات الهموسيستين وبعض المعايير البيوكيميائية لدي مرضي السكري النوع الثاني المصابين باعتلال الكلي في مدينة غزة
No full textBackground: Diabetes mellitus is prevalent in the Gaza strip. Recently, hyperhomocysteinemia was linked to diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetes. Objective: To assess homocysteine levels and some biochemical parameters among type 2 diabetic nephropathy patients inGazaCity. Materials and Methods: This cross sectional study comprised 120 diabetic patients distributed as follows: Group I: 40 normoalbuminuric patients (urinary albumin 300 mg/g). The control group included 40 non diabetic healthy individuals. A questionnaire interview was applied. Urinary albumin and protein were measured. Body mass index was determined. Serum homcysteine, glucose, urea, creatinine, cholesterol, triglycerides, high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and whole blood HbA1c were determined. Results: The mean urinary albumin concentrations were 15.9±4.8, 22.3±5.2, 146.7±80.7 and 348±37.6 mg/g in control group, groups I, II and III, respectively. The mean ages were 56.9±6.2, 57.7±7.1, 57.8±5.4 and 58.5±6.3 years. Diabetic nephropathy was more prevalent among less educated and unemployment individuals as well as among individuals with family history of diabetes and those who frequently eat meat. The main self-reported complications among patients were retinopathy, cardiovascular diseases and neuropathy. The prevalence of such complications was significantly increased with the development of diabetic nephropathy. The ANOVA test showed a progressive significant increase in the mean levels of serum homocysteine recording the values of 13.4±3.7, 17.1±4.8, 20.3±5.9 and 22.9±5.5 µmol/l in controls, groups I, II and III, respectively (P=0.000). Body mass index was also significantly increase (P=0.000). Serum glucose and blood HbA1c in various diabetic groups exhibited significant gradual increase with the development of diabetic nephropathy (glucose: 225.6±51.1, 251.3±104.3 and 288.7±176.2 mg/dl and HbA1c: 7.6±1.1, 8.6±1.3, 8.8±1.4) in respect to control group (109.7±14.8 mg/dl and 4.7±0.6) with P=0.000. Similar trend was found for urea and creatinine showing values of 26.0±7.5, 48.7±5.38.1, 54.6±40.0 and 72.1±62.6 mg/dl in control group and groups I, II and III for urea, and 0.72±0.16, 0.89±0.62, 1.23±1.25 and 1.68±1.87 mg/dl for creatinine (P=0.000 and P=0.006, respectively). In general, there was gradual significant increase in cholesterol (P=0.001), triglycerides (P=0.000) and LDL-C (P=0.005) whereas HDL-C was significantly decreased (P=0.000) in different diabetic groups towards the development of diabetic nephropathy. Homocysteine levels were higher in less educated and unemployment individuals, individuals with family history of diabetes, and individuals who frequently eat meat and eat less fish. Homocysteine showed significant positive correlations with urinary albumin (r=0.564, P=0.000), serum glucose (r=0.465, P=0.000), blood HbA1c (r=0.517, P=0.000), serum urea (r=0.654, P=0.000), serum creatinine (r=0.561, P=0.000), triglycerides (r=0.320, P=0.001) and significant negative correlation with HDL-C (r=-0.517, P=0.000). Conclusion: Homocysteine level progressively increased with the development of diabetic nephropathy. Such levels correlated positively with urinary albumin, serum glucose, blood HbA1c, serum urea, creatinine and triglycerides, and negatively with HDL-C
Toxic Effects of Chlorpyrifos on Liver and Kidney of Male Domestic Rabbit
Full text linkObjective: The present study is aimed to investigate the physiological and morphological alterations associated with chlorpyrifos administration in male domestic rabbit. Was tested using differed single chlorpyrifos doses ranging from 150-550mg/kg of body weight. Materials and Methods: The oral LD50 of chlorpyrifos in male domestic rabbit was calculated from logarithmic scale and found to be 333 mg/kg body weight. A daily dose of 1/10 LD50 chlorpyrifos (33.3 mg/kg body weight) were given to the animals under experiment for six weeks. Control animals were given distilled water. Blood samples were collected weekly and analyzed. Results: The overall mortality rate was 11.1% in chlorpyrifos-treated rabbits compared to 2.1% in controls. Clinical signs included diarrhea, disorientation, drowsiness and mild tremor. The final body weight was significantly decreased in chlorpyrifos-intoxicated rabbits. Serum glucose was significantly increased in response to chlorpyrifos administration recording a maximum percentage difference of 27.2% in the 3rd week of the experiment. The activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and gamma glutamyl transferase (g-GT) were significantly higher in chlorpyrifos-fed rabbits compared to controls. registering maximum percentage differences of 30.2, 37.1, 26.8 and 29.4% during the 5th ,3rd ,4th ,6th weeks of the experiment. In contrast, serum cholinesterase (ChE) was markedly decreased recording a maximum percentage difference of 64.6% during the 4th week of the experiment. Serum bilirubin was gradually increased to record a maximum percentage difference of 15.2% in the 5th week. Serum urea and creatinine concentrations were significantly elevated in response to chlorpyrifos intake displaying maximum percentage differences of 43.6% and 26.4% during the 6th and 4th weeks of the experiment, respectively. Serum total protein, albumin and globulin were significantly decreased upon chlorpyrifos intoxication exhibiting percentage differences of 25.5, 27.3 and 28.2% at 4th, 6th and 6th, respectively. Serum calcium was significantly increased in chlorpyrifos-treated rabbits with a maximum percentage difference of 16.8% at the 4th week whereas phosphorus significantly decreased with a maximum percentage difference of 14.3% at the 6th week of the experiment. Conclusions: Oral daily administration of 1/10 LD50 chlorpyrifos caused significant decrease in body weight, serum cholinesterase, total protein, albumin, globulin and phosphorous whereas serum glucose, ALT, AST, ALP, g-GT, bilirubin, urea, creatinine and calcium were significantly increased
متلازمة تكيس المبايض لدى النساء المصابات بالسكري من النوع الاول في محافظة غزة
No full textBackground: Women with type 1 diabetes depend on insulin injections throughout their life. However, recommendation for strict metabolic control of diabetes requires the administration of supra-physiological doses of insulin, which might result in insulin-mediated stimulation of androgen synthesis. Hyperandrogensim in women with type 1 diabetes may be associated with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Objective: To determine PCOS and associated clinical symptoms and biochemical alterations in women with type1 diabetes in Gaza Governorate. Materials and Methods: This case-control study comprised 50 type 1 diabetic women selected from Medical Relief Center in Gaza Governorate and 50 apparently healthy non diabetic controls. Questionnaire interviews were applied. Anthropometric measurements were preformed. Serum total testosterone, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and insulin were measured by ELSA. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 18.0. Results: The mean ages of controls and cases were 23.8±5.2 and 23.3±5.7 years. The mean period of first delivery after marriage was significantly longer in cases compared to controls. Type 1 diabetes was more prevalent among less educated and unemployed women as well as among women with family history of diabetes. The mean of waist to hip ratio was higher in diabetic women compared to controls. The mean age of menarche was significantly higher in diabetic women compared to controls (13.9±1.6 vs 13.2±1.2 years, P=0.020). The presenting symptoms including acanthosis nigricanse, seborrhea and hirsutism were more prevalent in cases compared to controls. The levels of total testosterone and insulin were significantly higher in cases compared to controls (0.58±0.11 and 15.8±12.4 vs 0.44±0.11 and 10.8±4.5, % difference=26.3 and 37.6%, P=0.000 and 0.010, respectively). Polycystic ovary syndrome was present in 11 (22.0%) out of 50 cases compared with 3 (6.0%) in controls (c2(corrected) =4.070, P= 0.044). There was significant increase in PCOS frequency in cases with intensive insulin treatment 9 out of 22 (40.9%) compared to 2 out of 28 (7.1%) with non intensive insulin treatment. The Mean of waist to hip ratio was higher in PCOS than non PCOS cases. The mean insulin dose received by PCOS was significantly higher than non PCOS cases (72.7± 23.9 vs 55±19.8 U.I cc/ml, P=0.023). Oligomenenorrhoa was reported in 11 cases with PCOS compare to 6 cases without PCOS (c2(corrected)=23.735, P=0.000). In addition, the mean age of menarche was higher in PCOS than non PCOS cases. The mean levels of testosterone and insulin were significantly higher in cases with PCOS compared to cases without PCOS (0.64±0.09 and 23.1±13.0 vs 0.53±o.11 and 14.1±11.8, P=0.023 and 0.041, respectively). Conclusion: Intensive insulin treatment was more frequently received by PCOS cases. Oligomenenorrhoa and increased levels of testosterone and insulin were the main features of PCOS
أثر سمية مبيد cypermethrin على الكبد والكلية في ذكور الأرانب المحلية
No full textObjective: The present study is aimed to investigate the toxic effects of cypermethrin on liver and kidney of male domestic rabbits. Materials and Methods: The oral LD50 of cypermethrin in male domestic rabbit was calculated from logarithmic scale and found to be 665 mg/kg-1 body weight. A daily dose of 1/10 LD50 cypermethrin (66.5 mg/kg-1 body weight) was given orally to 36 animals under experiment for six weeks. Forty eight control animals were given distilled water. Blood samples were collected weekly and analyzed. Results: The overall mortality rate was 16.7% in cypermethrin-treated rabbits compared to 0.0% in controls. Clinical signs included diarrhea, disorientation, drowsiness and mild tremor. The final body weight was significantly decreased in cypermethrin-intoxicated rabbits. Serum glucose was significantly increased in response to cypermethrin administration recording a maximum percentage difference of 28.1% in the 6th week of the experiment. The activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and gamma glutamyl transferase (g-GT) were significantly higher in cypermethrin-treated rabbits compared to controls, registering maximum percentage differences of 30.1, 38.3, 23.1 and 27.5% during the 4th,1st, 2nd and 6th weeks of the experiment, respectively. In contrast, serum cholinesterase (ChE) was markedly decreased recording a maximum percentage difference of 46.5% during the 5th week of the experiment. Serum bilirubin was gradually increased to record a maximum percentage difference of 21.4% in the 5th week. Serum urea and creatinine concentrations were significantly elevated in response to cypermethrin intake displaying maximum percentage differences of 48.8% and 31.3% during the 6th and 5th weeks of the experiment, respectively. Serum total protein, albumin and globulin were significantly decreased upon cypermethrin intoxication exhibiting percentage differences of 31.3, 31.8 and 29.4% at the last week of the experiment. Serum calcium was significantly decreased in cypermethrin-treated rabbits with a maximum percentage difference of 28.6% at the 6th week whereas phosphorus significantly increased with a maximum percentage difference of 24.3% at the 6th week of the experiment. Conclusions: Oral daily administration of 1/10 LD50 cypermethrin caused significant decrease in body weight, serum cholinesterase, total protein, albumin, globulin and calcium whereas serum glucose, ALT, AST, ALP, g-GT, bilirubin, urea, creatinine and phosphorous were significantly increased
Organophosphorus Pesticides Poisoning among Children in Gaza City, Gaza Strip
No full textBackground: Organophosphorus pesticides (OP) are toxic substances frequently used in the Gaza Strip to combat insects, rodents and plants pests and other creatures that can pose problems for agriculture, public health, homes, schools, buildings and communities. Children are the most vulnerable victims for organophosphorus pesticides poisoning (OPP). Objective: To assess risk factors, diagnosed symptoms and biochemical alterations associated with OPP among children in Gaza City, Gaza strip. Materials and methods: In this cross sectional study, data were obtained from questionnaire interview, and biochemical analysis of blood of 104 OP poisoned children aged 1-12 years admitted to El-Dorah and El-Nasser hospitals in Gaza City and 97 healthy individuals as a control group. Data were analyzed statistically by using SPSS program. Results: The total response for the questionnaire interview was 46.2% (n = 48). Eating of poisoned biscuits, bread or meat were commonly contributed to the poisoning cases among children 21 (43.8%). Large number of children sponsors 31 (64.6%) reported the use pesticides in their houses. A total of 4 (8.3%) admitted the recent treatment of their children with head lice. Out of 18 children sponsors, 12 (66.7%) said that they spraying their gardens or farms in the presence of their children and 13 (72.2%) of them reported that they did not store pesticide bottles in safe place. The most common diagnosed symptoms among children were pin point pupils 53 (51.0%), vomiting 46 (44.2%), drawsy 42 (40.4%), conscious 40 (38.5%) and convulsions 30 (28.8%). The mean serum cholinesterase in cases was significantly lower than that in controls (2004.3±1181.9 v 6659.8±1199.2 u/l, % difference= 69.9%, P=0.000). Changes in the enzyme activity was significantly associated with drawsy, conscious and pin point (p=0.001, 0.024 and 0.030, respectively). There was also a statistically significant increase in glucose level of the cases compared to the controls (135.9±44.0 v 69.5±13.1 mg/dl, % difference=95.5, P=0.000). The average levels of serum Alanine Aminotransferase(ALT), Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) and Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) in the cases (16.6±6.9, 19.8±8.5 and 319.0±114.3 u/l, respectively) were significantly higher than those in the controls (11.2±2.6, 13.6±4.2 and 245.2±70.1 u/l, respectively) with percentage differences of 48.2, 45.6 and 30.1, respectively and p=0.000. Urea and creatinine levels were increased significantly in the cases compared to the controls (21.0±9.3 v 15.2±5.0 mg/dl, % difference=38.2 and 0.50±0.13 v 0.39±0.11 mg/dl, % difference=28.2, respectively, P=0.000). Potassium and phosphorus were decreased significantly in the cases than the controls (4.0±0.45 v 4.3±0.46 meq/l, % difference=7.0 and 4.1±0.79 v 4.7±1.2 mg/dl, % difference=12.8 p=0.000, respectively). There were also significant decreases in total protein, albumin and globulin in the cases compared to the controls showing % differences of 8.3, 2.8 and 21.8, respectively (5.5±0.80, 3.5±0.39 and 1.97±0.68 v 6.0±0.74, 3.6±0.57 and 2.52±0.72 g/dl, with p=0.000, 0.046 and 0.000, respectively). White blood cell and platelets counts were higher in the cases (14.8±7.0 v 7.5±1.5 X103cell/µl, % difference=97.3 and 398.3±163.6 v 307.2±59.9 X103cell/µl, % difference=29.7 respectively, p=0.000). Hemoglobin and hematocrit were significantly lower in the cases (10.8±1.1 mg/dl and 33.4±3.7% v 12.0±0.87 mg/dl and 37.1±2.4 %, % differences=10.0, p=0.000). MCV and MCH were also found to be significantly lower in the cases (73.16±8.33 fl and 23.61±2.76 pg V 84.13±4.32 fl and 27.25±1.53 pg, % differences=13.0 and 13.4 respectively, p=0.000). Pearson's correlation test showed negative significant correlation between cholinesterase and glucose, ALT, AST or creatinine (r=0.321, 0.291, 0.210, 0.212 and p=0.001, 0.003, 0.032 and 0.030, respectively). On the other hand, positive significant correlation between cholinesterase and phosphorus was achieved (r=0.234, p=0.017)
Homocysteine and Hematological Indices in Hemodialysis Patients at Al-Shifa Hospital, Gaza Strip
Full text linkBackground: Renal failure constitutes one of the ten leading causes of death in the Gaza strip with mortality rate of 2.8%. Although hyperhomocysteinemia has been strongly linked to end stage renal disease, biochemical test is restricted to monitoring kidney function. Therefore, introducing homocysteine as a biomarker of ESRD in Gaza hospitals is recommended. Objective: To assess homocysteine and hematological indices in hemodialysis patients at Al-Shifa hospital, Gaza Strip. Material and methods: This case-control study comprised 60 hemodialysis patients and 60 healthy controls. Questionnaire interview was applied. Serum homocysteine, urea and creatinine, white blood cell (WBC) count, red blood cell (RBC) count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), platelet count, prothrompin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and international normalized ratio (INR) were determined. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 18.0. Results: End stage renal disease was more prevalent among lower educated and unemployed individuals, families with low income as well as among individuals with family history of the disease. Clinical data showed that hypertension and diabetes are the most common self-reported disorders among the hemodialysis patients. Serum homocysteine was significantly higher in cases compared to controls (50.8±9.7 vs. 13.1±3.7 μmol/l, P=0.000). Serum urea and creatinine were also found to be significantly higher in cases (169.6±42.4 and 9.96±2.40 mg/dl, respectively) compared to controls (27.4±7.1 and 0.77±0.14 mg/dl) with P=0.000. White blood cell count, MCHC and platelet count were significantly increased in cases compared to controls (7.18±1.37 x103 cell/ml, 33.8±1.2 mg/dl and 266.3±104.2 x109 L vs 5.95±1.37 x103 cell/ml, 28.4±2.0 mg/dl and 222.0±54.1 x109 L) with P=0.017, P=0.000 and 0.045, respectively. In contrast, RBC count, hemoglobin, hematocrit and MCH showed significant decreases in cases(3.12±0.54 x106 cell/ml, 8.9±1.5 gm/dl, 26.3±4.6% and 28.6±2.9 pg) compared to controls (4.03±0.37 x106 cell/ml, 12.8±1.6 gm/dl, 45.0±4.6% and 31.9±4.4 pg) with P<0.01. Prothrompin time and INR were significantly higher in cases compared to controls (16.2±2.6 sec and 1.23±0.17 vs 13.5±0.4 sec and 0.97±0.07, P=0.000), whereas APTT was decreased in cases (25.3±5.3 vs 32.6±2.1 sec, P=0.000). Homocysteine levels were higher among lower educated and unemployed individuals, families with low income as well as among individuals with family history of ESRD (P<0.01). Homocysteine was positively correlated with urea (r=0.827, P=0.000), creatinine (r=0.842, P=0.000), WBC count (r=0.338, P=0.008), MCHC (r=0.789, P=0.000) and platelet count (r=0.369, P=0.000) whereas negative correlations were found between homocysteine and RBC count (r=-0.648, P=0.000), hemoglobin (r=-0.733, P=0.000), hematocrit (r=-0.836, P=0.000) and MCH values (r=-0.402, P=0.001). In addition, homocysteine showed positive correlations with PT (r=0.564, P=0.000) and INR (r=0.657, P=0.000) and negative correlation with APTT (r=-0.690, P=0.000). Conclusions: Serum homocysteine was significantly higher in hemodialysis patients compared to controls. Homocysteine was positively correlated with urea, creatinine, WBC count, MCHC, platelet count, PT and INR, and negatively correlated with RBC count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, MCH and APTT
Serum Vitamin D Level in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients from Gaza Strip
Full text linkBackground: chronic kidney disease (CKD) is one of the leading cause of death among the Palestinians. Although vitamin D deficiency has been recently linked to CKD, biochemical tests in Gaza hospitals and clinics are restricted to monitoring kidney function by routine tests. Therefore, introducing vitamin D test for CKD patients may be helpful in understanding patient’s condition and help in disease management. Objective: To assess serum vitamin D level in CKD patients from Gaza Strip. Material and methods: This case-control study comprised 42 CKD patients and 42 healthy controls. Patients were taken from Kidney unit in Al-Shifa hospital and Nasser Medical Complex in Gaza Strip. Controls were selected from the general population. Questionnaire interview was applied. Serum vitamin D, urea, creatinine, uric acid, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), total protein, albumin, globulin, calcium and phosphorus were determined. Data were analysed using SPSS version 18.0. Results: The mean ages of cases and controls were 55.3±8.6 and 54.9±8.2 years, respectively. CKD was more frequent among unemployed individuals, families with low income as well as among families with history of CKD (P<0.05). The mean levels of vitamin D were significantly lower in cases compared to controls (29.7±12.9 versus 35.2±9.9 ng/dl, P=0.033). Serum urea, creatinine and uric acid were found to be significantly higher in cases (84.6±47.4 and 1.90±1.20 and 7.92±2.29 mg/dl, respectively) compared to controls (35.7± 13.5 and 0.81±0.27 and 5.18±2.31 mg/dl) with P=0.000. In contrast, The mean value of GFR was significantly declined in cases compared to controls (62.4±32.5 versus 124.6±45.4, P=0.000). There was a significant decrease in serum total protein and albumin in cases compared to controls (7.0±0.5 and 5.2±0.40 versus 7.3±0.6 and 5.4±0.59, P=0.005 and P=0.023, respectively). Serum calcium was significantly declined in cases compared to controls, whereas serum phosphorus showed none significant increase in cases (8.61±0.77 versus 9.12±0.69, P=0.003 and 4.72±0.94 versus 4.49±0.85, P=0.239, respectively). Vitamin D level was found to be significantly lower in individuals with family history of CKD (P=0.038). Vitamin D levels were positively correlated with GFR (r=0.258, P=0.020), total protein (r=0.283, P=0.011), albumin (r=0.278, P=0.012), globulin (r=0.159, P=0.156) and calcium (r=0.562, P=0.001) and negatively correlated with urea (r=-0.302, P=0.005), creatinine (r=-0.343, P=0.001), uric acid (r=-0.249, P=0.022) and phosphorus (r=-0.168, P=0.125). Conclusions: Serum vitamin D levels were significantly lower in CKD patients compared to controls. Vitamin D levels were lower in individuals with family history of CKD. Vitamin D levels were positively correlated with GFR, total protein, albumin, globulin and calcium, and negatively correlated with urea, creatinine, uric acid and phosphorous
الانماط المتعددة لجين p450 2c19 cytochrome في مرضى الشرايين التاجية المعالجين بعقار ciopidogrel في قطاع غزة فلسطين
No full textBackground: Platelets play a central role in the pathophysiology of the acute coronary syndromes following percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Clopidogrel is an oral thienopyridine derivative capable of inhibiting platelet activation. Clopidogrel is a prodrug that is converted into an active drug by the hepatic cytochrome CYP2C19. The CYP2C19*2 and the CYP2C19*3 polymorphic alleles are considered to be important loss-of-function alleles resulting in diminished response to Clopidogrel. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the allelic frequency of CYP2C19 wild type allele (CYP2C19*1) and its loss of function variants (alleles *2 and *3), and their role in recurrence of cardiovascular disease in PCI patients receiving Clopidogrel in Gaza strip. Methods: This study is cross sectional study with convenience sample. Whole blood samples were collected from 110 patients undergoing PCI under clopidogrel therapy. The frequency of CYP2C19 alleles was determined by the polymerase chain reaction with restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Results: The frequency of CYP2C19*1, *2 and *3 alleles was 82.3%, 15.5% and 2.3% respectively. Genotyping analysis showed that, 67.3% were homozygotes for CYP2C19*1, 27.3 % were *1/*2, 2.7% with *1/*3 genotype, 1.8% were *2/*3 and 0.9% were *2/*2. These frequencies were comparable to those of other Caucasian populations. According to this study the poor metabolizers (PM) phenotype frequency was 2.7 %, which is in the same range reported in Caucasians (2 to 5%) and lower than Oriental populations 13-23%. A strong significant relation was found between stent restenosis and carrying the variant allele CYP2C19*2 (P= 0.001). On the other hand, there was no significant relation between stent restenosis and carrying the variant allele CY2C19*3 (p = 0.324). Conclusion: The CYP2C19*2 and CYP2C19*3 alleles genotyping should be included in the workup of patient considered for Clopidogrel therapy to avoid in-stent restenosis after PCI procedure
Ghrelin Status and Lipid Profile in Obese Women from Southern Gaza Strip
Full text linkBackground: Ghrelin is a novel hormone consisting of 28 amino acids, which causes weight gain by increasing appetite, food intake (hunger hormone), decreases fat utilization and increases fat accumulation. Therefore, assessment the status of ghrelin hormone in obesity could constitute a promising therapy of obesity. Objective: To asses ghrelin status and some biochemical parameters in obese women from Southern Gaza Strip. Materials and Methods: This case-control study comprised 94 obese women (mean body mass index, BMI=35.1±4.6 Kg/m2) and 94 healthy normal weight women (mean BMI=22.6±1.8 Kg/m2). Questionnaire interview was applied. Serum ghrelin, cholesterol, triglycerides, high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were determined. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 18.0. Results: The mean ages of controls and cases were 28.7±6.2 and 29.6±6.3 years, respectively. Obesity was more frequent among married, less educated, unemployed women as well as among women with family history of obesity compared to single, highly educated, employed women and women without family history of obesity (P=0.000). Drinking soft drink, not doing exercise and sedentary life style were risk factors of obesity (P=0.039, P=0.037 and P=0.002). The mean level of serum ghrelin was significantly decreased in cases compared to controls (1060±646.8 pg/ml vs. 1473.4±690.7 pg/ml, % difference=32.6 and P=0.005). The average levels of triglycerides and LDL-C were found to be significantly higher in cases (141.8±36.5 and 89.5±32.1 mg/dl) compared to controls (114.8±48.2 and 75.9±31.4mg/dl) with % differences of 21.0 and 16.4% and P=0.004, P=0.049, respectively. When related to sociodemographic characters of the study population, ghrelin showed lower levels in married, less educated, unemployed women as well as in women with family history of obesity (P>0.05). Similar trend in ghrelin levels were found in women who did not do exercise and drunk soft drink. Life style revealed that the less active life style, the lower the level of ghrelin. This positive relationship was significant (P=0.015). The Pearson correlation test showed negative correlations between ghrelin levels and cholesterol, triglyceride and LDL-C levels and a positive correlation with HDL-C (P>0.05). Concerning BMI, there was a negative signifigant correlation between BMI and ghrelin levels (r=-0.279, P=0.009). Conclusions: Serum ghrelin was significantly lower in obese women compared to normal weight women. The less active life style, the lower the level of ghrelin. There was a negative signifigant correlation between BMI and ghrelin levels
العدوى ببكتيريا الملوية بين الاطفال المصابين بالسكري من النوع الاول في قطاع غزة
No full textBackground: Diabetes is one of the leading causes of death in the world and type 1 diabetes usually strikes children and young adults. Over 17 new cases of type 1 diabetes were identified per 100 000 children worldwide annually. Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is believed to be associated with Type 1diabetes. Objective: To assess H. pylori infection among type 1 diabetic patients in Gaza strip. Materials and methods: This case-control study comprised 60 type 1 diabetic children and 60 healthy controls. Questionnaire interview was applied. Blood samples were collected, processed and analyzed for H. pylori IgG, glucose, insulin, cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), urea and creatinine were determined. Blood glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) was measured. White blood cell (WBC), red blood cell (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Hct) and platelet (PLT) were determined. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 18.0. Results: Type 1 diabetes was more prevalent among families with higher income as well as among individuals with family history of the disease. Three quarters of cases were not on diet. However, the majority of cases were found to be compliance of medication. Almost two-thirds of patients had diabetes since less than 5 years. Neuropathy and gastritis were significantly more frequent among cases compared to controls. The BMI was significantly increased in cases compared to controls (18.6±3.8 versus 17.3±3.3 Kg/m2, P=0.047). Blood HbA1c and serum glucose and insulin levels were significantly higher in cases compared to controls (9.8±1.8%, 169.6±111.9 mg/dl and 26.7±17.0 mlU/ml versus 5.0±0.5%, 77.7±7.0 mg/dl and 10.6±4.7 mlU/ml, respectively, P=0.000). Serum AST and ALT activities were significantly higher in cases compared to controls (32.1±7.8 and 26.5±12.4 U/L versus 22.0±10.5 and 19.5±7.5U/L, respectively, P=0.000). White blood cell count was significantly increased in cases compared to controls (7.5±2.4 versus 6.7±1.8 x 109/L, P=0.030). Conversely RBC count and hemoglobin content showed significant decreases in cases than controls (4.5±0.4 and 11.7±1.2 versus 4.7±0.5 x 1012/L and 12.4±1.3 g/dl, P=0.016 and 0.005 respectively). The prevalence of H. pylori among diabetic patients 24 (40.0%) was significantly higher than controls 13 (21.7%) with P=0.030. When related to H. pylori, BMI showed significant increase in positive cases compered to negative cases (21.0±3.8 versus 17.8±3.5, P=0.003). Blood HbA1c and serum glucose and insulin levels were significantly higher in positive than in negative cases (10.5±1.7%, 233.8±145.2 and 34.2±21.7 versus 9.5±1.7%, 146.3±87.9 mg/dl and 23.9±14.2 mlU/ml, P=0.046, 0.006 and 0.037 respectively). Serum cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL-C were significantly increased in H. pylori positive cases than in negative cases (186.2±35.0, 135.5±44.2 and 107.9±32.9 mg/dl, versus 157.8±19.4, 99.5±29.4 and 83.4 ±18.6 mg/dl, P=0.001, P=0.001 and P=0.001, respectivily), whereas HDL-C was significantly lower in positive cases (51.3 ±3.7 versus 54.6±2.6 mg/dl, P=0.001). The activity of ALT was significantly higher in positive compared to negative cases (29.1±8.5 versus 24.5±7.3U/L, P=0.045). The WBC count was also singnificantly elvated in H. pylori positive cases (7.8±1.5 versus 6.7±1.9 ×109/L, P=0.041). Conversely, RBC and Hb were significantly decrease in positive cases than negative cases (4.6±0.5 and 11.9±1.1 versus 4.9±0.4×1012/L and 13.0±1.4 g/dl, P=0.023 and 0.012 respectivily). Conclusions: H. pylori infection was significantly higher in type 1 diabetic patients compared to controls. H. pylori infection was positively associated with BMI, blood HbA1c, serum glucose and insulin, serum cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-C, ALT, and WBC and nigatively associated with HDL-C, RBC count and Hb content
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